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Teaching Civic Participation with Digital Media in Art Education: Critical Approaches for Classrooms and Communities
by Michelle Bae-Dimitriadis Olga IvashkevichThis anthology shares educational practices to engage young people in critical digital media consumption and production. Comprehensive frameworks and teaching guidance enable educators to empower students to use digital technologies to respond to the social, political, economic, and other critical issues in their real-life and online communities. Section I of the book explores philosophical and conceptual approaches to teaching civic participation via digital media and technologies in various educational settings, Section II focuses on the participatory civic approaches in K-16 art education classrooms, and Section III outlines these approaches for arts-based community settings (after school programs, camps, online sites). Throughout, authors reference different technologies – video, digital collage, glitch, game design, mobile applications, virtual reality, and social media – and offer in-depth discussions of pedagogical processes and exemplary curriculum projects. Building on National (NAEA) and State Media Arts Standards, the educational practices outlined facilitate students’ media literacy skills and digital citizenship awareness in the art classroom and provide a solid foundation for teaching civic-minded media making. Ideal for art and media educators within preservice and higher education spaces, this book equips readers to prepare their students to be thoughtful and critical producers of their own media that can effectively advocate for social change.
Teaching Classroom Controversies: Navigating Complex Teaching Issues in the Age of Fake News and Alternative Facts
by Glenn Y. BezalelTeaching Classroom Controversies is the essential guide for all teachers trying to navigate their way through issues of controversy in the age of ‘fake news’ and ‘alternative facts’. Arguing that schools have a key role to help turn the tide and promote intellectual humility and openness, the book shows teachers how they can set the boundaries to ensure a purposeful learning environment that thinks about controversy in terms of evidence, reasoned argument, and critical reflection. Drawing on the latest research, the first part of the book provides frameworks for teaching and learning about controversy, including how to facilitate respectful discussion, the biases that impact student beliefs, and the pedagogical techniques that should be applied in the classroom. The second part offers practical guidance on how to teach the most contentious issues facing young children and teenagers in society today, dealing with wide-ranging questions such as: Is Santa Claus real? Do I have a ‘normal’ family? Is the Holocaust a hoax? Should there be any limits on free speech? Teaching Classroom Controversies offers teachers the tools to develop their students' critical thinking on the timely and cutting-edge issues of controversy that are shaping our world.
Teaching Climate Change: Science, Stories, Justice (Research and Teaching in Environmental Studies)
by Vandana SinghTeaching Climate Change: Science, Stories, Justice shows educators how climate change can be taught from any disciplinary perspective and in a transdisciplinary way, drawing on examples from the author's own classroom. The book sets out a radical vision for climate pedagogy, introducing an innovative framework in which the scientific essentials of climate change are scaffolded via three transdisciplinary meta-concepts: Balance/Imbalance, Critical Thresholds and Complex Interconnections. Author Vandana Singh grounds this theory in practice, drawing on examples from her own classroom to provide implementable ideas for educators, and to demonstrate how climate change can be taught from any disciplinary perspective in a transdisciplinary way. The book also explores the barriers to effective climate education at a macro level, focusing on issues such as climate misinformation/misconception, the exclusion of social and ethical concerns and a focus on technofixes. Singh uses this information to identify four key dimensions for an effective climate pedagogy, in which issues of justice are central: scientific-technological, the transdisciplinary, the epistemological and the psychosocial. This approach is broad and flexible enough to be adapted to different classrooms and contexts. Bridging the social and natural sciences, this book will be an essential resource for all climate change educators practicing in both formal and informal settings, as well as for community climate activists.
Teaching Climate Science in the Elementary Classroom: A Place-Based, Hope-Filled Approach to Understanding Earth’s Systems
by Stephanie Sisk-HiltonDiscover new ways to help elementary students engage with and understand the world around them through place-based, hope-filled learning about the causes, impacts, and responses to climate change. This book features foundational climate concepts, easily implementable activity plans, and inspiring examples of student engagement. Each chapter begins with a short vignette pulled from the author’s considerable teaching experience in engaging students in concepts of climate change and climate justice, followed by content-focused sections and recommendations for student activities and projects. The author provides stories of hope-filled action to invite teachers to look for and reflect on similar narratives in their own communities. Sample units of study for grades K-5 show teachers how key ideas from each chapter come together into an instructional plan that incorporates the three dimensions of NGSS and can fit into the broader outline of their school year. This resource is an accessible tool to support any elementary educator in building their own knowledge base and integrating the important and timely issues of climate change into their classroom.
Teaching Competencies for 21st Century Teachers: Practical Approaches to Learning
by Pradeep Kumar MisraA must-read for every teacher in the 21st Century, this book provides a comprehensive guide to facilitating joyful, sustainable, holistic, multidisciplinary, and active learning. The book discusses different approaches, principles, techniques, and activities for creating a classroom where different learning types can thrive. The methods outlined in this volume help teachers ensure that every learner, regardless of background or orientation, can engage in participatory, reflective, self-directed, experiential, entrepreneurial, and collaborative learning and develop holistically. Essential for the 21st century, the book highlights the significance of digital technologies and examines how teachers can easily use digital technologies to offer personalized and blended learning. This book is a vital resource for teachers who want to improve their teaching skills and create a positive and engaging learning environment for their learners. This book helps teachers across the globe to enhance learning outcomes in classrooms and, subsequently, develop the quality of their education systems. This volume is useful to students, researchers, and teachers in education, psychology, development studies, social work, and sociology. It is also an invaluable companion to policymakers and professionals from government and non-government organisations working in the education and social development sectors.
Teaching Equity through Children’s Literature in Undergraduate Classrooms
by Gayatri Devi Philip Smith Stephanie J. WeaverChildren's literature has been taught in undergraduate classrooms since the mid-1960s and has grown to become a staple of English literature, library science, and education programs. Children's literature classes are typically among the most popular course offerings at any institution. It is easy to understand why; children's literature classes promise students the opportunity to revisit familiar works with fresh eyes. With the growth of the children’s publishing industry and the celebration of recent scholarly interventions in the field, the popularity of the discipline is unlikely to abate. A central question of current children’s literature scholarship and practice is how to effectively address contemporary questions of social justice. This collection offers a series of interventions for the practice of teaching equity through children's literature in undergraduate classrooms. It is intended for individuals who teach, or who are interested in teaching, children’s literature to undergraduates. It includes contributions from practitioners from a range of institutional affiliations, disciplinary backgrounds, nationalities, and career stages. Furthermore, this volume includes contributions from scholars who belong to groups which are often underrepresented within academia, due to race, nationality, ethnicity, gender identity, disability, or other protected characteristics.
Teaching Family Law: Reflections on Pedagogy and Practice (Legal Pedagogy)
by Henry Kha and Mark HenaghanThis book provides a comprehensive analysis of the teaching of an eclectic range of family law topics and the unique opportunities and challenges of teaching family law in different jurisdictions from a varied international perspective. Written by leading legal scholars, the book addresses a gap in the scholarship to comprehensively and systematically analyse the teaching of family law. The first part of the book explores ways of teaching the varied range of topics under the heading of family law and captures the diverse approaches to the discipline. Chapters illustrate how the subject can be best taught in an interdisciplinary way that considers feminist perspectives and the philosophy of teaching, while encompassing legal positivism, empirical research and critical legal theory. The second part of the book examines teaching in different jurisdictions and illustrates policy and practice in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and South Africa. Showcasing examples of best practice of teaching family law, the book will be an essential reading for legal scholars, as well as researchers and postgraduate students in the fields of family law and legal education.
Teaching Film from the People's Republic of China (Options for Teaching)
by Zhuoyi Wang, Emily Wilcox, and Hongmei YuThis volume brings a diverse range of voices--from anthropology, communication studies, ethnomusicology, film, history, literature, linguistics, sociology, theater, and urban geography--into the conversation about film from the People's Republic of China. Essays seek to answer what films can reveal or obscure about Chinese history and society and demonstrate how studying films from the PRC can introduce students to larger issues of historical consciousness and media representation.The volume addresses not only postsocialist fictional films but also a wide variety of other subjects including socialist period films, documentaries, films by or about people from ethnic minority groups, film music, the perspectives of female characters, martial arts cinema, and remakes of South Korean films. By exploring how films represent power, traditions, and ideologies, students learn about both the complexity of the PRC and the importance of cross-cultural and cross-ideological understanding.
Teaching for Equity, Justice, and Antiracism with Digital Literacy Practices: Knowledge, Tools, and Strategies for the ELA Classroom
by Meghan E. Barnes Rick MarlattTo embrace today’s culturally and linguistically diverse secondary English Language Arts (ELA) classrooms, this text presents ways in which teachers can use digital tools in the service of antiracist teaching and developing equity-oriented mindsets in teaching and learning.Addressing how the use of digital tools and literacy practices can be woven into current ELA curricula, and with consistent sections, each chapter covers a different aspect of digital tool use, including multimodal texts, critical media literacies, connection-building, and digital composing. Understanding that no classroom is a monolith, Barnes and Marlatt’s timely text presents practical applications and resources suitable for different environments, including urban and rural contexts.The volume is essential reading in courses on ELA/literacy methods and multicultural education.
Teaching from an Ethical Center: Practical Wisdom for Daily Instruction
by Cara E. FurmanA methodology for using philosophy to guide teaching preparation and practice
Teaching Graphic Novels to Adolescent Multilingual (and All) Learners: Universal Design, Pedagogy, and Practice
by Kristine Gritter Xu Bian Deborah Van Duinen Bill Boerman-CornellThis book provides a roadmap for teaching with graphic novels as an effective and engaging approach to advancing reading comprehension for English Learners in secondary schools. Accessibly synthesizing and presenting existing graphic novel research, the authors walk through how to use graphic novels as a teaching tool to improve student motivation and key reading skills, increase their reading proficiency levels, and bolster their vocabulary. The authors provide curricular ideas for teaching multilingual, gifted, and striving readers, along with methods for developing critical literacy and multimodal comprehension. Applying a universal design approach and including examples, current graphic novel recommendations, and pedagogical strategies, this book is essential reading for pre-service teachers in TESOL and literacy education.
Teaching Hacks: Fixing Everyday Classroom Issues with Metacognition
by Nathan BurnsThis book is a practical guide offering new ways to fix many typical day-to-day issues in schools using metacognition to offer effective and efficient solutions. Discover new ways to enhance your own teaching with metacognition and how to apply it to many common aspects of teaching and learning. Every chapter is written by a different education expert and takes a solution-focused approach exploring metacognitive strategies and ideas for the classroom. Key topics include: Smart revision strategies Nuanced and effective feedback The power of modelling answers Student motivation and resilience Supporting struggling writers Integrating metacognition across the curriculum And much more!
Teaching Hacks: Fixing Everyday Classroom Issues with Metacognition
by Nathan BurnsThis book is a practical guide offering new ways to fix many typical day-to-day issues in schools using metacognition to offer effective and efficient solutions. Discover new ways to enhance your own teaching with metacognition and how to apply it to many common aspects of teaching and learning. Every chapter is written by a different education expert and takes a solution-focused approach exploring metacognitive strategies and ideas for the classroom. Key topics include: Smart revision strategies Nuanced and effective feedback The power of modelling answers Student motivation and resilience Supporting struggling writers Integrating metacognition across the curriculum And much more!
Teaching International Law: Reflections on Pedagogical Practice in Context (ISSN)
by Barrie Sander Jean-Pierre GauciThe practice of teaching international law is conducted in a wide range of contexts across the world by a host of different actors – including scholars, practitioners, civil society groups, governments, and international organisations.This collection brings together a diversity of scholars and practitioners to share their experiences and critically reflect on current practices of teaching international law across different contexts, traditions, and perspectives to develop existing conversations and spark fresh ones concerning teaching practices within the field of international law. Reflecting on the responsibilities of teachers of international law to engage with and confront histories, contemporary crises, and everyday events in their teaching, the collection explores efforts to decenter the teacher and the law in the classroom, opportunities for dialogical and critical approaches to teaching, and the possibilities of co-producing non-conventional pedagogies that question the mainstream underpinnings of international law teaching. Focusing on the tools and techniques used to teach international law to date, the collection examines the teaching of international law in different contexts. Traversing a range of domestic and regional contexts around the world, the book offers insights into both the culture of teaching in particular domestic settings, aswell as the structural challenges and obstacles that arise in terms of who, what, and how international law is taught in practice.Offering a unique window into the personal experiences of a diversity of scholars and practitioners from around the world, this collection aims to nurture conversations about the responsibilities, approaches, opportunities, and challenges of teaching international law.
Teaching Labor History in Art and Design: Capitalism and the Creative Industries (Routledge Studies in Education, Neoliberalism, and Marxism)
by Kyunghee Pyun Vincent G. QuanDrawing from American history, fashion design, history of luxury, visual culture, museum studies, and women’s history, among others, this book explores the challenges, rewards and benefits of teaching business and the labor history of art and design professions to those in higher education.Recognizing that artists and designers are no longer just creatives, but bosses, employees, members of professional associations, and citizens of nations that encourage and restrain their creative work in various ways, the book identifies a crucial need for art and design students to be taught the intricacies of these other roles, as well as how to navigate or challenge them. This empirically driven study features case studies in various pedagogical contexts, including museum exhibitions, group projects, lesson plans, discussion topics, and long-term assignments. The chapters also explore how the roles of designing and making became separated, how new technologies and the rise of mass production affected creative careers, the shifts back and forth between direct employment and freelancing, and the evolution of government interventions in creative fields.With a diverse and experienced range of contributors, and providing a unique set of conceptual tools to interpret, cope with, and react to the ever-changing conditions of capitalism, this volume will appeal to educators and researchers across education, history, art history, and sociology, with interests in experiential learning, capitalism, equity, social justice and neoliberalism.
Teaching Mathematics as to be Meaningful – Foregrounding Play and Children’s Perspectives: Results from the POEM5 Conference, 2022
by Hanna Palmér Camilla Björklund Elin Reikerås Jessica ElofssonThis open access book’s theme is Teaching mathematics as to be meaningful – foregrounding children’s play and perspectives. It discusses the relation between teachers, children and mathematical content within the context of play with a particular focus on the framing of these relations within this context, which is an important theme in the debate on whether teaching should be integrated with or separated from children’s play. The work further addresses meaningfulness in the learning process, particularly from the child’s perspective. Globally, most guidelines and curricula for early childhood education mention play as one of the key features for young children’s learning. Still, there are quite different views on the definitions of play and in what ways play should become part of children’s learning. The chapters of the book mirror the research topics presented at the fifth POEM conference in May 2022 divided into four sub-themes: Play and learning, Children’s perspectives on mathematics, Teachers’ competencies and Theorizing aspects of early mathematics education.
Teaching Mathematics Using Interactive Mapping
by Sandra L. Arlinghaus Joseph J. Kerski William C. ArlinghausTeaching Mathematics Using Interactive Mapping offers novel ways to learn basic math topics such as simple relational measures or measuring hierarchies through customized interactive mapping activities. These activities focus on interactive web-based Geographic Information System (GIS) and are relevant to today’s problems and challenges. Written in a guided, hands-on, understandable manner, all activities are designed to build practical and problem-solving skills that rest on mathematical principles and move students from thinking about maps as references that focus solely on "where is" something, to analytical tools, focusing primarily on the "whys of where." Success with this transition through interaction permits most readers to master mathematical concepts and GIS tools. FEATURES Offers custom-designed geographical activities to fit with specific mathematical topics Helps students become comfortable using mathematics in a variety of professions Provides an innovative, engaging, and practical set of activities to ease readers through typically difficult, often elementary, mathematical topics: fractions, the distributive law, and much more Uses web-based GIS maps, apps, and other tools and data that can be accessed on any device, anywhere, at any time, requiring no prior GIS background Written by experienced teachers and researchers with lifelong experience in teaching mathematics, geography, and spatial analysis This textbook applies to undergraduate and graduate students in universities and community colleges including those in basic mathematics courses, as well as upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in geographic information systems, remote sensing, photogrammetry, geography, geodesy, information science, engineering, and geology. Professionals interested in learning techniques and technologies for collecting, analyzing, managing, processing, and visualizing geospatial datasets will also benefit from this book as they refresh their knowledge in mathematics.
Teaching One-Pagers: Evidence-informed summaries for busy educational professionals
by Jamie ClarkAsk any teacher and they would say workload is one of the biggest blockers to their professional development. Simply put, most teachers are time-poor and too busy to engage with educational research to improve their classroom instruction. One-pagers are ultra-concise, A4-sized summaries that share important ideas about good teaching. In this practical volume, Jamie Clark presents more than 55 evidence-informed one-pagers that help educators reflect on their practice, build pedagogical knowledge, and prompt professional conversations with colleagues.
Teaching Physical Education to Children with Autism: Stories from the Field
by Bill MokinThis book is an essential guide for how to teach fun and engaging physical education classes tailored to include the needs of autistic children and children with learning disabilities.With this practical guidebook detailing tested methods and best practices, teachers will be well equipped to support all students, including disabled students and those with varying support needs. Through a narrative lens that details children’s real-life journeys, and with key definitions and ready-to-use activities included throughout, Teaching Physical Education to Children with Autism presents a teacher’s first-hand account of what it’s like to teach students with diverse learning needs. Its comprehensive scope addresses all the practical challenges that educators may face in working with this population, including difficult behavior and disengagement. Detailing a myriad of solutions to try, along with flexible frameworks that can be applied to a myriad of physical education goals, this book is essential reading for any physical education teacher, special education teacher, and anyone wishing to create more equitable learning environments for children with varying learning needs.
Teaching Practical Theatrical 3D Printing: Creating Props for Production
by Robert C. BerlsTeaching Practical Theatrical 3D Printing: Creating Props for Production is a cohesive and practical guide for instructors teaching 3D printing techniques in stagecraft, costume and props courses.Written for the instructor, this book uses non-technical language to explain 3D printers, their workflows and products. Coverage includes the ins and outs of multiple filaments, pros and cons of different types of printers, shop or laboratory setup and safety concerns. The book features lesson plans, rubrics and class-tested sample student projects from design to finished product that highlight learning objectives and methodologies, as well as software and hardware usage explanations and common problems that can occur within design and printing. Step-by-step instructions are included for many types of projects, including fake noses, candlestick phones, buttons, 3D scans, historical recreations and linear actuators. The book also contains examples of poor, average and excellent work with grading explanations and guidance on how to help the student move to the next level with their projects. Chapter objectives, chapter summaries, checklists and reflection points facilitate an instructor in gaining confidence with 3D printers and incorporating their use in the classroom.Teaching Practical Theatrical 3D Printing is an excellent resource for instructors of Props and Costume Design and Construction courses that are interested in using state of the art tools and technology for theatre production.Fully editable files for every object featured in the book are available at www.routledge.com/9781032453279, allowing readers to jump-start their projects and giving them the flexibility to change and redesign the items to best fit their needs.
Teaching Primary English in Australia: Subject Knowledge and Classroom Practice
by Eve Bearne David Reedy Paul Gardner Yvonne SawersThis first Australian edition of Teaching Primary English has been updated and adapted to reflect the Australian sociocultural and educational context. This text provides a comprehensive, evidence informed introduction to teaching and learning English in the primary school classroom. New content refers to the Australian English Curriculum and incorporates Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspectives and literacy perspectives relevant to the Asia-Pacific region as well as the broader international context. This edition also includes a new section devoted to visual literacy, critical literacy and multimodality. Teaching advice and ideas are supported by practical examples linked to video clips filmed in real schools, reflective activities, observational tasks and online resources. Each section includes suggestions for great children’s literature and offers assessment advice and support for planning for diversity and special educational needs. Drawing on the very latest research and theory, supported by practical examples and guidance, this is an essential resource for pre-service teachers as they develop subject knowledge and the skills and confidence to deliver effective and engaging classroom practice.
Teaching Public History Creatively in Alabama: About (Public) Face (Global Perspectives on Public History)
by Sharony GreenThis book chronicles a University of Alabama historian’s efforts to engage public history over the course of a decade, highlighting personal and educational experiences inside and outside of the classroom.Each chapter reveals how Sharony Green, her students, and collaborators used various public places and spaces in Alabama, including the University of Alabama and Tuscaloosa, where she teaches, as “labs” to learn more about our shared past. Inspired by her familiar beginnings in a historic community in Miami, Florida, the author, a descendant of people from the American South and the Bahamas, unveils her encounters with the built environment, old documents and objects, motion pictures, music, and all kinds of historical actors. The book shares a variety of projects including exhibits and displays, images, videos, songs, and poetry, that serve as manifestations of her encounters with the places around her and her students. Together, these stories uncover an unexpected journey into public history, offering new ways to think about the field and humanities more generally.Teaching Public History Creatively in Alabama is an enlightening resource to both intentional and unintentional practitioners of public history, including scholars, students, and general readers interested in connecting with the past.
Teaching Reading Across the Day, Grades K-8: Methods and Structures for Engaging, Explicit Instruction
by Jennifer Serravallo"Reading well across disciplines and within varied contexts will help students to be versatile, flexible, deep readers who can better learn from their reading, transfer skills across subjects, and use strategies to meet the unique demands of reading in each content area." – Jennifer Serravallo Research-based, easy-to-use lesson structures for explicit and engaging teaching In Teaching Reading Across the Day, literacy expert Jennifer Serravallo provides nine effective, predictable, research-based lesson structures that help busy teachers save planning time and focus their teaching—and student attention—on content rather than procedures. Each of the nine lesson structures (read aloud, phonics and spelling, vocabulary, focus, shared reading, close reading, guided inquiry, reader’s theater, and conversation) has its own chapter and features a wealth of resources that let you see the lessons in action in ELA, Science, and Social Studies classes, including: An annotated teaching vignette, lesson explanation, and research notes Tips for planning, structure and timing suggestions, and ideas for responsive teaching Detailed planning templates and 22 accompanying online videos covering over 3 hours of classroom footage Jen’s reflections, key look-fors, and ideas for next steps The nine lesson structures can be used with any curriculum or core program, text, and subject, making it easier for teachers to maximize explicit and engaging teaching time across the day, and simplify planning and preparation. Jen incorporates a wide range of compelling research about how best to teach reading to every student in your class and translates the research (or the science of teaching reading) into high-leverage moves you can count on to deliver powerful lessons again and again. She also honors the art of teaching reading, helping teachers tap into their experience and hone their expertise to make quick, effective classroom decisions that take student learning to the next level.
Teaching Reading Across the Day, Grades K-8: Methods and Structures for Engaging, Explicit Instruction
by Jennifer Serravallo"Reading well across disciplines and within varied contexts will help students to be versatile, flexible, deep readers who can better learn from their reading, transfer skills across subjects, and use strategies to meet the unique demands of reading in each content area." – Jennifer Serravallo Research-based, easy-to-use lesson structures for explicit and engaging teaching In Teaching Reading Across the Day, literacy expert Jennifer Serravallo provides nine effective, predictable, research-based lesson structures that help busy teachers save planning time and focus their teaching—and student attention—on content rather than procedures. Each of the nine lesson structures (read aloud, phonics and spelling, vocabulary, focus, shared reading, close reading, guided inquiry, reader’s theater, and conversation) has its own chapter and features a wealth of resources that let you see the lessons in action in ELA, Science, and Social Studies classes, including: An annotated teaching vignette, lesson explanation, and research notes Tips for planning, structure and timing suggestions, and ideas for responsive teaching Detailed planning templates and 22 accompanying online videos covering over 3 hours of classroom footage Jen’s reflections, key look-fors, and ideas for next steps The nine lesson structures can be used with any curriculum or core program, text, and subject, making it easier for teachers to maximize explicit and engaging teaching time across the day, and simplify planning and preparation. Jen incorporates a wide range of compelling research about how best to teach reading to every student in your class and translates the research (or the science of teaching reading) into high-leverage moves you can count on to deliver powerful lessons again and again. She also honors the art of teaching reading, helping teachers tap into their experience and hone their expertise to make quick, effective classroom decisions that take student learning to the next level.
Teaching Reading Comprehension to Students with Learning Difficulties (The Guilford Series on Intensive Instruction)
by Sharon Vaughn Janette K. Klingner Alison BoardmanNow in a revised and expanded third edition, this important resource helps teachers understand how good readers comprehend text and how best to support students who are struggling. It presents effective instructional methods for learners at all grade levels, including those with reading disabilities. Every chapter translates state-of-the-art research into practical classroom applications. All facets of comprehension are addressed, including assessment, vocabulary, background knowledge, and text structure. Chapters also cover English learners, intensive intervention, and content literacy. Utility as a teacher guide and course text is enhanced by sample lesson plans, graphic organizers, and chapter-opening study questions. New to This Edition *Chapter on text selection and text structure. *Chapter on teachers' frequently asked questions, providing specific, actionable advice. *More than twice as many sample lesson plans. *Revised throughout with the latest research and teaching techniques.