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The Admirals: Nimitz, Halsey, Leahy, and King--The Five-Star Admirals Who Won the War at Sea
by Walter R. BornemanHow history's only five-star admirals triumphed in World War II and made the United States the world's dominant sea power. Only four men in American history have been promoted to the five-star rank of Admiral of the Fleet: William Leahy, Ernest King, Chester Nimitz, and William Halsey. These four men were the best and the brightest the navy produced, and together they led the U. S. navy to victory in World War II, establishing the United States as the world's greatest fleet. In THE ADMIRALS, award-winning historian Walter R. Borneman tells their story in full detail for the first time. Drawing upon journals, ship logs, and other primary sources, he brings an incredible historical moment to life, showing us how the four admirals revolutionized naval warfare forever with submarines and aircraft carriers, and how these men-who were both friends and rivals-worked together to ensure that the Axis fleets lay destroyed on the ocean floor at the end of World War II.
Admiral Sir Henry Morgan: King of the Buccaneers
by Terry BrevertonDiscover the truth about the 17th-century Welsh naval officer who became a hero for the British Empire—and not a bloodthirsty pirate.This is the swashbuckling biography of the naval officer known as the Sword of England, the Welshman Henry Morgan. Over the years, Morgan came to be portrayed as a black-hearted, fierce pirate. This error in terms and in the assessment of Morgan’s character led to the filing of the first libel lawsuit, brought in protest to a book published in 1684 claiming he had been an indentured servant, was a pirate, and was responsible for atrocities. In fact, Morgan was commissioned to aid the British navy in fighting enemies of the crown and was a superb military tactician who led a dozen victorious campaigns against massive odds.In 1655, Spain was the greatest naval and military power on earth, and controlled the sea lanes of Central America and the Caribbean. Henry Morgan’s career as a buccaneer officially began when, at age twenty, he landed in Barbados as part of a force deployed to capture Cuba or Hispaniola (Puerto Rico) for the British. The deployment failed, but the forces did capture Jamaica, which would become Morgan’s adopted home base for the rest of his life. From there, Morgan planned the attacks that would enrich the British throne and usher in the era of British supremacy on the high seas.For his leadership in battle and as lieutenant governor of Jamaica, Admiral Sir Henry Morgan deserves to take his place alongside Sir Francis Drake and the Duke of Wellington in the panoply of history’s greatest heroes.
Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus
by Samuel Eliot MorisonAdmiral of the Ocean Sea is Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison's classic biography of the greatest sailor of them all, Christopher Columbus. It is written with the insight, energy, and authority that only someone who had himself sailed in Columbus' path to the New World could muster. Morison undertook this expedition in a 147-foot schooner and a 47-foot ketch, the dimensions of these craft roughly matching those of Columbus' Santa Maria and Niña. The result is this vivid and definitive biography that accurately details the voyages that, for better or worse, changed the world.<P><P> Pulitzer Prize Winner
Admiral of the Blue: The Life and Times of Admiral John Child Purvis (1747–1825)
by Iain GordonAdmiral John Child Purvis was a contemporary naval officer of Nelson, who never disobeyed an order and did his job well. His ability as a fighting commander was proved in a bloody duel between his sloop-of-war and a French corvette during the War of American Independence. As a battleship Captain, he was the first British officer to confront Napoleon Bonaparte, muzzle to muzzle, during the Siege of Toulon. Commanding the Princess Royal and then the London, he was involved in much action in the Mediterranean and served under the legendary Sir John Jervis (later Lord St. Vincent).Later, as a Flag Officer, he rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet first as second-in-command and then as Commander-in-Chief. The culmination of his long and distinguished career at sea was saving the Spanish fleet in Cadiz from capture by the French and preparing the city for siege.
Admiral Nimitz: The Commander of the Pacific Ocean Theater
by Brayton HarrisThe biography of legendary admiral Chester W. Nimitz, master military strategist and visionary of submarine operations.Chester Nimitz was an admiral's Admiral, considered by many to be the greatest naval leader of the last century. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Nimitz assembled the forces, selected the leaders, and - as commander of all U.S. and Allied air, land, and sea forces in the Pacific Ocean - led the charge one island at a time, one battle at a time, toward victory. A brilliant strategist, he astounded contemporaries by achieving military victories against fantastic odds, outpacing more flamboyant luminaries like General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral "Bull" Halsey. And he was there to accept, on behalf of the United States, the surrender of the Japanese aboard the battleship USS Missouri in August 1945. In this first biography in over three decades, Brayton Harris uses long-overlooked files and recently declassified documents to bring to life one of America's greatest wartime heroes.
Admiral Lord St. Vincent: The Life of Sir John Jervis, Nelson's Patron
by James D.G. DavidsonThis biography of John Jervis, who became Admiral Lord Vincent, makes compelling reading. It throws an oblique light on Nelsons personality. St Vincent, who was born twenty-three years before Nelson, and survived for eighteen years after Trafalgar, fundamentally influenced the younger mans career despite the two men being diametrically different characters. Yet without him, Nelsons genius might have been submerged by professional jealousy or emotional fragility.It was St Vincents strategy and preparation which positioned Nelson to win his three famous victories, but St Vincent himself made vital contributions not only to the defeat of Napoleon but to the well-being of the Royal Navy. Before he became First Lord of the Admiralty, the Navy had been severely weakened by corruption in the dockyards, nepotism in appointments and the appalling conditions under which the seamen lived and worked.St Vincent deserves the profound gratitude of the Nation; not only for enabling Nelson to exercise his tactical brilliance, but also for the role he played in preventing Napoleon from invading the British Isles.
Admiral Hyman Rickover: Engineer of Power (Jewish Lives)
by Marc WortmanA riveting exploration of the brilliant, combative, and controversial &“Father of the Nuclear Navy&” &“Marc Wortman delivers a 17-gun salute to this short, profane spitfire who pulled a reluctant Navy into the atomic era. . . . Wortman opens a window into the life of an intellectual titan disdainful of nearly everything except scientific honesty, his adopted nation, and the power of the atom.&”—Jonathan W. Jordan, Wall Street Journal &“A superb and even-handed treatment of a complex, brilliant, and driven admiral who inspired both awe and loathing across the Navy he fundamentally reshaped.&”—Admiral James Stavridis, former Supreme Commander, NATO, and author of 2034 Known as the &“Father of the Nuclear Navy,&” Admiral Hyman George Rickover (1899–1986) remains an almost mythical figure in the United States Navy. A brilliant engineer with a ferocious will and combative personality, he oversaw the invention of the world&’s first practical nuclear power reactor. As important as the transition from sail to steam, his development of nuclear-propelled submarines and ships transformed naval power and Cold War strategy. They still influence world affairs today. His disdain for naval regulations, indifference to the chain of command, and harsh, insulting language earned him enemies in the navy, but his achievements won him powerful friends in Congress and the White House. A Jew born in a Polish shtetl, Rickover ultimately became the longest-serving U.S. military officer in history. In this exciting new biography, historian Marc Wortman explores the constant conflict Rickover faced and provoked, tracing how he revolutionized the navy and Cold War strategy.
Admiral De Grasse and American Independence
by Charles Lee LewisThe average American knows little or nothing of the great service rendered by Admiral de Grasse, a French admiral, to the cause of American independence in the battle off Cape Henry in 1781. The battle off Cape Henry had ultimate effects more important than those of Waterloo. De Grasse's action entailed upon the British the final loss of the thirteen colonies in America. This biography by Charles Lee Lewis places this supremely important naval battle off the Virginia Capes in its proper historical perspective, and gives de Grasse the full credit for rendering the aid which made possible the capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Washington fully recognized this aid, when he wrote to de Grasse following the surrender of Cornwallis and expressed his gratitude "in the name of America for the glorious event for which she is indebted to you." Without de Grasse's victory all the military efforts on land made by Rochambeau, Lafayette, and Washington would have been in vain. The battle off Cape Henry was only one of numerous battles fought by this dashing Gallic sea captain. Over fifty years of his long life, 1722-1788, were spent in the service of Louis XV and Louis XVI, in the Mediterranean, in India, on the North American coast, and in the West Indies. He fought in all the wars of his day, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, and the War of the American Revolution which developed into a general European struggle.
Admiral Byng: His Rise and Execution
by Chris WareBorn the son of George Byng, a favorite of the king and himself an admiral and member of the admiralty board (and later First Lord of the Admiralty), John Byng seemed destined for a shining career in the Royal Navy. He saw his first fleet action at Cape Passaro, the elder Byng's finest hour, as a Captain's Servant, aged just 14. He qualified as a lieutenant at 19 years old (although the minimum age was 21) and was Post Captain at 23. By the outbreak of the Seven Years' War he had risen to Admiral of the Blue. Then it all went wrong with the Battle of Minorca (20 May 1756), where his failure, or rather the nature of it, earned him accusations of cowardice and a court martial. His trial and execution were the hottest topic of the day, the media lampooning him mercilessly and his reputation has never recovered. Chris Ware reassesses Byng's whole career and carefully untangles the politics surrounding his final days to see how far his poor reputation is justified. This is a valuable and long overdue addition to the literature of the Georgian navy.
Admiral Bill Halsey: A Naval Life
by Thomas Alexander HughesWilliam Halsey, the most famous naval officer of World War II, was known for fearlessness, steely resolve, and impulsive errors. In this definitive biography, Thomas Hughes punctures the popular caricature of the fighting admiral to present a revealing human portrait of his personal and professional life as it was lived in times of war and peace.
The Admiral Benbow: The Life and Times of a Naval Legend
by Sam WillisAdmiral John Benbow was an English naval hero, a fighting sailor of ruthless methods but indomitable courage. Benbow was a man to be reckoned with. In 1702, however, when Benbow engaged a French squadron off the Spanish main, other ships in his squadron failed to support him. His leg shattered by a cannon-ball, Benbow fought on - but to no avail: the French escaped and the stricken Benbow succumbed to his wounds. When the story of his 'Last Fight' reached England, there was an outcry. Two of the captains who had abandoned him were court-martialled and shot; 'Brave Benbow' was elevated from national hero to national legend, his valour immortalized in broadsheet and folksong: ships were named after him; Tennyson later fêted him in verse; in Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island, the tavern where Jim Hawkins and his mother live is called 'The Admiral Benbow'. For the very first time, Sam Willis tells the extraordinary story of Admiral Benbow through an age of dramatic change, from his birth under Cromwell's Commonwealth; to service under the restored Stuart monarchy; to the Glorious Revolution of 1688; to the French wars of Louis XIV; and finally to the bitter betrayal of 1702. The Admiral Benbow covers all aspects of seventeenth century naval life in richly vivid detail, from strategy and tactics to health and discipline. But Benbow also worked in the Royal Dockyards, lived in Samuel Evelyn's House, knew Peter the Great, helped to found the first naval hospital, and helped to build the first offshore lighthouse. The second volume in the Hearts of Oak trilogy, from one of Britain's most exciting young historians, The Admiral Benbow is a gripping and detailed account of the making of a naval legend.
The Admiral Benbow: The Life and Times of a Naval Legend (Hearts of Oak Trilogy)
by Sam WillisAdmiral John Benbow was an English naval hero, a fighting sailor of ruthless methods but indomitable courage. Benbow was a man to be reckoned with. In 1702, however, when Benbow engaged a French squadron off the Spanish main, other ships in his squadron failed to support him. His leg shattered by a cannon-ball, Benbow fought on - but to no avail: the French escaped and the stricken Benbow succumbed to his wounds. When the story of his 'Last Fight' reached England, there was an outcry. Two of the captains who had abandoned him were court-martialled and shot; 'Brave Benbow' was elevated from national hero to national legend, his valour immortalized in broadsheet and folksong: ships were named after him; Tennyson later fêted him in verse; in Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island, the tavern where Jim Hawkins and his mother live is called 'The Admiral Benbow'. For the very first time, Sam Willis tells the extraordinary story of Admiral Benbow through an age of dramatic change, from his birth under Cromwell's Commonwealth; to service under the restored Stuart monarchy; to the Glorious Revolution of 1688; to the French wars of Louis XIV; and finally to the bitter betrayal of 1702. The Admiral Benbow covers all aspects of seventeenth century naval life in richly vivid detail, from strategy and tactics to health and discipline. But Benbow also worked in the Royal Dockyards, lived in Samuel Evelyn's House, knew Peter the Great, helped to found the first naval hospital, and helped to build the first offshore lighthouse. The second volume in the Hearts of Oak trilogy, from one of Britain's most exciting young historians, The Admiral Benbow is a gripping and detailed account of the making of a naval legend.
Admiral Albert Hastings Markham: A Victorian Tale of Triumph, Tragedy & Exploration
by Frank JastrzembskiThe story of a 19th-century adventurer who battled pirates, hunted buffalo, sailed the Arctic, and was “one of the most arresting figures of his time” (The Globe).Few men have lived such an extraordinary life as Admiral Albert Hastings Markham. Besides dedicating five decades of his career to Britain’s Royal Navy, Markham was a voracious reader, prolific writer, keen naturalist, and daring explorer. He battled Chinese pirates during the Second Opium War and Taiping Rebellion; chased down Australian blackbirding ships in the South Pacific; trekked to within 400 miles of the North Pole; hunted buffalo and visited Indian reservations in the United States; observed a bloody war in South America; canoed Canada’s remote Hayes River; and explored the icy waters of Baffin Bay and the Arctic Ocean archipelago of Novaya Zemlya. At the time of his death in 1918, The Globe declared that Markham had been “one of the most arresting figures of his time.”While Markham’s life was filled with adventure, it was also marred by tragedy. Regrettably, Markham is best remembered for his role in the sinking of HMS Victoria in 1893. This one incident has tarnished his legacy until now. This book follows Markham through his adventures and misfortunes—and reassesses the life of this forgotten yet fascinating admiral.
The Admiral: The David Robinson Story
by Deborah Shaw Lewis Gregg LewisDisciplined Life, Determined Athlete, Devoted Christian Kids will be inspired by the compelling story of David “The Admiral” Robinson, who went from the Navy to the NBA, becoming MVP center for the San Antonio Spurs. When David Robinson became MVP center for the San Antonio Spurs, he seemed to have it all—fame, success, wealth, and a wonderful family—but he didn’t feel complete until he found his faith. This is the true story of one man’s disciplined life, how he excelled in academics and sports, and who isn’t afraid to share his utter devotion to God.
Adland: Searching for the Meaning of Life on a Branded Planet
by James P. OthmerSomewhere between The Tipping Point and Mad Men lies Adland. Adland is the wickedly funny, compelling personal chronicle of the rise and fall of a modern-day ad man; a riveting insider's look at the astonishing transformation taking place in advertising's hottest idea factories; and an introduction to the people whose job is to know what makes us tick, what makes us lean in, what we think we need and don't know that we want. Amidst the tales of lavish shoots, agencies on the brink, and pampered mega-brands Adland is also a snapshot of how we live our lives on this earth at this particular moment . . . thirty seconds at a time.
Adirondack Outlaws: Bad Boys and Lawless Ladies
by Niki KourofskyLocal author and historian Niki Kourofsky exposes the North Country's shadowy past of crime and dark deeds. Her wry, lively storytelling puts readers right in the thick of shootouts, jewel heists, bank robberies, manhunts, and unsolved murders. Spanning eight decades of Adirondack history and ranging from Glens Falls to the Canadian border, Adirondack Outlaws is a rollicking page-turner, rich in chilling details and amply illustrated with historical photographs.
Adirondack: Life and Wildlife in the Wild, Wild East (Excelsior Editions)
by Edward KanzeWinner of the 2015 Adirondack Literary Award for Best Memoir presented by the Adirondack Center for WritingBorn just north of New York City, Edward Kanze traveled as far as the wilds of Australia and New Zealand, working as a naturalist, park ranger, and nature writer, before finally settling in New York's Adirondacks for the riskiest of all life's adventures: marriage and children. Adirondack tells the story of how he and his wife, Debbie, bought a tumbledown house, rescued it from ruin, started a family, and planted themselves deep in Adirondack soil. Along the way, he brings the unique history of this area to life by sharing stories of his ancestors, who have lived there for generations, and by offering captivating descriptions of the world around him. A keen observer, Kanze will charm readers with his tales of bears, birds, and fluorescent mice.
Adiós to My Parents
by Héctor Aguilar CamínIt all begins with a faded photograph taken in Chetumal, Mexico in 1938, portraying Emma and Héctor, the parents of Héctor Aguilar Camín, as newlyweds. The author is moved to investigate his family origins, driven by a search for both a familial and personal identity. Adiós to My Parents is a painfully personal story about the need for a narrative that tells you where your grandparents come from, how your parents met, why they married or separated, why they were who they were and why you are who you are. In impeccable, moving prose, Héctor Aguilar Camín delves into his past as far as he can go, reflecting on how fate has lead him back to his parents, whom he hasn't seen for decades, on two different floors of a hospital where they both are ailing.
Adiós Muchachos: A Memoir of the Sandinista Revolution
by Sergio Ramírez Stacey Alba SkarAdiós Muchachos is a candid insider's account of the leftist Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua. During the 1970s, Sergio Ramírez led prominent intellectuals, priests, and business leaders to support the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), against Anastasio Somoza's dictatorship. After the Sandinistas overthrew the Somoza regime in 1979, Ramírez served as vice-president under Daniel Ortega from 1985 until 1990, when the FSLN lost power in a national election. Disillusioned by his former comrades' increasing intolerance of dissent and resistance to democratization, Ramírez defected from the Sandinistas in 1995 and founded the Sandinista Renovation Movement. In Adiós Muchachos, he describes the utopian aspirations for liberation and reform that motivated the Sandinista revolution against the Somoza regime, as well as the triumphs and shortcomings of the movement's leadership as it struggled to turn an insurrection into a government, reconstruct a country beset by poverty and internal conflict, and defend the revolution against the Contras, an armed counterinsurgency supported by the United States. Adiós Muchachos was first published in 1999. Based on a later edition, this translation includes Ramírez's thoughts on more recent developments, including the re-election of Daniel Ortega as president in 2006.
Adios, Motherfucker: A Gentleman's Progress Through Rock and Roll
by Michael RuffinoA blend of This Is Spinal Tap and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, the cult classic confessions of a debauched rock ’n’ roller and his adventures in excess on the ’80s hair-metal nostalgia tour through Middle America, now in a revised and updated edition. Once upon a time at the start of the new century, the unheard-of Unband got a chance to drink, fight, and play loud music with ’80s metal bands like Dio and Def Leppard. To the mix they brought illegal pyrotechnics, a giant red inflatable hand with movable digits, a roadie dubiously named Safety Bear, a high tolerance for liver damage, and an infectious love of rock & roll and everything it represents.Unband bassist Michael Ruffino takes us on an epic joyride across a surrealistic American landscape where we meet mute Christian groupies, crack-smoking Girl Scouts, beer-drinking chimps, and thousands of head-bangers who cannot accept that hair metal is dead. Here, too, are uncensored portraits of Ronnie James Dio, Anthrax, Sebastian Bach, Lemmy of Motorhead, and others.Adios, Motherfucker is gonzo rock storytelling at its finest—excessive, incendiary, intelligent, hilarious, and utterly original.
Adiós eterno: Los últimos días del Divo
by Francisco Javier León Herrera Juan Manuel Navarro Salinas¿Presentía su muerte Juan Gabriel? ¿Qué fue lo que realmente lo mató? ¿Qué dolores profundos encerraba en su corazón, qué angustias, qué amores? El 28 de agosto de 2016 murió en Santa Mónica, California, Juan Gabriel, el ídolo más grande de la música popular mexicana y uno de los cantautores con mayor prestigio mundial. Después de una vida marcada por la tragedia familiar, el abandono infantil en un internado y el sufrimiento del joven músico, su gran esfuerzo y carisma lo llevaron a la consagración del artista con shows en múltiples escenarios de América y Europa. Juan Gabriel, el cantautor que hizo de sus canciones un himno al amor, murió en forma trágica y triste, para dolor de sus millones de admiradores, consternados por su adiós, su adiós eterno. Pero, ¿quién era realmente Juan Gabriel? ¿En qué momento aparecía Alberto Aguilera Valadez, su nombre real, para hundirse en la tristeza? ¿Cómo era El Divo de Juárez como padre, amigo, amante? Marcado por una investigación extraordinaria, Javier León Herrera y Juan Manuel Navarro, periodistas expertos del mundo del espectáculo, revelan en este libro cómo fueron los últimos días del ídolo mexicano, quiénes eran sus confidentes, cuál fue su última voluntad, qué sentimientos guardaba para sus hijos biológicos y adoptivos. En este libro se rompen de manera radical los mitos acerca de sus preferencias sexuales, se revelan las causas de la malograda relación con Rocío Dúrcal y qué personajes de la farándula le dolían a Juan Gabriel. Este libro retrata con gran detalle al hombre alejado de los escenarios para acercarnos al ser humano agobiado por la dureza de su infancia y la presencia de la depresión siempre amenazante; además, nos brinda la ocasión para comprender al Juan Gabriel vanidoso, explosivo, seductor, a la estrella que amó a su país con tanta pasión como a sus seguidores
Adiós a las armas: Una crónica del final de ETA
by Antoni BatistaLa crónica definitiva sobre el abandono de las armas por parte de ETA. El 20 de octubre de 2011, ETA anunció su abandono definitivo de la violencia. Adiós a las armas es la crónica de veinte años de negociaciones y de reflexión interna que han acabado propiciando una decisión histórica. Con un acceso incomparable a las fuentes, y a menudo como testigo presencial, Antoni Batista cuenta la historia de cómo la izquierda abertzale acabó logrando imponer a ETA la vía política frente a la armada y acallar para siempre el ruido de las pistolas. El final de ETA es un largo proceso de más de veinte años, que se ha acelerado en los dos últimos. Las razones de este Adiós a las armas son variadas y complejas, y múltiples los actores y los episodios. Antoni Batista hace este viaje al final de la violencia en primera persona, para contar aquello de lo que fue testigo o de lo que supo por las fuentes de primera mano acumuladas por más de veinticinco años de corresponsalía política en el País Vasco. Siguiendo el registro narrativo de sus últimos libros, explica la realidad con los recursos literarios de la ficción: relata hechos, retrata personajes y describe el contexto. Adiós a las armas es como una novela en la que todo lo que sucede es real, resultado de un cuidadoso trabajo de dos años, desde que, en otoño de 2009, Antoni Batista dio fiabilidad a quien le advirtió que sucedería lo que ha acabado sucediendo.
Adiós a casi todo (Diarios de Pániker #5)
by Salvador PánikerAdiós a casi todo es, por el momento, la última entrega de los diarios de Salvador Pániker y prosigue la serie iniciada por Cuaderno amarillo, Variaciones 95, Diario de otoño y Diario del anciano averiado. El quinto de los dietarios de Salvador Pániker abarca los años que van del 2004 al 2010 y, como en volúmenes anteriores, en él da cuenta de su vida más íntima, de la realidad del momento social y de su pensamiento filosófico. Con su sabiduría elegante, estos textos no esquivan esa devastación llamada vejez, con sus preguntas y, si cabe, algunas respuestas. En las páginas de los diarios de Paniker, el lector encontrará una paideia cada vez más elaborada, una propuesta «musical» para afrontar la parte final de la vida y para hacer más llevadera la convivencia con el sufrimiento, otra de las preocupaciones más acuciantes del Pániker maduro. Reseña:«Pániker habla desde la consistencia de una madurez expresiva y emocional apta para recrear con verdad y belleza (incluso con verdad y crudeza) la experiencia de la decrepitud cuando todavía no es abismal ni paralizante, sino una compañera estable [...] incapaz de detener la fiesta de un hombre fundamentalmente feliz, equilibrado y hedonista, escéptico y creyente, vital y sosegado.»Jordi Gracia, El País
Adieux
by Simone De BeauvoirSimone de Beauvoir's account of the last ten years of Jean-Paul Sartre's life provides a focus for understanding one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century. But the book, consisting of both a year-by-year account of Sartre's last decade and a conversation between him and de Beauvoir about his life and work, is more than just a philosophical examination. It is also a personal dialogue of astonishing frankness that illuminates one of the most famous and complex relationships of the twentieth century.From the Trade Paperback edition.
Adhisankarar
by VasudevA biography of Adhisankarar, a Hindu Saint, who hailed from Kalady of Kerala, a south Indian State. He was an Indian philosopher who introduced the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, a sub-school of Vedanta and his teachings were based on the unity of the Soul and Brahman in which Brahman is viewed as without attributes.