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The ELFNET Book on Failure Mechanisms, Testing Methods, and Quality Issues of Lead-Free Solder Interconnects
by Christian Zardini Günter GrossmannThe ELFNET Book on Failure Mechanisms, Testing Methods, and Quality Issues of Lead-Free Solder Interconnects is the work of the European network ELFNET which was founded by the European Commission in the 6th Framework Programme. It brings together contributions from the leading European experts in lead-free soldering. The limited validity of testing methods originating from tin-lead solder was a major point of concern in ELFNET members' discussions. As a result, the network's reliability group decided to bring together the material properties of lead-free solders, as well as the basics of material science, and to discuss their influence on the procedures for accelerated testing. This has led to a matrix of failure mechanisms and their activation and, as a result, to a comprehensive coverage of the scientific background and its applications in reliability testing of lead-free solder joints. The ELFNET Book on Failure Mechanisms, Testing Methods, and Quality Issues of Lead-Free Solder Interconnects is written for scientists, engineers and researchers involved with lead-free electronics.
Integration of Renewable Energy Sources Into the Power Grid Through PowerFactory (Power Systems)
by Morteza Zare Oskouei Behnam Mohammadi-IvatlooThis book evaluates a number of serious technical challenges related to the integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory power system simulation software package. It provides a fresh perspective on analyzing power systems according to renewable energy sources and how they affect power system performance in various situations. The book examines load flow, short-circuit, RMS simulation, power quality, and system reliability in the presence of renewable energy sources, and presents readers with the tools needed for modeling, simulation, and analysis for network planning. The book is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and students working to solve power system problems in the presence of renewable energy sources in power system operations and utilities.
SPIONs as Nano-Theranostics Agents
by Atefeh Zarepour Ali Zarrabi Arezoo KhosraviThis Brief introduces SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs), the different synthesis approaches, their applications in the field of diagnostics and treatment and finally as theranostic agents in cancer.
Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Thin Films for Optoelectronic Device Applications
by Rayees Ahmad ZargarMETAL OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITE THIN FILMS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICE APPLICATIONS The book provides insight into the fundamental aspects, latest research, synthesis route development, preparation, and future applications of metal oxide nanocomposite thin films. The fabrication of thin film-based materials is important to the future production of safe, efficient, and affordable energy as the devices convert sunlight into electricity. Thin film devices allow excellent interface engineering for high-performance printable solar cells as their structures are highly reliable and stand-alone systems can provide the required megawatts. They have been used as power sources in solar home systems, remote buildings, water pumping, megawatt-scale power plants, satellites, communications, and space vehicles. Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Thin Films for Optoelectronic Device Applications covers the basics of advanced nanometal oxide-based materials, their synthesis, characterization, and applications, and all the updated information on optoelectronics. Topics discussed include the implications of metal oxide thin films, which are critical for device fabrications. It provides updated information on the economic aspect and toxicity, with great focus paid to display applications, and covers some core areas of nanotechnology, which are particularly concerned with optoelectronics and the available technologies. The book concludes with insights into the role of nanotechnology and the physics behind photovoltaics. Audience The book will be an important volume for electronics and electrical engineers, nanotechnologists, materials scientists, inorganic chemists in academic research, and those in industries, exploring the applications of nanoparticles in semiconductors, power electronics, and more.
Metal Oxide–Based Carbon Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation and Safety
by Rayees Ahmad Zargar Saleem Ahmad YatooThis book focuses on nanotechnology for the preparation of metal oxide–based carbon nanocomposite materials for environmental remediation. It analyses the use of nanomaterials for water, soil, and air solutions, emphasizing the environmental risks of pollution. It further explores how magnetic and activated carbon nanomaterials are being used for a sustainable environmental protection of water and soil, and detection of harmful gases. The status and major challenges of using carbon-based nanomaterials on a large scale are explained, supported by relevant case studies. Features: Exhaustively covers nanotechnology, metal oxide–carbon nanocomposites and their application in soil, water, and air treatments Explores pollutants nano-sensing and their remediation towards environmental safety Includes economics analysis and environmental aspects of metal oxide materials Describes why properties of oxide carbon–based nanomaterials are useful for environmental applications Discusses current case studies of remediation technologies This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in nanotechnology, environmental technology, and remediation.
Neglected and Underutilized Crops - Towards Nutritional Security and Sustainability
by Sajad Majeed Zargar Antonio Masi Romesh Kumar SalgotraThis book covers important topics on various neglected and underutilised crops (vegetables, cereals, fruit crops). It gives an overview of the potential, availability of genetic and genomic resources, and the future prospects of these food crops. The book presents different chapters on the importance of underutilised crops with respect to sustainable agriculture and describes the approaches that must be followed for improving the yield and production of these crops. It covers a wide range of food crops such as millet, buckwheat, underutilised spices, underutilised vegetables and underutilised fruit crops. It also provides insights on what smart foods are? And, whether these neglected crops qualify as smart foods?This up-to-date and informative book is meant for food scientists, geneticists, breeders and biotechnologists. It is of interest to students, researchers and course instructors in these fields.
Cyber Republic: Reinventing Democracy in the Age of Intelligent Machines
by George ZarkadakisScience and tech expert George Zarkadakis presents an indispensable guide to making liberal democracies more inclusive, and the digital economy more equitable in the coming Fourth Industrial Revolution.Around the world, liberal democracies are in crisis. Citizens have lost faith in their government; right-wing nationalist movements frame the political debate. At the same time, economic inequality is increasing dramatically; digital technologies have created a new class of super-rich entrepreneurs. Automation threatens to transform the free economy into a zero-sum game in which capital wins and labor loses. But is this digital dystopia inevitable? In Cyber Republic, George Zarkadakis presents an alternative, outlining a plan for using technology to make liberal democracies more inclusive and the digital economy more equitable. Cyber Republic is no less than a guide for the coming Fourth Industrial Revolution.
In Our Own Image: Savior or Destroyer? The History and Future of Artificial Intelligence
by George ZarkadakisA timely and important book that explores the history and future, as well as the societal and ethical implications, of Artificial Intelligence as we approach the cusp of a fourth industrial revolution Zarkadakis explores one of humankind's oldest love-hate relationships—our ties with artificial intelligence, or AI. He traces AI's origins in ancient myth, through literary classics like Frankenstein, to today's sci-fi blockbusters, arguing that a fascination with AI is hardwired into the human psyche. He explains AI's history, technology, and potential; its manifestations in intelligent machines; its connections to neurology and consciousness, as well as—perhaps most tellingly—what AI reveals about us as human beings. In Our Own Image argues that we are on the brink of a fourth industrial revolution—poised to enter the age of Artificial Intelligence as science fiction becomes science fact. Ultimately, Zarkadakis observes, the fate of AI has profound implications for the future of science and humanity itself.
Optoelectronic Properties of Organic Semiconductors: Charge Generation and Recombination in Next-Generation Photovoltaic Devices (SpringerBriefs in Materials)
by Nasim ZarrabiThis book focuses on organic semiconductors with particular attention paid to their use as photovoltaic devices. It addresses a fundamental and hitherto overlooked concept in the field of organic optoelectronics, namely the role that sub-gap states play in the performance of organic semiconducting devices. From a technological point of view, organic semiconductor-based devices are of significant interest due to their lightweight, ease of processability, conformal flexibility, and potentially low cost and low embodied energy production. Motivated by these rather unique selling points, the performance of organic semiconductors has been a subject of multidisciplinary study for more than 60 years with steady progress in applications such as solar cells, transistors, light emitting diodes, and various sensors.The book begins with a review of the main electro-optical phenomena in organic solar cells and presents a new method for measuring exciton diffusion lengths based on a low-quencher-content device structure. Furthermore, the book reveals how mid-gap trap states are a universal feature in organic semiconductor donor–acceptor blends, unexpectedly contributing to charge generation and recombination, and having profound impact on the thermodynamic limit of organic photovoltaic devices. Featuring cutting-edge experimental observations supported with robust and novel theoretical arguments, this book delivers important new insight as to the underlying dynamics of exciton generation and diffusion, charge transfer state dissociation, and indeed the ultimate fate of photogenerated free carriers.
Integration of Low Carbon Technologies in Smart Grids (Springer Theses)
by Donato ZarrilliThe thesis provides different opportunities and ideas to face some current challenges in the electricity systems. It focuses on the effective and efficient integration of distributed low carbon technologies in the grid of the future. Planning and operation problems for different clean solutions, such as market bidding strategies for intermittent energy producers, demand side management algorithms for smart buildings, and electrical storage options for network operators, are studied for facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources in the power system chain.
Technology and the Psychology of Second Language Learners and Users (New Language Learning and Teaching Environments)
by Nourollah Zarrinabadi Mark R. FreiermuthThis edited volume brings together large-scale research as well as case studies from a range of geographical contexts and represents a variety of educational settings involving second language learners and users. Its aim is to explore the interrelated issues of psychology and technology use in second language learning settings as well as in more autonomous environments. As language learning professionals continue to devote more time and attention to making various technological tools an integral part of the classroom, it is just as important to understand the influences that these tools have on the psychological state of the learners who use them. In consideration of this objective, the volume examines factors such as learner attitudes and motivation, emotion and behaviour, and the cognitive processes that are at play in the minds of the language users. This volume will be of interest not only to language teachers but also to researchers working in second language acquisition (SLA), applied linguistics, and educational psychology.
Understanding LTE with MATLAB
by Houman ZarrinkoubAn introduction to technical details related to the Physical Layer of the LTE standard with MATLAB®The LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE-Advanced are among the latest mobile communications standards, designed to realize the dream of a truly global, fast, all-IP-based, secure broadband mobile access technology.This book examines the Physical Layer (PHY) of the LTE standards by incorporating three conceptual elements: an overview of the theory behind key enabling technologies; a concise discussion regarding standard specifications; and the MATLAB® algorithms needed to simulate the standard.The use of MATLAB®, a widely used technical computing language, is one of the distinguishing features of this book. Through a series of MATLAB® programs, the author explores each of the enabling technologies, pedagogically synthesizes an LTE PHY system model, and evaluates system performance at each stage. Following this step-by-step process, readers will achieve deeper understanding of LTE concepts and specifications through simulations.Key Features:* Accessible, intuitive, and progressive; one of the few books to focus primarily on the modeling, simulation, and implementation of the LTE PHY standard* Includes case studies and testbenches in MATLAB®, which build knowledge gradually and incrementally until a functional specification for the LTE PHY is attained* Accompanying Web site includes all MATLAB® programs, together with PowerPoint slides and other illustrative examplesDr Houman Zarrinkoub has served as a development manager and now as a senior product manager with MathWorks, based in Massachusetts, USA. Within his 12 years at MathWorks, he has been responsible for multiple signal processing and communications software tools. Prior to MathWorks, he was a research scientist in the Wireless Group at Nortel Networks, where he contributed to multiple standardization projects for 3G mobile technologies. He has been awarded multiple patents on topics related to computer simulations. He holds a BSc degree in Electrical Engineering from McGill University and MSc and PhD degrees in Telecommunications from the Institut Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, in Canada.www.wiley.com/go/zarrinkoub
The Enclave Economy: Foreign Investment and Sustainable Development in Mexico's Silicon Valley
by Lyuba Zarsky Kevin P. GallagherForeign investment has been widely perceived as a panacea for developing countries--as a way to reduce poverty and jump-start sustainable modern industries. In The Enclave Economy,Kevin Gallagher and Lyuba Zarsky call this prescription into question, showing that Mexico's post-NAFTA experience of foreign direct investment in its information technology sector, particularly in the Guadalajara region, did not result in the expected benefits. Charting the rise and fall of Mexico's "Silicon Valley," they explore issues that resonate through much of Latin America and the developing world: the social, economic, and environmental effects of market-driven globalization. In the 1990s, Mexico was a poster child for globalization, throwing open its borders to trade and foreign investment, embracing NAFTA, and ending the government's role in strengthening domestic industry. But The Enclave Economyshows that although Mexico was initially successful in attracting multinational corporations, foreign investments waned in the absence of active government support and because China became increasingly competitive. Moreover, foreign investment created an "enclave economy" the benefits of which were confined to an international sector not connected to the wider Mexican economy. In fact, foreign investment put many local IT firms out of business and transferred only limited amounts of environmentally sound technology. Gallagher and Zarsky suggest policies and strategies that will enable Mexico and other developing countries to foster foreign investment for sustainable development in the future.
Pure and Functionalized Carbon Based Nanomaterials: Analytical, Biomedical, Civil and Environmental Engineering Applications
by Paweł K. ZarzyckiThis book describes in a comprehensive manner latest studies conducted by various research groups worldwide focusing on carbon and related nanomaterials. Fourteen chapters of this book deal with a number of key research topics and applications of pure and functionalized carbon nanomaterials and their hybrid nanocomposites. Specifically, the authors have presented interdisciplinary investigations including: (i) carbon nanoparticles and layers synthesis, (ii) analytical aspects of carbon nanomaterials and their characterisation under different conditions as well as (iii) various applications of carbon nanoparticles. They have reported and summarised key applications of carbon particles or nanoobjects in pharmacy, biomedicine, agriculture and food industry, water treatment, physicochemical analysis, optoelectronics, electronic and magnetic materials for supercapacitors or radar adsorbing materials, tribology, chromatography, electrophoresis, bioanalysis, nanobiocatalysis, biofuels production as well as environmental remediation.
Discrete-Time Optimal Control and Games on Large Intervals
by Alexander J. ZaslavskiDevoted to the structure of approximate solutions of discrete-time optimal control problems and approximate solutions of dynamic discrete-time two-player zero-sum games, this book presents results on properties of approximate solutions in an interval that is independent lengthwise, for all sufficiently large intervals. Results concerning the so-called turnpike property of optimal control problems and zero-sum games in the regions close to the endpoints of the time intervals are the main focus of this book. The description of the structure of approximate solutions on sufficiently large intervals and its stability will interest graduate students and mathematicians in optimal control and game theory, engineering, and economics. This book begins with a brief overview and moves on to analyze the structure of approximate solutions of autonomous nonconcave discrete-time optimal control Lagrange problems. Next the structures of approximate solutions of autonomous discrete-time optimal control problems that are discrete-time analogs of Bolza problems in calculus of variations are studied. The structures of approximate solutions of two-player zero-sum games are analyzed through standard convexity-concavity assumptions. Finally, turnpike properties for approximate solutions in a class of nonautonomic dynamic discrete-time games with convexity-concavity assumptions are examined.
Future Trends in Microelectronics
by Alexander Zaslavsky Serge Luryi Jimmy XuLeaders in the field predict the future of the microelectronics industryThis seventh volume of Future Trends in Microelectronics summarizes and synthesizes the latest high-level scientific discussions to emerge from the Future Trends in Microelectronics international workshop, which has occurred every three years since 1995. It covers the full scope of cutting-edge topics in microelectronics, from new physical principles (quantum computing, correlated electrons), to new materials (piezoelectric nanostructures, terahertz plasmas), to emerging device technologies (embedded magnetic memories, spin lasers, and biocompatible microelectronics).An ideal book for microelectronics professionals and students alike, this volume of Future Trends in Microelectronics:Identifies the direction in which microelectronics is headed, enabling readers to move forward with research in an informed, efficient, and profitable mannerIncludes twenty-nine contributor chapters by international authorities from leading universities, major semiconductor companies, and government laboratoriesProvides a unified, cohesive exploration of various trends in microelectronics, looking to future opportunities, rather than past successes
Future Trends in Microelectronics: Journey into the Unknown
by Alexander Zaslavsky Jimmy Xu Serge LuryiPresents the developments in microelectronic-related fields, with comprehensive insight from a number of leading industry professionals The book presents the future developments and innovations in the developing field of microelectronics. The book's chapters contain contributions from various authors, all of whom are leading industry professionals affiliated either with top universities, major semiconductor companies, or government laboratories, discussing the evolution of their profession. A wide range of microelectronic-related fields are examined, including solid-state electronics, material science, optoelectronics, bioelectronics, and renewable energies. The topics covered range from fundamental physical principles, materials and device technologies, and major new market opportunities. Describes the expansion of the field into hot topics such as energy (photovoltaics) and medicine (bio-nanotechnology) Provides contributions from leading industry professionals in semiconductor micro- and nano-electronics Discusses the importance of micro- and nano-electronics in today's rapidly changing and expanding information society Future Trends in Microelectronics: Journey into the Unknown is written for industry professionals and graduate students in engineering, physics, and nanotechnology. Serge Luryi, PhD, is a Distinguished Professor and Chair of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Stony Brook University, as well as the Director of New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Sensor Systems. He has worked in microelectronics for over 30 years, published over 250 papers and has been awarded 53 US patents. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, of the American Physical Society, and of the Optical Society of America. Jimmy Xu, PhD, is the Charles C. Tillinghast Jr. '32 University Professor of Engineering and Physics at Brown University. Prior to 1999, he was the James Ham Chair of Optoelectronics, as well as the Director of the Nortel Institute for Telecommunications at the University of Toronto. He has worked in microelectronics for over 30 years. He is a Fellow of the AAAS, APS, Guggenheim Foundation, IEEE, and the Institute of Physics. Alex Zaslavsky, PhD, is a Professor of Engineering and Physics at Brown University. During 2009-2012 he was a Visiting Senior Chair of Excellence at the Nanosciences Foundation in Grenoble, France. He has worked in microelectronics for over 25 years and has published over 130 journal papers and book chapters. He has been an editor of the Solid State Electronics international journal since 2003.
Structural Methods in the Study of Complex Systems (Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences #482)
by Elena Zattoni Anna Maria Perdon Giuseppe ConteStructural Methods in the Study of Complex Systems helps the reader respond to the challenge of mastering complexity in systems and control. The book details the fundamental control problems arising from complex dynamical systems and shows how they can be tackled effectively by means of methods developed from graph theory, differential algebra and geometric approaches. These “structural methods” produce abstractions that fit a wide variety of applications by taking advantage of their intrinsic focus on the essential characteristics of dynamical systems, their geometric perspective and visual representation, and their algebraic formalization and ability to generate algorithmic frameworks to complement the theoretical treatment. The original work and latest achievements of the contributors, expanding on material presented at a workshop organized to coincide with the 2018 European Control Conference will assist systems and control scientists interested in developing theoretical and computational tools to solve analysis and synthesis problems involving complex dynamical systems. The contributions provide a comprehensive picture of available results along with a stimulating view of possible directions for future investigations in the field. Emphasis is placed on methods with solid computational background and on specific engineering applications so that readers from both theoretical and practical backgrounds will find this collection of use.
Noise Resistance Enhancement in Aircraft Navigation and Connected Systems (Springer Aerospace Technology)
by Dmitry Alexandrovich Zatuchny Ruslan Nikolaevich Akinshin Nina Ivanovna Romancheva Igor Viktorovich Avtin Yury Grigorievich ShatrakovThis book presents methods and algorithms to improve noise immunity of the navigation systems of civil aviation aircraft, operating on the basis of satellite radio navigation systems, as well as improving the quality of the transmission of navigation information by selecting a rational communication resource. The book provides for its productive perception both by specialists involved in the development and operation of radio electronic equipment, responsible for navigation and communication support of civil aviation aircraft, as well as by graduate students or senior students, since this book examines in detail the promising fields of development of these tools taking into account the need to comply with all requirements for noise immunity.
Aerospace Radionavigation Systems: Electromagnetic Compatibility (Springer Aerospace Technology)
by Dmitry Alexandrovich Zatuchny Grigory Grigoryevich Negreskul Oleg Ivanovich Sauta Artem Yuryevich Shatrakov Yuri Grigoryevich ShatrakovThis book presents concepts for radio engineers to ensure electromagnetic compatibility based on the methodological approaches to reduce the probability of failures of radio equipment and improve the flight safety of complex aerospace systems. The book deals with issues related to methods for assessing the electromagnetic compatibility of integrated ground and on-board complexes, methods for obtaining information about unintentional interference, the theory of predicting unintentional interference, experimental studies of the characteristics that determine electromagnetic compatibility, methods for calculating reference systems, the influence of the method of generating the output signals of the transmitting path on the relative level of spurious radiation, electromagnetic compatibility of ultrahigh-frequency devices with phase modulation, with the features of industrial noise, with the calculation of electromagnetic fields scattered elements of the airframe, with direction finding errors caused by the scattering of electromagnetic fields by elements of the airframe, with the evaluation of isolation between antennas in the presence of an electromagnetic screen, solving problems of electromagnetic compatibility of antenna devices with the model electromagnetic interference radio systems, calculation of electromagnetic compatibility of specific navigation systems, with the provision of electromagnetic compatibility in civil aviation, taking into account modern requirements.
Sustainable Resource Development
by Gary M. Zatzman"True sustainability" is the line of engineering research and practice that is giving rise to a series of Scrivener textbooks, such as Khan & Islam's best-selling The Greening of Petroleum Operations. Making explicit reference to his own recently-published book in this series, Sustainable Energy Pricing, as the companion volume of this book, the author applies the principles of true economic sustainability developed there to re-examine actual engineering practices in fossil fuel and as well as alternative-energy (such as wind and tidal power) exploration and development.
Information Support and Aircraft Flight Management (Springer Aerospace Technology)
by Oleg Ivanovich Zavalishin Anatoly Nikolaevich Korotonoshko Dmitry Alexandrovich Zatuchny Yury Grigorievich ShatrakovThis book presents materials on the implementation of modern technologies for aircraft information support and ground-based radio equipment for flights in the Russian Federation, especially in the Arctic and far Eastern regions, as well as new methods for monitoring the flight of civil aviation aircraft based on the use of local control and correction stations and optical systems that fully meet the requirements of international and domestic organizations for the reliability and integrity of transmitted information. The book is intended for engineering and technical specialists involved in the development, manufacturing and operation of aircraft avionics and ground-based radio electronic flight support systems, as well as graduate students and senior students of radio engineering specialties. It is useful to researchers and professionals whose activities are related to air traffic control.
Modern Requirements for Noise Immunity Aircraft Navigation Equipment (Springer Aerospace Technology)
by Oleg Ivanovich Zavalishin Dmitry Alexandrovich Zatuchny Yury Grigorievich ShatrakovThis book presents a technical solution to ensuring the noise immunity of navigation systems in civil aviation aircrafts at the stages of their terminal procedures. It highlights instrumental precision approaches to landing and landing in automatic mode using satellite and inertial radio navigation systems and ground-based augmentation used as the primary means, in accordance with the ICAO requirements. The book is intended for engineering and technical specialists engaged in the development, manufacture and operation of on-board radio electronic systems of aircrafts and ground-based radio engineering support for flights, as well as graduate students and senior students of radio engineering specialties. It is also useful for professionals whose activities are related to air traffic control.
Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials, Volume 5
by Pablo Zavattieri George Lykofatitits Elizabeth Lipke François Barthelat Barton C. Prorok Chad S. Korach K. Jane Grande-AllenMechanics of Biological Systems and Materials, Volume 5: Proceedings of the 2012 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics represents one of seven volumes of technical papers presented at the Society for Experimental Mechanics SEM 12th International Congress & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, held at Costa Mesa, California, June 11-14, 2012. The full set of proceedings also includes volumes on Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Challenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials and Processes in Conventional and Multifunctional Materials, Imaging Methods for Novel Materials and Challenging Applications, Experimental and Applied Mechanics, MEMS and Nanotechnology and, Composite Materials and Joining Technologies for Composites.
Drones and Unmanned Aerial Systems
by Aleš ZavršnikThis book tackles the regulatory issues of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) or Remotely-Piloted Aerial Systems (RPAS), which have profound consequences for privacy, security and other fundamental liberties. Collectively known as "drones," they were initially deployed for military purposes: reconnaissance, surveillance and extrajudicial executions. Today, we are witnessing a growth of their use into the civilian and humanitarian domain. They are increasingly used for goals as diverse as news gathering, aerial inspection of oil refinery flare stacks, mapping of the Amazonian rain-forest, crop spraying and search and rescue operations. The civil use of drones is becoming a reality in the European Union and in the US. The drone revolution may be a new technological revolution. Proliferation of the next generation of "recreational" drones show how drones will be sold as any other consumer item. The cultural perception of the technology is shifting, as drones are increasingly being used for humanitarian activities, on one hand, but they can also firmly be situated in the prevailing modes of postmodern governance on the other hand. This work will be of interest to researchers in Criminology and Criminal Justice interested in issues related to surveillance, security, privacy, and technology. It will also provide a criminological background for related legal issues, such as privacy law, aviation law, international criminal law, and comparative law.