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Soils as a Key Component of the Critical Zone 1: Functions and Services
by Jacques Berthelin Christian Valentin Jean Charles MunchThis introductory book to the six volume series includes an introduction defining the critical zone for mankind that extends from tree canopy and the lower atmosphere to water table and unweathered rock. Soils play a crucial role through the functions and the services that they provide to mankind. The spatial and temporal variability of soils is represented by information systems whose importance, recent evolutions and increasingly performing applications in France and in the world must be underlined. The soil functions, discussed in this book, focus on the regulation of the water cycle, biophysicochemical cycles and the habitat role of biodiversity. The main services presented are those related to the provision of agricultural, fodder and forest products, energy, as well as materials and the role of soil as infrastructure support. They also include the different cultural dimensions of soils, their representations being often linked to myths and rites, as well as their values of environmental and archaeological records. Finally, the issue is raised of an off-ground world.
Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology
by Gregory J. RetallackA student-friendly textbook that describes ancient soils, how they may be identified, and their use in paleoenvironmental reconstruction Ancient soils contain vital mineralogical, geochemical, textural, and paleontological information about the continental environments in which they formed. Advances in isotope geochemistry and sequence-stratigraphic models allow evermore detailed reconstructions of environmental change from paleosols, and new insights into such diverse topics as atmospheric chemistry, global change, paleoecology, geobiology and mass extinction. This book educates readers about the field of paleopedology and how it remains a key area of investigation for geologists and environmental scientists seeking to learn about, and reconstruct, the condition and evolution of paleoenvironments. Presented in three sections—Soils and Palesols; Factors in Soil Formation; and Fossil Record of Soils—Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology describes the main types of ancient soil, procedures for identifying and studying them, their classification and, most significantly, a wide array of examples of how paleosols have been used for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The book is an excellent reflection of the current state of knowledge and can be widely adopted over many disciplines. All chapters have been revised and updated to reflect advances in soil science in the last two decades New tables display a wealth of new data added since the 2nd edition published in 2001 New figures have been added and line art has been redrawn to improve clarity and promote understanding References have been updated throughout Soils of the Past, 3rd Edition is written for advanced undergraduates studying paleopedology as part of a degree in geology, environmental science, or physical geography, and for interested professional earth scientists.
The Sol-Gel Handbook
by Marcos Zayat David LevyThis comprehensive three-volume handbook brings together a review of the current state together with the latest developments in sol-gel technology to put forward new ideas. The first volume, dedicated to synthesis and shaping, gives an in-depth overview of the wet-chemical processes that constitute the core of the sol-gel method and presents the various pathways for the successful synthesis of inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic materials, bio- and bio-inspired materials, powders, particles and fibers as well as sol-gel derived thin films, coatings and surfaces. The second volume deals with the mechanical, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of sol-gel derived materials and the methods for their characterization such as diffraction methods and nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The third volume concentrates on the various applications in the fields of membrane science, catalysis, energy research, biomaterials science, biomedicine, photonics and electronics.
Solar and Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings (Solar Heating and Cooling)
by Jean-Christophe HadornThe combination of heat pumps and solar components is a recent development and has great potential for improving the energy efficiency of house and hot water heating systems. As a consequence, it can enhance the energy footprint of a building substantially. This work compares different systems, analyses their performance and illustrates monitoring techniques. It helps the reader to design, simulate and assess solar and heat pump systems. Good examples of built systems are discussed in detail and advice is given on how to design the most efficient system. This book is the first one about this combination of components and presents the state of the art of this technology. It is based on a joint research project of two programmes of the International Energy Agency: the Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC) and the Heat Pump Programme. More than 50 experts from 13 countries have participated in this research.
Solar Cell Materials
by Gavin J. Conibeer Arthur WilloughbyThis book presents a comparison of solar cell materials, including both new materials based on organics, nanostructures and novel inorganics and developments in more traditional photovoltaic materials. It surveys the materials and materials trends in the field including third generation solar cells (multiple energy level cells, thermal approaches and the modification of the solar spectrum) with an eye firmly on low costs, energy efficiency and the use of abundant non-toxic materials.
Solar Cell Nanotechnology
by Atul Tiwari Rabah Boukherroub Maheshwar SharonFocusing on the cutting-edge technologies available in the field of photovoltaics, Solar Cell Nanotechnology explores the latest research and development activities related to organic, inorganic, and hybrid materials being used in solar cell manufacturing. Several chapters are dedicated to explaining the fundamentals of photovoltaics and nanomaterials utilized in the manufacturing of solar cells. Other essential subjects, such as microcontact printing, plasmonic light trapping, outdoor and indoor efficiency, luminescent solar concentrators, and photon management in photovoltaics, are comprehensively reviewed. Written for a broad audience, this is an essential book for engineers, nanotechnologists, and materials scientists.
Solar Cells and Their Applications
by Lewis M. Fraas Larry D. PartainA major update of solar cell technology and the solar marketplaceSince the first publication of this important volume over a decade ago, dramatic changes have taken place with the solar market growing almost 100-fold and the U.S. moving from first to fourth place in the world market as analyzed in this Second Edition. Three bold new opportunities are identified for any countries wanting to improve market position. The first is combining pin solar cells with 3X concentration to achieve economic competitiveness near term. The second is charging battery-powered cars with solar cell-generated electricity from arrays in surrounding areas-including the car owners' homes-while simultaneously reducing their home electricity bills by over ninety percent. The third is formation of economic "unions" of sufficient combined economic size to be major competitors.In this updated edition, feed-in tariffs are identified as the most effective approach for public policy. Reasons are provided to explain why pin solar cells outperform more traditional pn solar cells. Field test data are reported for nineteen percent pin solar cells and for ~500X concentrating systems with bare cell efficiencies approaching forty percent. Paths to bare cell efficiencies over fifty percent are described, and key missing program elements are identified. Since government support is needed for new technology prototype integration and qualification testing before manufacturing scale up, the key economic measure is identified in this volume as the electricity cost in cents per kilowatt-hour at the complete installed system level, rather than just the up-front solar cell modules' costs in dollars per watt.This Second Edition will benefit technologists in the fields of solar cells and systems; solar cell researchers; power systems designers; academics studying microelectronics, semiconductors, and solar cells; business students and investors with a technical focus; and government and political officials developing public policy.
Solar Energy at Urban Scale
by Benoit BeckersIncreasing urbanization throughout the world, the depletion of fossil fuels and concerns about global warming have transformed the city into a physical problem of prime importance. This book proposes a multi-disciplinary and systematic approach concerning specialities as different as meteorology, geography, architecture and urban engineering systems, all surrounding the essential problem of solar radiation. It collects the points of view of 18 specialists from around the world on the interaction between solar energy and constructions, combining territorial, urban and architectural scales to better regulate energetic efficiency and light comfort for the sustainable city. The main subjects covered are: measures and models of solar irradiance (satellite observations, territorial and urban ground measurements, sky models, satellite data and urban mock-up), radiative contribution to the urban climate (local heat balance, radiative-aerodynamics coupling, evapotranspiration, Urban Heat Island), light and heat modeling (climate-based daylight modeling, geometrical models of the city, solar radiation modeling for urban environments, thermal simulation methods and algorithms) and urban planning, with special considerations for solar potential, solar impact and daylight rights in the temperate, northern and tropical climates, and the requirement of urban solar regulation. Contents 1. The Odyssey of Remote Sensing from Space: Half a Century of Satellites for Earth Observations, Théo Pirard. 2. Territorial and Urban Measurements, Marius Paulescu and Viorel Badescu. 3. Sky Luminance Models, Matej Kobav and Grega Bizjak. 4. Satellite Images Applied to Surface Solar Radiation Estimation, Bella Espinar and Philippe Blanc. 5. Worldwide Aspects of Solar Radiation Impact, Benoit Beckers. 6. Local Energy Balance, Pierre Kastendeuch. 7. Evapotranspiration, Marjorie Musy. 8. Multiscale Daylight Modeling for Urban Environments, John Mardaljevic and George Janes. 9. Geometrical Models of the City, Daniel G. Aliaga. 10. Radiative Simulation Methods, Pierre Beckers and Benoit Beckers. 11. Radiation Modeling Using the Finite Element Method, Tom van Eekelen. 12. Dense Cities in the Tropical Zone, Edward Ng. 13. Dense Cities in Temperate Climates: Solar and Daylight Rights, Guedi Capeluto. 14. Solar Potential and Solar Impact, Frédéric Monette and Benoit Beckers. Appendix 1. Table of Europe’s Platforms (Micro- and Minisatellites) for Earth Observations, Théo Pirard. Appendix 2. Commercial Operators of Earth Observation (EO) Satellites (as of January 1, 2012), Théo Pirard. Appendix 3. Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget, Benoit Beckers.
Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes
by John A. Duffie William A. BeckmanThe updated fourth edition of the "bible" of solar energy theory and applicationsOver several editions, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes has become a classic solar engineering text and reference. This revised Fourth Edition offers current coverage of solar energy theory, systems design, and applications in different market sectors along with an emphasis on solar system design and analysis using simulations to help readers translate theory into practice.An important resource for students of solar engineering, solar energy, and alternative energy as well as professionals working in the power and energy industry or related fields, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fourth Edition features:Increased coverage of leading-edge topics such as photovoltaics and the design of solar cells and heatersA brand-new chapter on applying CombiSys (a readymade TRNSYS simulation program available for free download) to simulate a solar heated house with solar- heated domestic hot waterAdditional simulation problems available through a companion websiteAn extensive array of homework problems and exercises
Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Photovoltaics and Wind
by William A. Beckman John A. Duffie Nathan BlairThe bible of solar engineering that translates solar energy theory to practice, revised and updated The updated Fifth Edition of Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Photovoltaics and Wind contains the fundamentals of solar energy and explains how we get energy from the sun. The authors—noted experts on the topic—provide an introduction to the technologies that harvest, store, and deliver solar energy, such as photovoltaics, solar heaters, and cells. The book also explores the applications of solar technologies and shows how they are applied in various sectors of the marketplace. The revised Fifth Edition offers guidance for using two key engineering software applications, Engineering Equation Solver (EES) and System Advisor Model (SAM). These applications aid in solving complex equations quickly and help with performing long-term or annual simulations. The new edition includes all-new examples, performance data, and photos of current solar energy applications. In addition, the chapter on concentrating solar power is updated and expanded. The practice problems in the Appendix are also updated, and instructors have access to an updated print Solutions Manual. This important book: • Covers all aspects of solar engineering from basic theory to the design of solar technology • Offers in-depth guidance and demonstrations of Engineering Equation Solver (EES) and System Advisor Model (SAM) software • Contains all-new examples, performance data, and photos of solar energy systems today • Includes updated simulation problems and a solutions manual for instructors Written for students and practicing professionals in power and energy industries as well as those in research and government labs, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fifth Edition continues to be the leading solar engineering text and reference.
The Solar Generation: Childhood and Adolescence of Terrestrial Photovoltaics
by Philip R. WolfeThe first book to address the early development of the photovoltaic industry, and the pioneering researchers and companies in the sector Well before the end of this century, solar power will be the world's dominant power source. This book looks at the origins of this smart sustainable energy technology, tracing the pioneering years from its inception following the 1973 oil crisis to the end of the last millennium—just as the sector was poised for explosive growth. It focuses on the progress of the early terrestrial photovoltaic sector, often in the face of skepticism or apathy. It also covers the research and achievements of people and organizations within the PV business. Written by a leader in the field with more than 40 years of experience and an international reputation in the sustainable energy industry, The Solar Generation: Childhood and Adolescence of Terrestrial Photovoltaics offers enlightening coverage on the terrestrial PV industry. The first part of this 3-volume set provides a historical backdrop to the technology and tracks the development of research, markets, prices, applications, policies, and more. Part II is called the ‘encyclopedia’ and features a Who’s Who of the most influential people and profiles of key companies, events, and developments. Finally, Part III is the reference section and comes complete with glossaries, bibliography, and an incredibly comprehensive index. This text also: Addresses the early development of the PV sector from a global perspective Focuses on a defined period, leaving scope for later follow-ups as the sector matures Offers a study on the interactions between technology, policy, and market drivers The Solar Generation is an ideal book for all professionals in the power and energy field from every corner of the globe.
Solar Power Your Home For Dummies
by Rik DeguntherThe bestselling alternative energy reference book in North America--now in an updated editionWant to take advantage of solar power in your home? Whether you're looking to save on your energy costs by adding a few solar components or you want to build a solar-powered house from the ground up, Solar Power For Dummies, 2nd Edition takes the mystery out of this energy source and shows you how to put it to work for you!This new edition gives you hands-on tips and techniques for making your home more energy-efficient though solar power--and helping the planet at the same time. Plus, you'll get all the latest information on changes to federal, state, and local regulations, laws, and tax incentives that seek to make solar-power adoption more feasible.Expanded coverage of the technology that underpins full-scale solar-power systems for the homeNew small- and mid-sized solar products, projects, and applicationsRik DeGunther is a design engineer who started his own energy consulting firmFeaturing ten of the easiest and cheapest DIY solar projects, Solar Power For Dummies, 2nd Edition is the fun and easy way to meet your energy needs with this clean power source!
Solarstrahlung und Tageslicht (Bauingenieur-Praxis)
by Heinrich Kaase Alexander RosemannDer Solarstrahlung kommt für das Leben auf der Erde die größte Bedeutung zu. Dieses Thema wird in diesem Buch aufgegriffen. Nach einer Beschreibung des Prozesses der Strahlungserzeugung und des Durchganges der Solarstrahlung durch die Erdatmosphäre werden die Wechselwirkungen durch physikalische, chemische, biologische und medizinische Effekte beschrieben. Da über verschiedene Formen der Sonnenenergiewandlung bereits eine kompetente Fachliteratur vorliegt, wird hier auf die entsprechenden Ausführungen verzichtet. Dagegen wird auf die Wirkungen über das menschliche Auge - also auf das Tageslicht - besonders eingegangen. Tageslicht als passive Solarstrahlungstechnik dient nicht nur der Beleuchtung von Innenräumen der Gebäude, es kann auch einen merklichen Anteil der Energieeinsparung liefern. Der Jahresumsatz der Energie eines Gebäudes hängt von den verwendeten wärmetechnischen Installationen, den architektonischen Gegebenheiten und der Kunstlichttechnik ab. So werden technische Lösungen sowie Komponenten beispielhaft zusammengestellt und Berechnungsverfahren und technische Regel angegeben. Besonderer Augenmerk wird auf eine qualifizierte, integrale Gebäudeplanung gelegt, die auf den Bedürfnissen der Nutzer basiert und somit nicht nur die energetische Gesamtbilanz verbessert, sondern gleichzeitig die Aufenthaltsqualität erhöht. Dieses Buch führt in die notwendigen physikalischen und meteorologischen Zusammenhänge von Solarstrahlung und Tageslicht ein, indem die doppelt spektralen Zusammenhänge von Strahlung und Effekt, wie die lichttechnischen und strahlungsphysikalischen Kennzahlen und die gesundheitlichen Wirkungen erläutert werden. Das Buch erläutert zudem Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Energieumsatzes mit Planungstools. Das Buch ist für Architekten, Bauingenieure, Gebäudetechniker, Lichttechniker, Arbeitsmediziner, Meteorologen und Umwelttechniker in Planungspraxis, Industrie, Forschung und Lehre geeignet.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices
by Bin Zhu Rizwan Raza Liangdong Fan Chunwen SunPresents innovative approaches towards affordable, highly efficient, and reliable sustainable energy systems Written by leading experts on the subject, this book provides not only a basic introduction and understanding of conventional fuel cell principle, but also an updated view of the most recent developments in this field. It focuses on the new energy conversion technologies based on both electrolyte and electrolyte-free fuel cells?from advanced novel ceria-based composite electrolyte low temperature solid oxide fuel cells to non-electrolyte fuel cells as advanced fuel-to-electricity conversion technology. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices is divided into three parts. Part I covers the latest developments of anode, electrolyte, and cathode materials as well as the SOFC technologies. Part II discusses the non-electrolyte or semiconductor-based membrane fuel cells. Part III focuses on engineering efforts on materials, technology, devices and stack developments, and looks at various applications and new opportunities of SOFC using both the electrolyte and non-electrolyte principles, including integrated fuel cell systems with electrolysis, solar energy, and more. -Offers knowledge on how to realize highly efficient fuel cells with novel device structures -Shows the opportunity to transform the future fuel cell markets and the possibility to commercialize fuel cells in an extended range of applications -Presents a unique collection of contributions on the development of solid oxide fuel cells from electrolyte based to non-electrolyte-based technology -Provides a more comprehensive understanding of the advances in fuel cells and bridges the knowledge from traditional SOFC to the new concept -Allows readers to track the development from the conventional SOFC to the non-electrolyte or single-component fuel cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices will serve as an important reference work to students, scientists, engineers, researchers, and technology developers in the fuel cell field.
Solid-State Metal Additive Manufacturing: Physics, Processes, Mechanical Properties, and Applications
by Hang Z. Yu Nihan Tuncer Zhili FengSolid-State Metal Additive Manufacturing Timely summary of state-of-the-art solid-state metal 3D printing technologies, focusing on fundamental processing science and industrial applications Solid-State Metal Additive Manufacturing: Physics, Processes, Mechanical Properties, and Applications provides detailed and in-depth discussion on different solid-state metal additive manufacturing processes and applications, presenting associated methods, mechanisms and models, and unique benefits, as well as a detailed comparison to traditional fusion-based metal additive manufacturing. The text begins with a high-level overview of solid-state metal additive manufacturing with an emphasis on its position within the metal additive manufacturing spectrum and its potential for meeting specific demands in the aerospace, automotive, and defense industries. Next, each of the four categories of solid-state additive technologies—cold spray additive manufacturing, additive friction stir deposition, ultrasonic additive manufacturing, and sintering-based processes—is discussed in depth, reviewing advances in processing science, metallurgical science, and innovative applications. Finally, the future directions of these solid-state processes, especially the material innovation and artificial intelligence aspects, are discussed. Sample topics covered in Solid-State Metal Additive Manufacturing include: Physical processes and bonding mechanisms in impact-induced bonding and microstructures and microstructural evolution in cold sprayed materialsProcess fundamentals, dynamic microstructure evolution, and potential industrial applications of additive friction stir depositionMicrostructural and mechanical characterization and industrial applications of ultrasonic additive manufacturingPrinciples of solid-state sintering, binder jetting-based metal printing, and sintering-based metal additive manufacturing methods for magnetic materialsCritical issues inherent to melting and solidification, such as porosity, high residual stress, cast microstructure, anisotropic mechanical properties, and hot cracking Solid-State Metal Additive Manufacturing is an essential reference on the subject for academic researchers in materials science, mechanical, and biomedicine, as well as professional engineers in various manufacturing industries, especially those involved in building new additive technologies.
Solid State Physics: An Introduction
by Philip HofmannEnables readers to easily understand the basics of solid state physics Solid State Physics is a successful short textbook that gives a clear and concise introduction to its subject. The presentation is suitable for students who are exposed to this topic for the first time. Each chapter starts with basic principles and gently progresses to more advanced concepts, using easy-to-follow explanations and keeping mathematical formalism to a minimum. This new edition is thoroughly revised, with easier-to-understand descriptions of metallic and covalent bonding, a straightforward proof of Bloch's theorem, a simpler approach to the nearly free electron model, and enhanced pedagogical features, such as more than 100 discussion questions, 70 problems--including problems to train the students’ skills to find computational solutions--and multiple-choice questions at the end of each chapter, with solutions in the book for self-training. Solid State Physics introduces the readers to: Crystal structures and underlying bonding mechanisms The mechanical and vibrational properties of solids Electronic properties in both a classical and a quantum mechanical picture, with a treatment of the electronic phenomena in metals, semiconductors and insulators More advanced subjects, such as magnetism, superconductivity and phenomena emerging for nano-scaled solidsFor bachelor’s students in physics, materials sciences, engineering sciences, and chemistry, Solid State Physics serves as an introductory textbook, with many helpful supplementary learning resources included throughout the text and available online, to aid in reader comprehension.
Solid State Proton Conductors
by Philippe Knauth Maria Luisa Di VonaProton conduction can be found in many different solid materials, from organic polymers at room temperature to inorganic oxides at high temperature. Solid state proton conductors are of central interest for many technological innovations, including hydrogen and humidity sensors, membranes for water electrolyzers and, most importantly, for high-efficiency electrochemical energy conversion in fuel cells.Focusing on fundamentals and physico-chemical properties of solid state proton conductors, topics covered include:Morphology and Structure of Solid Acids Diffusion in Solid Proton Conductors by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Structure and Diffusivity by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Proton-Conducting Polymers Ab initio Modeling of Transport and Structure Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acids Proton-Conducting Aromatic Polymers Inorganic Solid Proton Conductors Uniquely combining both organic (polymeric) and inorganic proton conductors, Solid State Proton Conductors: Properties and Applications in Fuel Cells provides a complete treatment of research on proton-conducting materials.
Solid-State Sensors (IEEE Press Series on Sensors)
by Ambarish Paul Mitradip Bhattacharjee Ravinder DahiyaSolid-State Sensors A thorough and up-to-date introduction to solid-state sensors, materials, fabrication processes, and applications Solid-State Sensors provides a comprehensive introduction to the field, covering fundamental principles, underlying theories, sensor materials, fabrication technologies, current and possible future applications, and more. Presented in a clear and accessible format, this reader-friendly textbook describes the fundamentals and classification of all major types of solid-state sensors, including piezoresistive, capacitive, thermometric, optical bio-chemical, magnetic, and acoustic-based sensors. Throughout the text, the authors offer insight into how different solid-state methods complement each other as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages in relation to specific devices and a variety of state-of-the-art applications. Detailed yet concise chapters include numerous visual illustrations and comparative tables of different subtypes of sensors for a given application. With in-depth discussion of recent developments, current research, and key challenges in the field of solid-state sensors, this volume: Describes solid-state sensing parameters and their importance in sensor characterization Explores possible future applications and breakthroughs in associated fields of research Covers the fundamental principles and relevant equations of sensing phenomena Discusses promising smart materials that have the potential for sensing applications Includes an overview of the history, classification, and terminology of sensors With well-balanced coverage of the fundamentals of sensor design, current and emerging applications, and the most recent research developments in the field, Solid-State Sensors is an excellent textbook for advanced students and professionals in disciplines such as Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering.
Solid Wastes Management
by Stephen BurnleySolid Wastes Management begins with a focus on processing municipal and similar commercial, as well as industrial wastes; assessing and minimising the environmental impacts of processing and disposal. The second section reviews the treatment technologies available (physical, biological and thermal), their advantages, disadvantages and environmental performance. The third section considers the environmental and health impacts of the technologies and reviews the use of models to predict landfill leachate, gas formation and pollution dispersion. The fourth section is on the human health impact of waste management and draws on the previous sections, bringing in pollutants such as bioaerosols and ultra-fine particulate material. In the fifth and sixth sections, the importance of adopting an integrated approach to waste management is demonstrated through consideration of life cycle assessment and its use to determine optimum waste management solutions.
Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys
by Hasse Fredriksson Ulla AkerlindSolidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and AlloysHasse Fredriksson KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SwedenUlla Åkerlind University of Stockholm, SwedenSolidification or crystallization occurs when atoms are transformed from the disordered liquid state to the more ordered solid state, and is fundamental to metals processing. Conceived as a companion volume to the earlier works, Materials Processing during Casting (2006) and Physics of Functional Materials (2008), this book analyzes solidification and crystallization processes in depth.Starting from the thermodynamic point of view, it gives a complete description, taking into account kinetics and mass transfer, down to the final structure. Importantly, the book shows the relationship between the theory and the experimental results. Topics covered include:Fundamentals of thermodynamics Properties of interfaces Nucleation Crystal growth - in vapours, liquids and melts Heat transport during solidification processes Solidification structures - faceted, dendritic, eutectic and peritectic Metallic glasses and amorphous alloy melts Solidification and Crystallization Processing in Metals and Alloys features many solved examples in the text, and exercises (with answers) for students. Intended for Masters and PhD students as well as researchers in Materials Science, Engineering, Chemistry and Metallurgy, it is also a valuable resource for engineers in industry.
Solidification of Containerless Undercooled Melts
by Dieter M. Herlach Douglas M. MatsonAll metallic materials are prepared from the liquid state as their parent phase. Solidification is therefore one of the most important phase transformation in daily human life. Solidification is the transition from liquid to solid state of matter. The conditions under which material is transformed determines the physical and chemical properties of the as-solidified body. The processes involved, like nucleation and crystal growth, are governed by heat and mass transport. Convection and undercooling provide additional processing parameters to tune the solidification process and to control solid material performance from the very beginning of the production chain. To develop a predictive capability for efficient materials production the processes involved in solidification have to be understood in detail. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the solidification of metallic melts processed and undercooled in a containerless manner by drop tube, electromagnetic and electrostatic levitation, and experiments in reduced gravity. The experiments are accompanied by model calculations on the influence of thermodynamic and hydrodynamic conditions that control selection of nucleation mechanisms and modify crystal growth development throughout the solidification process.
Solution Manual to Accompany Volume I of Quantum Mechanics by Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu and Laloë
by Guillaume Merle Oliver J. Harper Philippe RibiereSolution Manual to Accompany Volume I of Quantum Mechanics by Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu and Laloë Grasp the fundamentals of quantum mechanics with this essential set of solutions Quantum mechanics, with its counter-intuitive premises and its radical variations from classical mechanics or electrodynamics, is both among the most important components of a modern physics education and one of the most challenging. It demands both a theoretical grounding and a grasp of mathematical technique that take time and effort to master. Students working through quantum mechanics curricula generally practice by working through increasingly difficult problem sets, such as those found in the seminal Quantum Mechanics volumes by Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu and Laloë. This solution manual accompanies Volume I and offers the long-awaited detailed solutions to all 69 problems in this text. Its accessible format provides explicit explanations of every step, focusing on both the physical theory and the formal mathematics, to ensure students grasp all pertinent concepts. It also includes guidance for transferring the solution approaches to comparable problems in quantum mechanics. Readers also benefit from: Approximately 70 figures to clarify key steps and concepts Detailed explanations of problems concerning quantum mechanics postulates, mathematical tools, properties of angular momentum, and more This solution manual is a must-have for students in physics, chemistry, or the materials sciences looking to master these challenging problems, as well as for instructors looking for pedagogical approaches to the subject.
Solution Manual to Accompany Volume II of Quantum Mechanics by Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu and Laloë
by Guillaume Merle Oliver J. HarperProvides detailed solutions to all 47 problems in the seminal textbook Quantum Mechanics, Volume II With its counter-intuitive premises and its radical variations from classical mechanics or electrodynamics, quantum mechanics is among the most important and challenging components of a modern physics education. Students tackling quantum mechanics curricula generally practice by working through increasingly difficult problem sets that demand both a theoretical grounding and a solid understanding of mathematical technique. Solution Manual to Accompany Volume II of Quantum Mechanics by Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu and Laloë is designed to help you grasp the fundamentals of quantum mechanics by doing. This essential set of solutions provides explicit explanations of every step, focusing on the physical theory and formal mathematics needed to solve problems with varying degrees of difficulty. Contains in-depth explanations of problems concerning quantum mechanics postulates, mathematical tools, approximation methods, and moreCovers topics including perturbation theory, addition of angular momenta, electron spin, systems of identical particles, time-dependent problems, and quantum scattering theoryGuides readers on transferring the solution approaches to comparable problems in quantum mechanicsIncludes numerous figures that demonstrate key steps and clarify key concepts Solution Manual to Accompany Volume II of Quantum Mechanics by Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu and Laloë is a must-have for students in physics, chemistry, or the materials sciences wanting to master these challenging problems, as well as for instructors looking for pedagogical approaches to the subject.
Solution-Processable Components for Organic Electronic Devices
by Beata Luszczynska Krzysztof Matyjaszewski Jacek UlanskiProvides first-hand insights into advanced fabrication techniques for solution processable organic electronics materials and devices The field of printable organic electronics has emerged as a technology which plays a major role in materials science research and development. Printable organic electronics soon compete with, and for specific applications can even outpace, conventional semiconductor devices in terms of performance, cost, and versatility. Printing techniques allow for large-scale fabrication of organic electronic components and functional devices for use as wearable electronics, health-care sensors, Internet of Things, monitoring of environment pollution and many others, yet-to-be-conceived applications. The first part of Solution-Processable Components for Organic Electronic Devices covers the synthesis of: soluble conjugated polymers; solution-processable nanoparticles of inorganic semiconductors; high-k nanoparticles by means of controlled radical polymerization; advanced blending techniques yielding novel materials with extraordinary properties. The book also discusses photogeneration of charge carriers in nanostructured bulk heterojunctions and charge carrier transport in multicomponent materials such as composites and nanocomposites as well as photovoltaic devices modelling. The second part of the book is devoted to organic electronic devices, such as field effect transistors, light emitting diodes, photovoltaics, photodiodes and electronic memory devices which can be produced by solution-based methods, including printing and roll-to-roll manufacturing. The book provides in-depth knowledge for experienced researchers and for those entering the field. It comprises 12 chapters focused on: ? novel organic electronics components synthesis and solution-based processing techniques ? advanced analysis of mechanisms governing charge carrier generation and transport in organic semiconductors and devices ? fabrication techniques and characterization methods of organic electronic devices Providing coverage of the state of the art of organic electronics, Solution-Processable Components for Organic Electronic Devices is an excellent book for materials scientists, applied physicists, engineering scientists, and those working in the electronics industry.
Solutions in LIDAR Profiling of the Atmosphere
by Vladimir A. KovalevProvides tools and techniques to identify and address distortions and to interpret data coming from Lidar sensing technology This book covers the issues encountered in separating the backscatter and transmission terms in the LIDAR equation when profiling the atmosphere with zenith-directed and vertically-scanning Lidars. Solutions in Lidar Profiling of the Atmosphere explains how to manage and interpret the Llidar signals when the uncertainties of the involved atmospheric parameters are not treatable statistically. The author discusses specific scenarios for using specific scenarios for profiling vertical aerosol loading. Solutions in Lidar Profiling of the Atmosphere emphasizes the use of common sense when interacting with potentially large distortions inherent in most inversion techniques. Addresses the systematic errors in LIDAR measurements Proposes specific methods to estimate systematic distortions Explains how to apply these methods to both simulated and real data Solutions in Lidar Profiling of the Atmosphere is written for scientists, researchers, and graduate students in Meteorology and Geophysics.