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Consumer Behaviour: Applications in Marketing
by Robert East Malcolm Wright Marc Vanhuele Jaywant Singh‘A serious, thoughtful consumer behaviour text that focuses on substance rather than what′s fashionable in academic circles.’ Professor Byron Sharp, Ehrenberg-Bass Institute, University of South Australia ‘A thought-provoking text that challenges readers to consider consumer behaviour in new and refreshing ways and reflect on routine behaviours that occupy so much of daily life – buying brands, patronising stores, watching adverts, making recommendations.’ Professor Mark Uncles, Deputy Dean, Australian School of Business, University of New South Wales Written by respected marketing academics, this popular textbook extends beyond a basic psychological approach to Consumer Behaviour by providing a more empirical understanding of the subject, helping students grasp marketing applications at both individual and market levels. The fourth edition maintains a strong focus on research, particularly quantitative methods, helping higher-level students develop analytical and evidence-based thinking for success in scholarly and industry-based marketing research. The textbook contains new examples, exercises and research findings, along with recent advancements in the digital environment. Suitable for upper undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses in consumer behaviour, as well as doctoral candidates with a focus on consumer behaviour. Robert East is Emeritus Professor at Kingston University London, UK. Jaywant Singh is Professor of Marketing at Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, UK. Malcolm Wright is Professor of Marketing at Massey University, New Zealand. Marc Vanhuele is Professor of Marketing at HEC Paris, France.
Consumer Behaviour: Applications in Marketing
by Robert East Malcolm Wright Marc Vanhuele Jaywant Singh‘A serious, thoughtful consumer behaviour text that focuses on substance rather than what′s fashionable in academic circles.’ Professor Byron Sharp, Ehrenberg-Bass Institute, University of South Australia ‘A thought-provoking text that challenges readers to consider consumer behaviour in new and refreshing ways and reflect on routine behaviours that occupy so much of daily life – buying brands, patronising stores, watching adverts, making recommendations.’ Professor Mark Uncles, Deputy Dean, Australian School of Business, University of New South Wales Written by respected marketing academics, this popular textbook extends beyond a basic psychological approach to Consumer Behaviour by providing a more empirical understanding of the subject, helping students grasp marketing applications at both individual and market levels. The fourth edition maintains a strong focus on research, particularly quantitative methods, helping higher-level students develop analytical and evidence-based thinking for success in scholarly and industry-based marketing research. The textbook contains new examples, exercises and research findings, along with recent advancements in the digital environment. Suitable for upper undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses in consumer behaviour, as well as doctoral candidates with a focus on consumer behaviour. Robert East is Emeritus Professor at Kingston University London, UK. Jaywant Singh is Professor of Marketing at Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, UK. Malcolm Wright is Professor of Marketing at Massey University, New Zealand. Marc Vanhuele is Professor of Marketing at HEC Paris, France.
Consumer Behaviour: A Practical Guide (Routledge Library Editions: Consumer Behaviour)
by Gordon R. FoxallThis book is concerned with the application of the behavioural sciences, notably social psychology and sociology, to the study of consumer behaviour. The emphasis throughout is on making these sciences practical for the marketing manager by focusing on those aspects of consumer behaviour which prove useful for managerial decision-making. The introduction defines the scope of the book in these terms and outlines a model for the consumer buying process. The book conlcudes with detailed models of consumer choice.
Consumer Behaviour: Understanding Consumers in a Digital Landscape
by null Jean-Eric PeletWith this textbook, students will learn the concepts, theories and processes of consumer behaviour and how to apply them in a digitalized and competitive business landscape. Consumer Behaviour combines theoretical underpinnings with real-world practice to provide comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the subject. It explores how consumer behaviour has evolved with the impact of technology, personalization and sustainability on perception and decision-making. This textbook is ideal for postgraduate students taking modules on Consumer Behaviour as part of their Marketing degrees. Features include:- Chapters on the psychological and social dynamics of consumer behaviour and the scientific foundations of learning and memory in brand engagement.- Examination of the role of AR/VR and the metaverse in retail experiences, live streaming and voice commerce as well as quantum computing and the importance of good UX design.- Ethical considerations of the digital consumer landscape, including privacy and data concerns. - Learning outcomes, key terms, a glossary and exercise questions international examples throughout, to help develop critical thinking.
Consumer Behaviour
by Zubin SethnaInformal yet academically rigorous in style, this fun and attractively laid out textbook continues to provide a comprehensive introduction to Consumer Behaviour, drawing on an accessible writing style, engaging examples and a wealth of learning features throughout. The text is balanced in its coverage of both psychological and sociological aspects of consumer behaviour, and examples of consumer behaviour are selected from around the globe, including many of the world’s most popular brands and also B2B companies. This new edition has been fully updated to cover the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on consumer behaviour as well as the ongoing effects of technology, social media, digitalisation and climate change in adapting consumer behaviours. This textbook is essential reading for all students studying Consumer Behaviour. Zubin Sethna is a Professor of Entrepreneurial Marketing and Consumer Behaviour at Regent’s University London.
Consumer Behaviour
by Zubin SethnaInformal yet academically rigorous in style, this fun and attractively laid out textbook continues to provide a comprehensive introduction to Consumer Behaviour, drawing on an accessible writing style, engaging examples and a wealth of learning features throughout. The text is balanced in its coverage of both psychological and sociological aspects of consumer behaviour, and examples of consumer behaviour are selected from around the globe, including many of the world’s most popular brands and also B2B companies. This new edition has been fully updated to cover the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on consumer behaviour as well as the ongoing effects of technology, social media, digitalisation and climate change in adapting consumer behaviours. This textbook is essential reading for all students studying Consumer Behaviour. Zubin Sethna is a Professor of Entrepreneurial Marketing and Consumer Behaviour at Regent’s University London.
Consumer Behaviour
by Zubin Sethna Jim BlythePraised for its no nonsense approach to engaging students and conveying key learning outcomes and for striking a good balance between sociological and psychological aspects of consumer behaviour, the new edition now features increased coverage of social media, digital consumption and up-to-date marketing practice. Written from a European perspective, international in its scope and with an array of global international examples and cases from a variety of geographic locations and different industry sectors threaded throughout the text, students’ understanding and retention of the subject is encouraged through innovative learning features including: ‘how to impress your examiner’ boxes - ideas and tips for what an examiner may be looking for to help students get the best possible grades in their assessments. ‘consumer behaviour in action’ boxes – focus on consumer decisions allowing students to focus on the applications of the concepts and theories underpinning the motivations of consumers – something they are likely to do in their future careers as marketers. ‘challenging the status quo’ boxes – encouraging students to think outside the box, think critically and exercise their problem solving skills. The book is complemented by a companion website featuring a range of tools and resources for lecturers and students, including PowerPoint slides, multiple choice questions, case studies, interactive glossary, flashcards, multimedia links and selected author videos to make the examples in each chapter come to life. Suitable for Undergraduate students with little or no background knowledge of consumer behaviour.
Consumer Behaviour
by Zubin Sethna Jim BlytheA rigorous yet informal companion for students of international consumer behaviour focusing on sociological and psychological aspects of the subjects. Academically rigorous yet informal in style, this unique textbook focuses on examples of international consumer behaviour in action and provides a wealth of resources to encourage student engagement and understanding. This book strikes a balance between sociological and psychological aspects of consumer behaviour and features coverage of social media, digital consumption and up-to-date marketing practices. A must-have companion for students studying consumer behaviour and buyer behaviour, this book will also strike a chord with practicing managers and marketing executives. Key Features: • Contemporary cases and global examples of consumer behaviour in industries including fashion, travel and technology • Pedagogical feature exploring the experiential role of brands in consumers' lives today titled 'Brand Experiences' • Exclusive chapter on sustainable consumption in this era of climate change and sustainability challenges • Online resources featuring a range of tools and materials for instructors and students, including PPT slides, Instructor manual, selected video links, suggestions for further reading and much more
Consumer Behaviour
by Malcolm Wright Marc Vanhuele Robert EastWhat's the best day to advertise groceries? Does a lookalike damage the brand it mimics? Do your long-term customers recommend you more than others? How damaging is negative word of mouth? Should retailers use 9-ending prices? These are some of the fascinating questions you will explore in this text.<P> The text is written by respected marketing academics across the globe with a strong focus on the use of research to help higher-level students develop analytical and evidence-based thinking in marketing. It extends beyond a psychological approach to provide an empirical understanding of the subject for success in industry roles or further research in the field, and takes into consideration not just the individual but the market environment.<P> New to this second edition:<P> - Fully updated with contemporary, global examples and case studies to encourage an international readership<P> - Further coverage of cross-cultural comparison, including a new chapter on Consumer Differences which also incorporates age and gender differences<P> - Study features such as exercises, questions/answers, and a fully updated companion website with lecturer and student resources - www.sagepub.co.uk/east2e <P> This textbook is essential reading for postgraduate students (MA, MSc, MBA) taking courses in consumer behaviour and undergraduate students specialising in consumer behaviour.<P>
Consumer Behaviour: Applications in Marketing
by Malcolm Wright Professor Marc Vanhuele Professor Robert East Dr Jaywant SinghExtending beyond a basic psychological approach to Consumer Behaviour, this text provides an empirical understanding of the subject and will be of particular appeal to those of the Ehrenberg-Bass tradition and those who view Marketing as a science. The third edition maintains a strong focus on the use of research, helping students to develop analytical and evidence-based thinking in marketing and take into consideration not just the individual but also the marketing environment. New examples and research findings have been included with special attention paid to the digital environment, including online consumer behaviour and research. Suitable for upper undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses in consumer behaviour, as well as doctoral candidates with a focus on consumer behaviour.
Consumer Behaviour and Analytics: Data Driven Decision Making
by Andrew SmithConsumer Behaviour and Analytics provides a consumer behaviour textbook for the new marketing reality. In a world of Big Data, machine learning and AI, this key text reviews the issues, research and concepts essential for navigating this new terrain. It demonstrates how we can use data-driven insight and merge this with insight from extant research to inform knowledge-driven decision making. Adopting a practical and managerial lens, while also exploring the rich lineage of academic consumer research, this textbook approaches its subject from a refreshing and original standpoint. It contains numerous accessible examples, scenarios and exhibits and condenses the disparate array of relevant work into a workable, coherent, synthesized and readable whole. Providing an effective tour of the concepts and ideas most relevant in the age of analytics-driven marketing (from data visualization to semiotics), the book concludes with an adaptive structure to inform managerial decision making. Consumer Behaviour and Analytics provides a unique distillation from a vast array of social and behavioural research merged with the knowledge potential of digital insight. It offers an effective and efficient summary for undergraduate, postgraduate or executive courses in consumer behaviour and marketing analytics or a supplementary text for other marketing modules.
Consumer Behaviour and Analytics (Mastering Business Analytics Ser.)
by Andrew SmithThe second edition of Consumer Behaviour and Analytics provides a consumer behaviour textbook for the new marketing reality. In a world of Big Data, machine learning and artificial intelligence, this key text reviews the issues, research and concepts essential for navigating this new terrain. It demonstrates how we can use data-driven insight and merge this with insight from extant research to inform knowledge-driven decision-making. Adopting a practical and managerial lens, while also exploring the rich lineage of academic consumer research, this textbook approaches its subject from a refreshing and original standpoint. It contains numerous accessible examples, scenarios and exhibits, and condenses the disparate array of relevant work into a workable, coherent, synthesized and readable whole. Providing an effective tour of the concepts and ideas most relevant in the age of analytics-driven marketing (from data visualization to semiotics), the book concludes with an adaptive structure to inform managerial decision-making. Consumer Behaviour and Analytics provides a unique distillation from a vast array of social and behavioural research merged with the knowledge potential of digital insight. It offers an effective and efficient summary for undergraduate, postgraduate or executive courses in consumer behaviour and marketing analytics, and also functions as a supplementary text for other marketing modules. Online resources include PowerPoint slides.
Consumer Behaviour and Digital Transformation (Business and Digital Transformation)
by Ayantunji GbadamosiThis comprehensive textbook explores how technological developments and emerging technologies impact on, and engage with, consumer behaviour and decision making globally. The book will enable readers to develop a coherent understanding of the basic underpinnings of consumer behaviour as they relate to individual and group-oriented consumption decisions, offering insight into how consumer behaviour, contemporary real-life situations, and digital technology are inextricably linked.Key learning objectives, exercises and activities, boxed examples and analytical frameworks facilitate and enrich students’ learning. Each chapter includes ‘pause, plan, and practice (PPP)’ activities, as well as real-life case studies exploring digital consumption, digital consumer experiences, and digital trends across industries, from global companies such as Nike and McDonald’s to the digital transformation of SMEs. Combining a thorough examination of traditional theory with a fresh approach to the impact of digital transformation on consumer behaviour, this textbook should be core reading for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students studying Consumer Behaviour, Consumer Psychology, Customer Experience Management, and Digital Marketing.This book will be accompanied by online resources for the use of instructors, including PowerPoint slides and a test bank.
Consumer Behaviour and Economic Growth in the Modern Economy (Routledge Library Editions: Consumer Behaviour)
by Henri Baudet Henk van der MeulenThese essays show that industrialisation and fast economic growth have changed not only the broad material environment, but have also had a very important impact on basic food consumption. The introductory chapter takes a theoretical view and tries to establish the interrelationship between economic forces and social habits. The other contributors analyse how the experience of Europe, Japan and North America fit this general explanation and they demonstrate how cultural and regional differences have shaped the development of consumer behaviour and patterns of consumption over the last two centuries.
Consumer Behaviour and Social Network Sites: The Impact of Negative Word of Mouth (Routledge Focus on Business and Management)
by Sarah ZaraketThis book provides a solid understanding of electronic word of mouth (eWOM) by taking the reader through the process of information diffusion from rumour generation in times of traditional word of mouth (WOM) to negative social eWOM and examining how consumers process it. Consumer Behaviour and Social Network Sites tackles different themes relating to negative eWOM. Drawing on both intensive scientific research and professional examples, it bridges the gap between the academic and professional worlds. The book contrasts negative social eWOM to traditional WOM while discussing the specificities of different social networking sites in diffusing such information. It looks at why and how consumers decide to create, share and react to negative social eWOM, suggesting that there are more reasons than are commonly presumed for consumers to articulate themselves on these platforms. It also provides an appreciation of web users' behaviours with regards to negative social eWOM and how it can alter their decision-making journey. The book concludes with several strategies and key takeaways to deal with and prevent negative social eWOM. Most books on WOM are purely professional and lack the theoretical contextualization of the issue. Moreover, they often provide insights on brand-to-consumer conversation but not consumer-to-consumer (C2C) communication. This short book provides marketing academics, students and practitioners with an important insight into these C2C communications that can potentially be harmful to brands.
Consumer Behaviour and Sustainable Fashion Consumption (Textile Science and Clothing Technology)
by Subramanian Senthilkannan MuthuThis book analyses the importance of consumer behaviour in sustainable fashion and consumption. Consumer behaviour plays a major role in sustainability, and when it comes to textile products, a number of studies have shown that for certain product categories, consumer behaviour during use and disposal stages influences the entire life cycle impacts of the product more than the raw material and manufacturing stages. However green the production, the overall sustainability of a product depends on the consumers who use and dispose of it.
Consumer Behaviour and the Arts: A Marketing Perspective (Discovering the Creative Industries)
by François Colbert Alain d’AstousAlthough the literature on marketing of the arts is abundant, very few (if any) full-length works have examined the other side of the coin and closely studied the people who consume the products of the cultural industry. This book offers a summary of the knowledge garnered in recent decades by researchers exploring consumer behaviour in arts and culture. Each chapter explores a different aspect of consumer behaviour in the arts by answering the following questions: What do we know about this aspect of consumer behaviour in general? What do we know about this aspect as it relates to the consumption of art works or cultural experiences? What are the practical implications of this knowledge for managers working in the arts? What are the implications for researchers in this field? This book fills the need for scientific and practical knowledge about the people who consume arts and culture and will therefore be of particular interest to managers of cultural venues and institutions, to students or teachers in arts management training programs, to researchers in the field, to public policymakers in arts and culture, and to anyone directly or indirectly involved in creating, promoting and distributing artistic and cultural products.
Consumer Behaviour Applications in Marketing
by Robert East Malcolm Wright Marc Vanhuele'A thought-provoking text that challenges readers to consider consumer behaviour in new and refreshing ways. The approach is distinctive. Readers are encouraged to reflect on their own experiences, as well as appreciate the insights provided by scholarship in psychology, sociology and marketing science. The authors not only discuss complex, one-off decisions, but also help us to understand routine behaviours that occupy so much of daily life - buying brands, patronising stores, watching adverts, making recommendations' - Professor Mark Uncles, Deputy Dean, Australian School of Business, University of New South Wales, Sydney What's the best day to advertise groceries? Does a lookalike damage the brand it mimics? Do your long-term customers recommend you more than others? How damaging is negative word of mouth? Should retailers use 9-ending prices? These are some of the fascinating questions you will explore in this text. The text is written by respected marketing academics across the globe with a strong focus on the use of research to help higher-level students develop analytical and evidence-based thinking in marketing. It extends beyond a psychological approach to provide an empirical understanding of the subject for success in industry roles or further research in the field, and takes into consideration not just the individual but the market environment. New to this second edition: - Increased accessibility for a truly international readership - Fully updated with contemporary, global examples and case studies - Further coverage of cross-cultural comparison, including a new chapter on Consumer Differences which also incorporates age and gender differences - Increased study features such as exercises, questions/answers, and a fully updated companion website with lecturer and student resources - www. sagepub. co. uk/east2e This textbook is essential reading for postgraduate students (MA, MSc, MBA) taking courses in consumer behaviour and undergraduate students specialising in consumer behaviour.
Consumer Behaviour in Food and Healthy Lifestyles: A Global Perspective
by Dr Isaac K Ngugi Helen O'Sullivan Dr Hanaa OsmanThis book is an essential resource exploring the concepts, theories and methods in consumer behaviour specifically applicable to the food and drink sector. Drawing examples from all continents, it provides you with accessible coverage and a truly global perspective of the particular characteristics of this industry. It offers clear explanations and applications of theoretical concepts, using specialised case studies and examples; features an introduction, learning objectives and summary in each chapter to hone your reading and revision; and provides you with companion online material including notes and self-assessment questions. This important new book is the perfect guide for students studying consumer behaviour or experience in food and drink as part of courses in agricultural or agribusiness management and economics, hospitality and tourism, business studies, food science and nutrition, or generic marketing and consumer studies.
Consumer Behaviour in Hospitality and Tourism: Contemporary Perspectives and Challenges
by Saloomeh Tabari Wei Chen Nazan ColmekciogluThis insightful and expert-led volume presents a holistic view of the latest, cutting-edge global research on trends and changes in consumer behaviour in hospitality and tourism, with focus on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on purchase patterns within the industries.The COVID-19 pandemic has affected every aspect of consumer behaviour, including expenses, ways of shopping, eating, lifestyle, use of technology and individual decision-making processes. This volume presents a carefully selected and logically structured collection of chapters, which aim to identify the factors that influence these new purchase patterns and evaluate how managers, retailers and marketers can develop appropriate strategies that respond to these changes in the market going forward. This book explores the effects of multiple socio-economic factors on individual consumption behaviours and features an array of international case studies.This book is of pivotal interest for students, scholars and researchers interested in consumer behaviour within the tourism and hospitality industries, as well as providing a useful tool for professionals to develop appropriate strategies that meet the evolving needs of consumers in the market.
Consumer Behaviour in Sport and Events
by Daniel Funk Kostas Alexandris Heath McDonaldConsumer Behaviour in Sport and Events emphasises the role of consumer behaviour in sport marketing. Given the social, economic, and environmental benefits of sport events, the challenge for marketers is to understand the complexity of sport and event participation. Through a heightened understanding of consumer behaviour, marketers are able to develop communication strategies to enhance the experience, while identifying key elements of the consumer’s decision-making process. This book provides students and industry professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to meet the current marketing challenges facing professionals working in the sport and event industries. This comprehensive text covers a wide range of determinants that influence both active recreation and passive spectator participation, and offers the reader: A detailed understanding of the personal, psychological and environmental factors that influence sport and event related consumer behaviour A basis for the development of marketing actions useful in sport and related business, community and government sectors A comprehensive understanding of how individuals associate themselves with sport and event products and services A quick and simple segmentation tool to guide discussion of marketing actions and strategies for four stages of involvement with sport and events A comprehensive events checklist to help understand marketing actions related to the development, promotion and delivery of a sport event. Sport and event consumer behaviour is a rapidly growing area of interest and this book is considered a valuable resource for those involved in the sport and events industries from students to marketers to academics.
Consumer Behaviour in Tourism
by Susan Horner John SwarbrookeNow fully revised and updated, the fourth edition of this bestselling text provides students with a vital understanding of the nature of tourism and contemporary tourist behaviour. It also shows them how this knowledge can be used to manage and market tourism effectively in a variety of sectors of tourism including tour operations, hospitality, visitor attractions, transport, retail travel, cruising and airlines. This fourth edition has been updated to include: new material on the impact of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) developments in tourism including social media, AR and VR, the links between climate change, sustainability and tourist behaviour, and the impact of crises and natural disasters on tourism and the cruise industry thirty brand new international case studies about topical issues such as Airbnb, travel blogs, overtourism, Covid-19, the flight-shaming movement, wellness tourism, hunting and tourism, terrorism, dark tourism, the solo traveller, volunteer tourism, second home ownership, music festivals, pilgrimage tourism, film- and TV-induced tourism, and tourism in Antarctica new online resources including PowerPoint slides and a case archive. Each chapter features conclusions, discussion points, essay questions and exercises to help tutors direct student-centred learning and allow students to check their understanding of what they have read. This book is an invaluable resource for students studying tourism.
Consumer Behaviour in Tourism
by John Swarbrooke Susan HornerConsumer Behaviour in Tourism takes a broad view of tourism and looks at consumer behaviour in a number of sectors including: * tour operation * tourist destinations * hospitality * visitor attractions * retail travel * transportNow fully revised and updated, the second edition of this bestselling text looks provides an international perspective on consumer behaviour in tourism through the use of numerous examples and case studies drawn from a range of different regions of the world; an exploration of national differences in consumer culture; the dissemination of research findings and concepts from a number of different regions of the world. This second edition includes new chapters on ecotourists, destination image and choice, terrorism and the tourism market, the internet and tourist behaviour and the rise of the no frills markets. It also includes new material on health concerns and government travel advice, events and festivals, business travel, national and cultural differences and more.Each chapter features conclusions, discussion points and essay questions, and exercises, at the end, to help tutors direct student-centred learning and to allow the reader to check their understanding of what they have read. Cases include: Las Vegas, Nevada, USA; Currency exchange rates as a determinant of tourist behaviour; The adventure tourism market in the USA and New Zealand; The Chinese tourism market; The Islamic tourism market; The impact of terrorism on tourist behaviour; The health tourism market including cosmetic surgery tourism; The UK outbound market; The international conference market; Travellers experience websites; The international theme park market; The festivals and events market around the world 'Dark' tourism
Consumer Behaviour in Tourism
by John Swarbrooke Susan HornerNow fully revised and updated, the third edition of this bestselling text provides students with a vital understanding of the nature of tourism and contemporary tourists behaviour in political, social and economic context and how this knowledge can be used to manage and market effectively in a variety of tourism sectors including: tourism operations, tourist destinations, hospitality, visitor attractions, retail travel and transport. This third edition has been updated to include: New material on the impacts of IT on research and marketing communications, the rise and influence of social media and virtual technology, the growth in the interest of sustainable tourism products including slow food, the experience economy and new consumer experiences including fulfilment. New international case studies throughout including growth regions such as the Middle East, Russia, Europe, China, India and Brazil. New companion website including Power point slides and a case archive. Each chapter features conclusions, discussion points and essay questions, and exercises, at the end, to help tutors direct student-centred learning and to allow the reader to check their understanding of what they have read. This book is an invaluable resource for students following tourism courses.
The Consumer Benchmarks in the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
by Bram B. DuivenvoordeThis book investigates the regime of consumer benchmarks in the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive and explores to what extent this regime meets each of the goals of the Directive. In particular, it assesses whether the consumer benchmarks are suitable in terms of achieving the three goals of the Directive: achieving a high level of consumer protection, increasing the smooth functioning of the internal market, and improving competition in the market as such. In addition to providing a thorough analysis of the consumer benchmarks and their relationship to the goals of the Directive, at a more practical level, the book provides insight into the working and consequences of the benchmarks that can be used in the evaluation of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive and its application by the CJEU. This assessment is important because the Directive, while promising to regulate unfair commercial practices in a way that achieves the Directive's goals, has removed the possibility for Member States to regulate unfair commercial practices themselves.