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Swahili: The Rise of a National Language
by Wilfred WhiteleyOriginally published in 1969, this book examines the factors which at different historical periods led people to use one language (Swahili) rather than another, or within a given period, to use a particular language in one set of circumstances. The national language of Tanzania and much of East Africa, Swahili is unique among African languages in its verse literature, which dates back to the 18th Century and was written in the Arabic script. This book traces the remarkable expansion of Swahili, which was linked with the expansion of trace, missionary activities and the establishment of Colonial administrations and the development of education.
Introduction to Transportation Security
by Frances L. Edwards Daniel C. GoodrichProviding students and industry managers with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to effectively manage the security of transportation assets, Introduction to Transportation Security, Second Edition examines: The core concepts of security, safety, and emergency management practices The integrated nature of the U.S.critical infrastructure and the threats to intermodal transportation Those federal agencies working in emergency management, hazmat response, and transportation security and their intelligence and response requirements and capabilities Cost-beneficial security strategies aimed at preventing catastrophic failures from disasters or intentional sabotage or attack in each transportation mode Transportation is the lifeline of any nation, connecting people, supporting the economy, and facilitating the delivery of vital goods and services. Past failures and terrorist attacks on such transportation systems, in the U.S. and abroad, have demonstrated such systems' vulnerability, the consequences of any potential damage and disruption, as well as the substantial impacts on people, property, and the economy. Now, more than ever, it has become imperative for public transit and transportation systems, as well as the many private businesses operating in these sectors, to develop comprehensive security programs. This includes accounting for both natural and man-made hazards—and safeguarding people, places, and equipment—while at the same time ensuring operations continuity. The book covers all transportation critical infrastructure—their modes and their interconnectivity—including highway, air, freight and passenger rail, transit, maritime, and pipeline security. Chapters provide learning objectives, key words, and discussion questions pedagogical elements as well as several case studies to facilitate a practical understanding of the concepts presented. New to this edition is a chapter dedicated to gas and oil pipelines as well as an increased focus throughout of recent cyberattacks, to emphasize the need for physical and cybersecurity integration. Introduction to Transportation Security, Second Edition serves as a comprehensive, practical overview for students in transportation management, homeland security, and emergency management programs as well as an up-to-date reference for professionals charged with safeguarding the movement of assets within our interconnected transportation network.
The Nigerian Army: 1956-1966
by N. J. MinersOriginally published in 1971, this book is an account of the development of the Nigerian Army in the critical ten years spanning independence. It describes the transformation of a despised colonial defence force into a Nigerian army with a popularly recognized reputation. On the eve of the first military coup, the Army stood at the pinnacle of popular esteem. It had been modernized and expanded, had served with distinction in the Congo and elsewhere, and all its officers were Nigerian. The first half of the book traces the stages of this transformation and reveals the difficulties which had to be overcome. The second part examines the increasing tension and political manoeuvring which exploded into the military coups of 1966.
The Humanitarian Parent: Balancing Work and Family in the Aid Sector (Routledge Humanitarian Studies)
by Merit HietanenAid sector staff work in some of the world’s most challenging environments, from conflict zones to sites of natural disaster and refugee camps. For a long time, the aid worker was typified by the lone white male, flying from place to place and seeing his family during the holidays. But now, as the world changes and the sector diversifies, how can family life be reconciled with the challenges and travel commitments of this particularly difficult career? This book delves deep into these challenges, exposing the problems that persist and pointing a path for organisations to adopt a more human-centred, staff-centred, parent-centred, feminist approach to humanitarian and development work. Drawing on the author’s own experiences as an aid worker, as well as extensive original interviews and desk research, the book looks at the challenges faced by those who aspire to a family life, from finding a partner who is willing and able to live in the same location, to dating in difficult contexts, to being away from home and extended family, finding child care, and settling children in new countries and cultures. Local workers face their own challenges, often suffering from a lack of support in comparison to their international colleagues. For many, the cost is too great, and the sector suffers from a brain drain as experienced staff leave. It doesn’t need to be this way. The book points a way for organisations to adopt policies that support mothers and fathers. As well as being a useful guide for aid professionals who are themselves navigating these issues, the book will be perfect for organisations looking to reform and for students wishing to understand the realities of a career in aid.
Politics in the Organization of African Unity
by Michael WolfersOriginally published in 1976, this book provides an account of the aims and structure of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and its growth from its foundation in Addis Ababa in 1963 up to the mid-1970s. The book discusses the Charter, the working of the general secretariat and of the specialized commissions, the OAU response to crises in Africa and the role of the Liberation Committee in the radical changes which took place in southern African politics. It depicts then (then) only continent-wide organization in Africa which is financed and staffed by Africans, and which can be taken as the representative voice of Africa free of its ties with former colonial powers.
The Geopolitics of China's Belt and Road Initiative (Routledge Contemporary China Series)
by Theodor TudoroiuThis book argues that China’s Belt and Road Initiative should be seen more as a geopolitical project and less as a global economic project, with China aiming to bring about a new Chinese-led international order. It contends that China’s international approach has two personas – an aggressive one, focusing on a nineteenth century-style territorial empire, which is applied to Taiwan and the seas adjacent to China; and a new-style persona, based on relationship building with the political elites of countries in the Global South, relying on large scale infrastructure projects to help secure the elites in power, a process often leading to lower democratic participation and weaker governance structures. It also shows how this relationship building with elites leads to an acceptance of Chinese norms and to changes in states’ geopolitical preferences and foreign policies to align them with China’s geopolitical interests, with states thereby joining China’s emerging international order. Overall, the book emphasises that this new-style, non-territorial “empire” building based on relationships is a major new development in international relations, not fully recognised and accounted for by international relations experts and theorists.
The Political Economy of China-Myanmar Relations (Politics in Asia)
by Yizheng ZouThe Political Economy of China-Myanmar Relations is a comprehensive guide that seeks to fill the gap in research on China-Myanmar relations. This book provides readers with a deeper understanding of the long-term continuity of China-Myanmar relations, which has yet to be fully explored by the academic community. The Political Economy of China-Myanmar Relations covers a wide range of topics related to the bilateral relationship between China and Myanmar. The book offers an in-depth analysis of Chinese investment and aid in Myanmar's economy, including infrastructure projects. It also explores how Chinese investment has impacted Myanmar's society and environment. In addition to economic issues, Zou also examines political developments in Myanmar, including the peace process with ethnic armed groups and democratic reforms. The way China's interests intersect with these developments and how it has influenced Myanmar's domestic politics is analyzed, and the role of other major powers such as India, Japan, and the US in shaping China-Myanmar relations is discussed. This book is particularly useful for scholars and researchers interested in understanding the complex dynamics of China-Myanmar relations. Policymakers and business leaders will also find this book valuable as it offers practical insights into how China's growing influence is shaping Myanmar's political and economic landscape.
The Shadow Cabinet in British Politics (Routledge Revivals)
by D. R. TurnerFirst published in 1969 The Shadow Cabinet in British Politics attempts to trace and examine the history, growth, and development of the body popularly known as the ‘Shadow Cabinet’ in Britain. This body is concerned with power and aspirations of power. The personnel of Shadow Cabinets are, or at least should be, constantly prepared to assume the mantle of government. The book discusses important themes like the origins of the idea of the Shadow Cabinet; Sir William Harcourt and the Shadow Cabinet; Balfour and the Conservative Party; from MacDonald to Churchill; the difference between formally and informally elected Opposition Front Benches; and the relationship between Opposition responsibilities and ministerial appointments. This comprehensive short book is a must read for students of British politics and political science.
Warfare and Diplomacy in Pre-Colonial West Africa
by Robert S. SmithOriginally published in 1976, this book combines detailed technical studies of the diplomacy of the land and waterborne warfare of pre-colonial West Africa. It draws attention to the connexion between these topics as dual aspects of international relations and refers to those parts of West African indigenous diplomacy, showing how these resembled and diverged from practice elsewhere. The causes and consequences of West African wars are analysed and the wide range of weaponry, armour and transport used by armies is also discussed. Strategy and tactics of the wars in relation to defensive operations are also examined. Throughout the book a considerable body of evidence from many sources is deployed to justify both the factual content and the conclusions which are drawn.
Kingdoms of the Yoruba
by Robert SmithOriginally published in 1969 and as a second edition in 1976, this book gives a general account of the major Yoruba kingdoms and provides a synthesis of Yoruba and Igbomina history, culture and archaeology. The reasons for, and the chronology of the decline and fall of Old Oyo are also discussed. Much of the history reconstructed in this book was done so almost wholly from oral histories, with all evidence being subjected to rigorous examination.
Botswana: A Short Political History
by Anthony SilleryOriginally published in 1974, this book is a readable account of Botswana from the time of the first European visitors to the modern era of emergence as an independent African state. The book describes the condition of the people as it was recorded by the early travellers, the coming of the Christian missionaries and the influence of such men as Robert Moffat, John Mackenzie and David Livingstone. It discusses the effects of Boer pressure on the tribal land, British intervention and the establishment of a British protectorate, finally describing the birth of the Republic, its nature and constitution. The book assesses Botswana’s relations with other African states, particularly South Africa.
Sustainability and the Philosophy of Science (Routledge Focus on Environment and Sustainability)
by Jeffry L. RamseyThis book demonstrates how the philosophy of science can enhance our understanding of sustainability and the practices we use to enact it. Examining assumptions about concepts, theories, evidence, and the moral ideals of sustainability can better orient us as we pursue this urgent and important goal. The book applies perspectives and tools from the philosophy of science – construed broadly to include portions of science and technology studies, history of science, and philosophy more generally – to sustainability discourse. It argues that widely held assumptions regarding the meaning of concepts, methods of theorizing and inferential practice, evidential structure, and ethics limit our understanding and practice of sustainability. It offers philosophical alternatives that capture more fully the confusing, wicked nature of sustainability challenges. The alternatives draw attention to existing but often undervalued frameworks in sustainability discourse. This book is aimed towards academics, researchers, and post-graduates working in sustainability, as well as philosophers of science and environmental philosophers interested in the philosophical issues raised by the pursuit of sustainability.
Researching Poverty and Austerity: Theoretical Approaches, Methodologies and Policy Applications (Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy)
by Caroline Moraes Morven G. McEachern Deirdre O’LoughlinPoverty is a complex global challenge rooted in intertwined social, economic and political factors, which excludes people from participating fully in normalised social and market-based activities. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated poverty-related issues such as food insecurity, and growing numbers of people are having to rely on welfare assistance. This pandemic, coupled with austerity measures implemented across many European countries over the past years, has impacted negatively on towns, cities, regions and countries, leaving places and communities depleted. This edited volume curates a collection of relevant research addressing the challenges of poverty and the political-economic measures that perpetuate it. It adopts a cross-disciplinary approach to covering relevant theories, methodologies and policy-oriented research, highlighting the interlinkages between poverty and austerity that have resulted since the 2008 financial crisis. In particular, the book focuses on food insecurity as one of the most extreme manifestations of poverty but also addresses interconnected issues such as unemployment, homelessness and poor health. The contributors primarily utilise diverse qualitative methods that give voice to lived experiences of poverty while also considering quantitative approaches that are essential for measuring food insecurity and modelling the impacts of austerity. The book will be of significant interest to anyone researching poverty and austerity with an interest in social policy, human and cultural geography, marketing and consumer culture, economic policy, public health and sustainability.
Maoist Insurgency, State and People: Overlooked Issues and Unaddressed Grievances
by Anshuman BeheraThis book critically studies descriptive, normative and ethical aspects of violence to understand the Maoist conflict in India. It studies important but often overlooked issues such as reasons for youth participation in insurgency, the reality and the rhetoric of the urban Maoism debate, rights and entitlements of the local communities and their interactions with the Maoist conflict, and issues of governance and development. The volume, - examines the origins of Maoist insurgency, why it continues, the factions, counterinsurgency, impact of violence on education and other development indicators; - investigates how a conflict with an alternative idea of democracy violently clashes with an established democratic Indian state; - deals with the critical aspects of the Maoist movement in India and the status of Urban Maoism or Urban Naxal; - evaluates state responses to the movement and its impact on the economic status of affected communities; - discusses the gender dimension of armed conflict through a feminist lens and explores how women navigate through varied socio-cultural and gender norms while participating in the conflict. Studying a wide range of critical issues, this volume will be of interest particularly to scholars of political science, development studies, public administration, security studies, peace and conflict studies and human rights.
Survival: June - July 2023
by The International Institute for Strategic StudiesSurvival, the IISS’s bimonthly journal, challenges conventional wisdom and brings fresh, often controversial, perspectives on strategic issues of the moment. In this issue Hannah Aries, Bastian Giegerich and Tim Lawrenson assess that Europe’s defence industry will struggle to meet increased production needs In 2007, the late Ronald Steel judged that while the Iraq War had weakened the United States, it would not profoundly affect US foreign policy (from the archive) Dana H. Allin reflects on Ronald Steel’s legacy and prospects for the ‘extended American Century’ Liana Fix argues that the West should formulate security guarantees for Ukraine in parallel with its counter-offensive Daniel Sobelman assesses that the Yemen-based Houthi rebel movement is emulating Hizbullah And seven more thought-provoking pieces, as well as our regular Book Reviews and Noteworthy column. Editor: Dr Dana Allin Managing Editor: Jonathan Stevenson Associate Editor: Carolyn West Editorial Assistant: Charlie Zawadzki
Militarization, Internal Repression and Social Welfare in the Third World (Routledge Revivals)
by Miles D WolpinFirst published in 1986, Militarization, Internal Repression and Social Welfare in the Third World argues that there is a relationship between the level of a regime’s military spending and the degree of internal repression it inflicts. This book presents a detailed empirical analysis of this situation and presents the results of more than three dozen researchers who have published comparative or case studies of the substitution effects of military expenditures in socio-economic areas. While the primary concern is with the Third World, the book also analyses the costs to advanced capitalist and to state socialist systems and discusses their role in further militarization. This book will be of interest to students of political science, international relations, colonialism and area studies.
Public Diplomacy and Civil Society Organisations (Routledge Explorations in Development Studies)
by Ibrahim NatilThis book explores the roles of civil society organisations (CSOs) when engaging in public diplomacy activities and their impact on community development and change. It provides up-to-date analysis of the challenges and constraints facing CSOs involved in diplomatic missions and working with foreign donors. Bringing together case studies from Cameroon, Egypt, Poland, Palestine, Lebanon and Libya, this edited collection reflects on how external calls for proposals in the fields of women’s empowerment, community development, education, training, exchange programmes, democracy, human rights and peacebuilding influence the way civil society organisations contribute, deliver, intervene and position themselves in various societies. It explores the lessons learnt by various CSOs in identifying societal problems, understanding grassroots demands, prioritising development agendas and campaigning for peacebuilding. Grounded in a firm theoretical framework and based on up-to-date empirical research, the book reflects on the leadership shown by civil society organisations in development, politics and business and their impact on community development initiatives and local change process. This book will be an important resource for researchers, policymakers, donors, NGO practitioners and the beneficiaries themselves, within the areas of international development, peacebuilding, civil society, politics and international relations.
China's Use of Armed Coercion: To Win Without Fighting (Asian Security Studies)
by James A. SiebensThis book analyzes when, how, why, and to what effect China has used its armed forces in recent decades to coerce other actors in the international system. Over the past 20 years, China’s international status as a “great power” has become undeniable. China’s “peaceful rise” has included substantial investments in military modernization and an increasingly assertive regional posture. While China has not waged war since 1979, it has frequently resorted to what the U.S. State Department has referred to as “gangster tactics” – threats, intimidation, and armed confrontation – to advance its strategic aims. This volume illuminates the ways in which China has employed its military and paramilitary tools to coerce other states, and examines the motivations and specific foreign policy objectives that China has pursued using force short of war. The study presents new analysis of an original dataset on coercive actions undertaken by China’s armed forces, taking into account the political objectives pursued and the environmental contexts in which these operations occurred. It also presents a series of expert case studies addressing the most consequential examples of China using force to coerce in recent decades. The volume contributes to a more historically informed, empirically based understanding of great power competition. This book will be of much interest to students of Chinese security and foreign policy, strategic studies, Asian politics and International Relations.
Social Harm at the Border: The Case of Lampedusa (Routledge Studies in Criminal Justice, Borders and Citizenship)
by Francesca SolimanThis book offers a zemiological approach for understanding border control practices, state power, and their social impact. Drawing on an ethnographic study on the borderisation of the Mediterranean island of Lampedusa, it explores border harms from the perspective of the non-migrant community. Social Harm at the Border examines a range of social harms associated with border control, and draws on themes of security, racialised humanitarianism, economic harms, environment, and culture. It explores the ways in which borderisation exercises control over both migrants and non-migrants, ensuring that border communities remain subordinated to the power of institutional actors, and it offers a novel framework with which to illuminate and explain border harms and their generative mechanisms. An accessible and compelling read, this book will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, zemiology, sociology, criminal justice, politics, geography, and those interested in the harms caused by border control practices.
The Challenge of Enlightenment, Conflict Transformation and Peace in Pakistan
by Moonis AhmarThis book looks at the process of cultural enlightenment in the context of Pakistan. It undertakes an interesting and in-depth research focusing on how the world’s second largest Muslim state can learn from Europe’s heritage of enlightenment. It studies why Pakistan lacks a process of awakening and what the scope of cultural enlightenment in Pakistan is against the backdrop of militant Islam. The author argues that cultural enlightenment can help promote positive conflict transformation in Pakistan and discusses the ways in which challenges to establishing a culture of reasoning, tolerance, accommodation, social justice and peace can be dealt with. A unique contribution, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of philosophy, political science, history, international relations, South Asian studies and religious studies. It will also appeal to think tanks, policymakers and general readers interested in these topics.
Community Newspapers in India: Manifestation and Metamorphosis
by Annapurna SinhaThis book provides a comprehensive account of community newspapers in India discussing their reach, practices, management and influence on communities. It focuses on the core characteristics associated with community media, such as access and participation, advocacy and self-management among other. With the help of detailed case studies of two established newspapers – Khabar Lahariya and Namaskar, the book highlights the unique aspects of their rhizomatic expansion and the practices for social change. By examining their manifestations and metamorphosis, the book shows how community media is fluid and evolves with time owing to diverse motivations. The author also examines themes such as media democracy and citizens engagement; role of alternative media and the diversity of practices and profiles to highlight the relevance, identity and purpose of alternative media in general and community newspapers in particular. This book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of media studies, journalism and mass communication, political studies, development studies, law and South Asian studies. It will also be useful to NGOs and CSOs working in the areas of community engagement, social development and empowerment, and literacy.
Myanmar: Politics, Economy and Society
by Adam Simpson Nicholas FarrellyThis new edition of Myanmar: Politics, Economy and Society provides a sophisticated yet accessible overview of the key political, economic and social challenges facing contemporary Myanmar and explains the complex historical and ethnic dynamics that have shaped the country. Thoroughly revised, the book analyses the context and tragic consequences of the military coup in February 2021 and the COVID-19 pandemic. With clear and incisive contributions from the world’s leading Myanmar scholars, this book assesses the policies and political reforms that have provoked contestation in Myanmar’s recent history and driven both economic and social change. In this context, questions of economic ownership and control and the distribution of natural resources are shown to be deeply informed by long-standing fractures among ethnic and civil-military relations. The chapters analyse the key issues that constrain or expedite societal development in Myanmar and place recent events of national and international significance in the context of its complex history and social relations. The book provides detailed analysis of the coup, which overturned a decade of political and economic reforms and threw the country into chaos. It explains the drivers for the coup, how it has impacted on the country and the future prospects for accountability and justice. Filling a gap in the market, this research textbook and primer will be of interest to upper undergraduates, postgraduates and scholars of Southeast Asian politics, economics and society and to journalists and professionals working within governments, companies and other organisations.
New Pathways in Teacher Preparation and Certification: Perspectives on Alternative Teacher Education Methods
by Eric WearneIn this compelling and timely collection, Eric Wearne and a group of diverse contributors make the case for a new approach to teacher preparation and certification, in which institutions are empowered to educate, prepare, certify, hire, and develop teachers who have been prepared by different educational traditions. In the first part, contributors offer a background in history, policy, and economics to argue the need for more creativity in teacher preparation. In the second part, Wearne and contributors showcase how a variety of different, creative educational organizations have prepared teachers more clearly suited to their specific school models— from Montessori teacher preparation, to teaching online, to teaching in classical schools. Overall, this collection prompts those involved in teacher preparation to work to find creative solutions for improving teacher education, certification, and hiring and is relevant for scholars, policymakers, educators, and administrators working in or studying teacher education programs.
Political Leadership in an Era of Decolonisation: Case Studies from Across the Globe
by Malcolm MurfettWhat is leadership, and why is it so important? In what ways does it look very different in different contexts, and in what ways does it look the same? Malcolm Murfett brings together a range of emerging and established scholars to examine these questions in light of some of the mid-twentieth century’s most intriguing national leaders. In a series of striking biographical chapters, lessons are drawn from the apartheid era in South Africa, Lee’s remarkable socio-economic transformation of Singapore, Castro’s revolutionary overhauling of Cuba, and the playing out of Bandaranaike’s populist agenda in Sri Lanka. The book illuminates what Brezhnev and Nixon were looking for in the Cold War and what happened when the people turned against Nyerere in Tanzania, the Shah in Iran, and Ceauşescu in Romania. These case studies address what leadership meant for the individuals whose record in power is being examined. These are not idealised portraits of ‘how to do leadership’ but warts-and-all portrayals of exceptional individuals who scrabbled their way to the top and stayed there for several years during a period of great change. Business schools have long studied the theoretical axioms of corporate leadership. What this book does, however, is to move beyond the theory into the practical realm of politics and statecraft. This is a fascinating book on leadership that will be of interest for students, researchers, and practitioners studying leadership in business and politics, as well as for students of global history, decolonisation, and the Cold War.
De Facto States in the Post-Soviet Area: Mechanisms of Formation, Operation and Survival (Post-Soviet Politics)
by Agnieszka MiarkaThis book provides an insightful analysis and holistic account of the process of the formation of de facto states in the post-Soviet area. Looking beyond the stereotype of mere puppet subjects, the author explores the contemporary operation of separatist regions in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Donbas to understand the motives and mechanisms for their emergence and their instrumentalization in the politics of great powers. Using policy documents, quantitative data, and political statements, she explores the historical origins of the area and its operation during the Soviet era, armed separatist conflicts and their implications, and the actions of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the role of powers such as the Russian Federation and the US. The research contributes to the debate on the significance of de facto states for regional security and their potential for national identity building. It will be of interest to scholars and students of Russia and the Post-Soviet Area in International Relations and Nation-Building.