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Technology and Business Model Innovation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Business and Technology (ICBT2023), Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #923)
by Bahaaeddin Alareeni Allam HamdanThis book proceedings addresses a crucial gap in understanding the impact of technology on Business Model Innovation (BMI). It emphasizes the need for further research to explore the intricate relationship between technology and BMI, focusing on opportunities and challenges. By delving into how technology influences emerging business model innovations and enhances operational efficiency, the publication aims to advance knowledge. Inviting diverse research methods, it sheds light on various ideas within the technology and BMI realm. Tailored for students, scholars, professionals, and policymakers, this book contributes to the evolving field of BMI and technology.
Technology-Driven Business Innovation: Unleashing the Digital Advantage, Volume 1 (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control #223)
by Rim El KhouryThis book aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between technology and business and its implications for future growth and innovation. In today's rapidly changing world, technology plays a crucial role in shaping the business landscape. Advancements in artificial intelligence, blockchain, data analytics, and automation have revolutionized how organizations operate, compete, and achieve success. Understanding the profound impact of technology on business is vital for entrepreneurs, managers, policymakers, and academics alike. This book aims to explore the connection between technology and business, highlighting its importance in driving transformative changes across various industries. We welcome scholars, researchers, and practitioners to share their expertise and insights in this exciting endeavor.This book captures the essence of exploring the dynamic relationship between technology and business, emphasizing the potential for innovation and growth. It conveys the idea of embracing the transformative power of technology within the business realm and the opportunities it presents for unleashing new ideas and strategies.By delving into various aspects such as emerging technologies, business strategies, innovation, and ethical considerations, it aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the symbiotic relationship between technology and business. It offers insights into the integration of technology into decision-making processes, the transformative impact on different industries, and strategies for leveraging technology to drive organizational growth and sustainability.Furthermore, the book highlights real-world case studies, explores emerging trends, and discusses the ethical and social implications of technology adoption in the business context. It serves as a valuable resource for entrepreneurs, managers, policymakers, academics, and anyone interested in understanding and harnessing the potential of technology for business success. This book aims to be a valuable resource for individuals interested in the transformative power of technology in the business realm. By compiling a collection of insightful chapters, it offers readers a diverse range of perspectives, frameworks, and case studies that shed light on the complexities and opportunities associated with technology-driven business environments.
Technology Innovation for Business Intelligence and Analytics: Techniques and Practices for Business Intelligence Innovation (Studies in Big Data #147)
by Haitham M. Alzoubi Muhammad Turki Alshurideh Srinidhi VasudevanThis book provides a standpoint on how to effectively use technology innovation for business intelligence and analytics. It presents an approach that combines cutting-edge technological advancements with practical applications in the business world. The book covers a range of innovative technologies and how they can be applied to enhance business intelligence and analytics. It is primarily aimed at professionals in the business field data analysts and students studying subjects. This book is especially beneficial for those who want to grasp and apply the technological trends in making strategic business decisions. Its comprehensive coverage makes it an indispensable resource for anyone, in the intersection of technology and business analytics.
Technology: Proceedings of the International Conference on Business and Technology (ICBT2023), Volume 4 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #927)
by Bahaaeddin Alareeni Allam HamdanThis book proceedings addresses a crucial gap in understanding the impact of technology on Business Model Innovation (BMI). It emphasizes the need for further research to explore the intricate relationship between technology and BMI, focusing on opportunities and challenges. By delving into how technology influences emerging business model innovations and enhances operational efficiency, the publication aims to advance knowledge. Inviting diverse research methods, it sheds light on various ideas within the technology and BMI realm. Tailored for students, scholars, professionals, and policymakers, this book contributes to the evolving field of BMI and technology.
Technology: Proceedings of the International Conference on Business and Technology (ICBT2023), Volume 3 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #925)
by Bahaaeddin Alareeni Allam HamdanThis book proceedings addresses a crucial gap in understanding the impact of technology on Business Model Innovation (BMI). It emphasizes the need for further research to explore the intricate relationship between technology and BMI, focusing on opportunities and challenges. By delving into how technology influences emerging business model innovations and enhances operational efficiency, the publication aims to advance knowledge. Inviting diverse research methods, it sheds light on various ideas within the technology and BMI realm. Tailored for students, scholars, professionals, and policymakers, this book contributes to the evolving field of BMI and technology.
Tensor-Based Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications (Synthesis Lectures on Mathematics & Statistics)
by Can ChenThis book provides a comprehensive review on tensor algebra, including tensor products, tensor unfolding, tensor eigenvalues, and tensor decompositions. Tensors are multidimensional arrays generalized from vectors and matrices, which can capture higher-order interactions within multiway data. In addition, tensors have wide applications in many domains such as signal processing, machine learning, and data analysis, and the author explores the role of tensors/tensor algebra in tensor-based dynamical systems where system evolutions are captured through various tensor products. The author provides an overview of existing literature on the topic and aims to inspire readers to learn, develop, and apply the framework of tensor-based dynamical systems.
Teoria della Probabilità: Processi e calcolo stocastico (UNITEXT #156)
by Andrea PascucciQuesto libro offre un approccio moderno alla teoria dei processi stocastici in tempo continuo e del calcolo differenziale stocastico. I contenuti vengono trattati in modo rigoroso, completo e autonomo. Nella prima parte, viene introdotta la teoria dei processi di Markov e delle martingale, con un approfondimento sul moto Browniano e il processo di Poisson. Di seguito, è sviluppata la teoria dell'integrazione stocastica per semi-martingale continue. Una parte sostanziosa è dedicata alle equazioni differenziali stocastiche, ai principali risultati di risolubilità e unicità in senso debole e forte, alle equazioni stocastiche lineari e alla relazione con le equazioni differenziali alle derivate parziali deterministiche. Ogni capitolo è corredato di numerosi esempi. Questo testo nasce dall'esperienza più che ventennale di insegnamento in corsi su processi e calcolo stocastico presso le lauree magistrali in Matematica, in Quantitative finance e i corsi post-laurea in Matematica per le applicazioni e in Finanza matematica dell'Università di Bologna. Il libro raccoglie materiale per almeno due insegnamenti semestrali in corsi di studio scientifici (Matematica, Fisica, Ingegneria, Statistica, Economia...) e intende fornire un solido background a coloro che sono interessati allo sviluppo della teoria e delle applicazioni del calcolo stocastico. Questo testo completa il percorso iniziato col primo volume di Teoria della Probabilità - Variabili aleatorie e distribuzioni, attraverso una selezione di temi classici avanzati di analisi stocastica.
Territorial Inequalities
by Magali Talandier Josselin TallecSpatial planning has embraced the idea of dealing with territorial inequalities by focusing on equipment logic on a national scale, and then economic development on a local scale. Today, this issue is creating new angles of debate with strong political resonances (e.g. Brexit, French gilets jaunes movement). Interpretations of these movements are often quick and binary, such as: the contrast between metropolises and peripheries, between cities and the countryside, between the north and the south or between the east and the west of the European Union. Territorial Inequalities sheds light on the social, political and operational implications of these divergences. The chapters cover the subject at different scales of action and observation (from the neighborhood to the world), but also according to their interdependences. To deal with such a vast and ambitious theme, the preferred approach is that of territorial development in terms of public policy, namely spatial planning.
Theoretical and Computational Fluid Mechanics: Existence, Blow-up, and Discrete Exterior Calculus Algorithms (Chapman & Hall/CRC Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing Series)
by Terry E. Moschandreou Keith Afas Khoa NguyenTheoretical and Computational Fluid Mechanics: Existence, Blow-up, and Discrete Exterior Calculus Algorithms centralizes the main and current topics in theoretical and applied fluid dynamics at the intersection of a mathematical and non-mathematical environment. The book is accessible to anyone with a basic level of understanding of fluid dynamics and yet still engaging for those of a deeper understanding.The book is aimed at theorists and applied mathematicians from a wide range of scientific fields, including the social, health, and physical sciences. It provides a step-by-step guide to the construction of solutions of both elementary and open problems of viscous and non-viscous models, and for the applications of such models for the functional analysis and real analysis of data. Features Offers a self-contained treatment that does not require a previous background in fluid dynamics. Suitable as a reference text for graduate students, researchers, and professionals, and could easily be used as a teaching resource. Provides various examples using Maple, Mathematica, and to a lesser extent Matlab programming languages.
Theory and Applications of Models of Computation: 18th Annual Conference, TAMC 2024, Hong Kong, China, May 13–15, 2024, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14637)
by Xujin Chen Bo LiThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Theory and Applications of Models of Computation, TAMC 2024, which was held in Hong Kong, China, during May 13–15, 2024. The 30 full papers presented in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 69 submissions. The main themes of the selected papers are computability, complexity, algorithms, information theory, as well as their integration with machine learning theory and the foundations of artificial intelligence.
The Theory of Distributions: Introduction
by El Mustapha HassiMany physical, chemical, biological and even economic phenomena can be modeled by differential or partial differential equations, and the framework of distribution theory is the most efficient way to study these equations. A solid familiarity with the language of distributions has become almost indispensable in order to treat these questions efficiently. This book presents the theory of distributions in as clear a sense as possible while providing the reader with a background containing the essential and most important results on distributions. Together with a thorough grounding, it also provides a series of exercises and detailed solutions. The Theory of Distributions is intended for master’s students in mathematics and for students preparing for the agrégation certification in mathematics or those studying the physical sciences or engineering.
The Theory of Statistical Implicative Analysis: Or the Implausibility of Falsehood ... When the Exception Confirms the Rule
by Régis Gras Antoine Bodin Raphaël Couturier Pablo GregoriThis book summarizes the methods and concepts of Statistical Implicative Analysis (SIA), created by Régis Gras in the 1980s to study, in a new way, the behavioural responses of French pupils to mathematics tests. Using a multidimensional, non-symmetrical data analysis method, SIA crosses a set of subjects or objects with a set of variables. It effectively complements traditional correlational and psychometric methods. SIA, through its various extensions, is today presented as a broad Artificial Intelligence method aimed at extracting trends and possible causalities in the form of rules, from a set of variables. It is based on the unlikeliness of the existence of these relationships, i.e. on the relative weakness of their counter-examples compared to what chance alone would produce. It establishes a dual topological relationship between the set of subjects and the set of variables. Many applications of this approach, driving forces or crucibles for the development of SIA, have concerned and still concern various fields such as didactics, evaluation and assessment, psychology, sociology, medicine, biology, economics, art history, and others. Key Features: Presents the foundations and representations of SIA. Provides extensions of variable sets and subjects. Includes a bonus exercise.
Tipler Physik: für Studierende der Naturwissenschaften und Technik
by Paul A. Tipler Gene MoscaTipler Physik dient bereits Generationen von Studierenden der Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften als Lern-, Lehr- und Nachschlagewerk. Angehende oder sich bereits im Studium befindliche Bachelorstudierende mit Physik, Ingenieurwissenschaften oder verwandter Gebiete, egal ob im Haupt- oder Nebenfach profitieren von ausführlichen und leicht nachvollziehbaren Erklärungen. Schritt für Schritt werden Beispiele vorgerechnet, zusätzlich oft auch mithilfe der Software MATLAB®. Zudem werden die physikalischen Inhalte mit wertvollen Tipps und Tricks vervollständigt. Alle Gebiete der Physik werden behandelt und zwar genau richtig – nicht zu viel um einen guten Einstieg zu ermöglichen und nicht zu wenig, um einen soliden Überblick zu erhalten. Damit ist Tipler Physik ein treuer Begleiter durch das Studium und auch danach. Gleichzeitig trägt das Buch neuen Entwicklungen Rechnung. Digitale Karteikarten, die in dieser Auflage neu hinzugekommen sind, ermöglichen das flexible Lernen und Vertiefen überall. Am Ende jedes Kapitels findet ein Ein- und Ausblick in die aktuelle Forschung statt.Wer im Studium, Schule oder Beruf sich mit physikalischen Fragestellungen befasst, dem sollte Tipler Physik in Bücherregal nicht fehlen: · didaktisch wertvoll aufbereitet und dargestellt· zahlreiche Beispiel- und Übungsaufgaben mit Schritt-für-Schritt Anleitungen bzw. Lösungen· digitale Karteikarten in Form der SN Flashcards· Einführung in MATLAB® anhand konkreter Aufgabenstellungen· bewährte Tipps und Tricks, um nicht in die Fehlerfalle zu geraten· wichtigste Gesetze und Formeln kurz zusammengefasst· übersichtliche und anschauliche Abbildungen· aktuelle Forschungsbeiträge, die in den Kontext zu ihrem Fachgebiet gestellt werden.
Topics on Combinatorial Semigroups
by Yun Liu Yuqi Guo Shoufeng WangBy combinatorial semigroups, we mean a general term of concepts, facts and methods which are produced in investigating of algebraic and combinatorial properties, constructions, classifications and interrelations of formal languages and automata, codes, finite and infinite words by using semigroup theory and combinatorial analysis. The main research objects in this field are the elements and subsets of the free semigroups and monoids and many combinatorial properties of these objects, which are closely related to algebraic theory of semigroups. This book first introduces some basic concepts and notations in combinatorial semigroups. Since many contents involving the constructions of (generalized) disjunctive languages and regular languages are closely related to the algebraic theory of codes, some selected topics are introduced in the following chapter, including the method of defining codes by using dependence systems, the maximality and completeness of codes, and the detailed discussion of some special kinds of codes such as convex codes, semaphore codes and solid codes. Then the remaining chapters present the main topics of the book - regular languages, disjunctive languages, and their various kinds of generalizations.This book might be useful to researchers in mathematics who are interested in combinatorial semigroups.
A Tour of the Human Body: Amazing Numbers--Fantastic Facts (Number Tours for Curious Kids)
by Jennifer BerneJennifer Berne takes children on a tour of the human body to reveal the wonders of how it works -- with some astonishing numbers and fascinating facts along the way.From our eyes to our toes, kids will find out what makes the human body tick. They&’ll discover that our hearts beat 100,000 times a day, which equals 36 MILLION times a year. And that our tongue&’s 8,000 taste buds can detect only 5 flavors. And that we have 60,000 miles of blood vessels, enough to circle the world more than twice!With such remarkable facts and numbers, and vivid informative illustrations by Dawn DeVries Sokol, this book takes your child on an entertainingly educational journey through the wonders of the human body.
Toward Connected, Cooperative and Intelligent IoV: Frontier Technologies and Applications
by Kai Liu Penglin Dai Victor C.S. Lee Joseph Kee-Yin Ng Sang Hyuk SonThis book offers a comprehensive introduction to technological advances in Internet of Vehicles (IoV), including vehicular communications, vehicular system architectures, data dissemination algorithms, resource allocation schemes, and AI-enabled applications. It focuses on the state-of-the-art IoV with regard to three major directions, namely networking, cooperation, and intelligence, including advanced wireless communication technologies, algorithm theory, optimization mechanisms, and AI technologies. In addition, the book includes a number of case studies with system prototype implementation and hands-on experiments in IoV, making it suitable both as a technical reference work for professionals and as a textbook for graduate students.
Towards a Peaceful Development of Cyberspace: De-Escalation of State-Led Cyber Conflicts and Arms Control of Cyber Weapons (Technology, Peace and Security I Technologie, Frieden und Sicherheit)
by Thomas ReinholdThe cyberspace and its global infrastructures are essential for our civilizations, the economy and administration. However, cyberspace is also increasingly developing into an intelligence and military operational area, visible in the creation of military cyber departments and the integration of cyberspace into states' security and defense strategies. Unfortunately, many of the established toolset of transparency, de-escalation and arms control measures do not work for cyberspace due to its specific technical characteristics. But how de-escalation of state-led conflicts in cyberspace can be achieved and how arms control of cyber weapons can be developed? Based on a technical perspective with regard to the underlying political challenges, the book follows an approach of adopting already existing technical measures from other fields of the computer science. It presents a classification system for cyberweapons, an approach for the mutual reduction of vulnerability stockpiles and provides an approach to prove the non-involvement in a cyber conflict. Beyond this, it aims to provide some impulses regarding the responsibility and creative options of the computer science with a view to the peaceful development and use of cyberspace.
Towards Resilient Social IoT Sensors and Networks: A Trust Management Approach (Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation #48)
by Quan Z. Sheng Adnan Mahmood Subhash SagarThis book, at first, explores the evolution of the IoT to SIoT and offers a comprehensive understanding of SIoT and trust management vis-à-vis SIoT. It subsequently envisages trust quantification models by employing key SIoT-specific trust features, including SIoT relationships (e.g., friendships, working relationships, and community-of-interest), direct observations, and indirect observations, to augment the idea of trust quantification of a SIoT object. Furthermore, diverse trust aggregation techniques, i.e., conventional weighted sum, machine learning, and artificial neural networks, are proposed so as to address the challenges of the trust aggregation. Finally, the book outlines the future research directions for emphasizing the importance of trustworthiness management in the evolving notion of the SIoT.
Towards Ulam Type Multi Stability Analysis: A Novel Approach for Fuzzy Dynamical Systems (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control #523)
by Reza Saadati Tofigh Allahviranloo Safoura Rezaei Aderyani Chenkuan LiThe main target of this book is to present a new concept of Ulam-type stability, i.e., multi-stability, through the classical, well-known special functions and to obtain the best approximation error estimates by a different concept of perturbation stability including fuzzy approaches for uncertainty considerations. This stability allows us to obtain diverse approximations depending on various special functions that are initially chosen and to evaluate maximal stability and minimal error which enable us to obtain a unique optimal solution of functional equations, inequalities, and fractional equations. Stability analysis in the sense of the Ulam and its different kinds has received considerable attention from the researchers. However, how to effectively generalize the Ulam stability problems and to evaluate optimized controllability and stability are new issues. The multi-stability not only covers the previous concepts but also considers the optimization of the problem and provides a comprehensive discussion of optimizing the different types of the Ulam stabilities of mathematical models used in the natural sciences and engineering disciplines with fuzzy attitudes. Besides, this book also deals with nonlinear differential equations with various boundary conditions or initial value problems, based on the matrix Mittag-Leffler function, fixed point theory, as well as Babenko's approach to study uniqueness and existence of solutions. In general, the benefits for the readers can be concluded as follows: 1. Evaluates maximal stability with minimal error to get a unique optimal solution. 2. Discusses an optimal method of the alternative to study existence, uniqueness, and different types of Ulam stabilities under special consideration of the fuzzy approaches. 3. Delves into the new study of boundary value problems of fractional integro-differential equations with integral boundary conditions and variable coefficients.
Traditional Functional-Discrete Methods for the Problems of Mathematical Physics: New Aspects
by Volodymyr Makarov Nataliya MaykoThis book is devoted to the construction and study of approximate methods for solving mathematical physics problems in canonical domains. It focuses on obtaining weighted a priori estimates of the accuracy of these methods while also considering the influence of boundary and initial conditions. This influence is quantified by means of suitable weight functions that characterize the distance of an inner point to the boundary of the domain. New results are presented on boundary and initial effects for the finite difference method for elliptic and parabolic equations, mesh schemes for equations with fractional derivatives, and the Cayley transform method for abstract differential equations in Hilbert and Banach spaces. Due to their universality and convenient implementation, the algorithms discussed throughout can be used to solve a wide range of actual problems in science and technology. The book is intended for scientists, university teachers, and graduate and postgraduate students who specialize in the field of numerical analysis.
Training Data for Machine Learning
by Anthony SarkisYour training data has as much to do with the success of your data project as the algorithms themselves because most failures in AI systems relate to training data. But while training data is the foundation for successful AI and machine learning, there are few comprehensive resources to help you ace the process. In this hands-on guide, author Anthony Sarkis--lead engineer for the Diffgram AI training data software--shows technical professionals, managers, and subject matter experts how to work with and scale training data, while illuminating the human side of supervising machines. Engineering leaders, data engineers, and data science professionals alike will gain a solid understanding of the concepts, tools, and processes they need to succeed with training data.With this book, you'll learn how to:Work effectively with training data including schemas, raw data, and annotationsTransform your work, team, or organization to be more AI/ML data-centricClearly explain training data concepts to other staff, team members, and stakeholdersDesign, deploy, and ship training data for production-grade AI applicationsRecognize and correct new training-data-based failure modes such as data biasConfidently use automation to more effectively create training dataSuccessfully maintain, operate, and improve training data systems of record
Trajectory Optimization and Guidance Methods for Mars Entry
by Shuang Li Xu Liu Xiu-qiang Jiang Yu-ming PengThis book systematically investigates the Mars entry problem from the perspectives of deterministic optimization, uncertainty optimization, and guidance. Began with a detailed review of the robotic missions and human-scaled exploration plans to Mars, theories or concepts of optimal control, uncertainty quantification, robust optimization, model predictive control, sequential convex programming, and computational guidance are subsequently introduced. Correspondingly, this book presents a series of trajectory planning and guidance algorithms to improve the robustness, reliability, and safety of the Mars missions. Because the Mars entry problem is studied using advanced mathematics, including probability theory, optimization theory, and cybernetics, thus the book is primarily designed as a textbook for graduate students in aerospace engineering, aeronautics, and astronautics departments. Engineers and researchers may also use this book as a reference or tutorial to help with the modeling and simulation of the Mars entry problem due to its thorough simulations and analyses.
Transforming Conversational AI: Exploring the Power of Large Language Models in Interactive Conversational Agents
by Michael McTear Marina AshurkinaAcquire the knowledge needed to work effectively in conversational artificial intelligence (AI) and understand the opportunities and threats it can potentially bring. This book will help you navigate from the traditional world of dialogue systems that revolve around hard coded scripts, to the world of large language models, prompt engineering, conversational AI platforms, multi-modality, and ultimately autonomous agents.In this new world, decisions are made by a system that may forever remain a ‘black box’ for most of us. This book aims to eliminate unnecessary noise and describe the fundamental components of conversational AI. Past experiences will prove invaluable in constructing seamless hybrid systems. This book will provide the most recommended solutions, recognizing that it is not always necessary to blindly pursue new tools.Written in unprecedented and turbulent times for conversational interfaces you’ll see that despite previous waves of advancement in conversational technology, now conversational interfaces are gaining unparalleled popularity. Specifically, the release of ChatGPT in November 2022 by Open AI revolutionized the conversational paradigm and showed how easy and intuitive communication with a computer can be. Old professions are being disrupted, new professions are emerging, and even the most conservative corporations are changing their strategy and experimenting with large language models, allocating an unprecedented amount of budget to these projects. No one knows for sure the exact future of conversational AI, but everyone agrees that it’s here to stay. What You'll Learn See how large language models are constructed and used in conversational systems Review the risks and challenges of new technologies in conversational AI Examine techniques for prompt engineering Enable practitioners to keep abreast of recent developments in conversational AI Who This Book Is For Conversation designers, product owners, and product or project managers in conversational AI who wish to learn about new methods and challenges posed by the recent emergence in the public domain of ChatGPT. Data scientists, final year undergraduates and graduates of computer science
Transforming Public Services—Combining Data and Algorithms to Fulfil Citizen’s Expectations (Intelligent Systems Reference Library #252)
by Christophe Gaie Mayuri MehtaThis book provides a precise portrayal of the current trends and future perspectives of e-Government. It outlines new approaches that optimize public services across diverse sectors. Going beyond traditional boundaries, it offers mathematical models for public services supported by convincing case studies. This book significantly enhances various government services, such as education, healthcare, safety, security, and culture. It also strongly emphasizes safeguarding citizens' personal data, ensuring privacy, and obtaining explicit consent. Tailored for students and academics, the book is an invaluable reference for teaching graduate courses in e-Government, Process Modelling, or Artificial Intelligence. Its impact extends beyond the classroom; civil servants from all domains can find practical insights to navigate the ongoing modernization of public services. Even citizens curious about the transformation in their public services can find this book enlightening. Researchers working in the area of e-Governance can use this book to discover the recent developments in e-Government.
The Traveling Salesman Problem: Optimization with the Attractor-Based Search System (Synthesis Lectures on Operations Research and Applications)
by Weiqi LiThis book presents a new search paradigm for solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). The intrinsic difficulty of the TSP is associated with the combinatorial explosion of potential solutions in the solution space. The author introduces the idea of using the attractor concept in dynamical systems theory to reduce the search space for exhaustive search for the TSP. Numerous examples are used to describe how to use this new search algorithm to solve the TSP and its variants including: multi-objective TSP, dynamic TSP, and probabilistic TSP. This book is intended for readers in the field of optimization research and application.