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Corporate Community Involvement: A Visible Face of CSR in Practice (Corporate Social Responsibility)
by Bilge Uyan-AtayThere has been tremendous growth in Corporate Community Involvement (CCI) projects of all sizes in recent years. This has been encouraged by organisations such as Business in the Community in the UK, which provides information designed to motivate businesses and government to engage in CCI. In fact, the projects incorporated into some companies’ strategy implementation are now so extensive that they are having a profound impact on community development. Corporate Community Involvement examines CCI as a distinct type of corporate social responsibility and the nature of the relationship between business and society. Bilge Uyan-Atay considers that CCI has been poorly described and researched, concentrating mainly on Western Europe and the USA, failing to consider different institutional contexts and to make the best use of available theory to uncover a more holistic perspective. The author’s native Turkey is a secular, developing country with a growing economy. This provides a distinctive environment in which to study CCI. The author explores and analyses economic, strategic, cultural and institutional influences on CCI and its relationships to and differences from corporate social responsibility.
Corporate Compliance: Crime, Convenience and Control
by Petter Gottschalk Christopher HamertonCompliance has long been identified by scholars of white-collar crime as a key strategic control device in the regulation of corporations and complex organisations. Nevertheless, this essential process has been largely ignored within criminology as a specific subject for close scrutiny – Corporate Compliance: Crime, Convenience and Control seeks to address this anomaly. This initiating book applies the theory of convenience to provide criminological insight into the enduring self-regulatory phenomenon of corporate compliance. Convenience theory suggests that compliance is challenged when the corporation has a strong financial motive for illegitimate profits, ample organisational opportunities to commit and conceal wrongdoing, and executive willingness for deviant behaviour. Focusing on white-collar deviance and crime within corporations, the book argues that lack of compliance is recurrently a matter of deviant behaviour by senior executives within organisations who abuse their privileged positions to commission, commit and conceal financial crime.
Corporate Compliance and Conformity: A Convenience Theory Approach to Executive Deviance (Routledge Advances in Management and Business Studies)
by Petter GottschalkTraditionally, control in organizations is concerned with top-down approaches, where executives attempt to direct their employees’ attention, behaviors, and performance to align with the organization’s goals and objectives. This book takes a new approach by turning the problem of control upside down as it focuses on control of executives who find white-collar crime convenient. The bottom-up approach to executive compliance focuses on organizational measures to make white-collar crime less convenient for potential offenders. Rather than focusing on the regulatory formalities and staged procedures of compliance and audits, the book emphasizes the organizational challenges involved in compliance work when trusted corporate officials exhibit deviant behavior, refining, and advancing knowledge in this field by reference to contemporary international case studies and associated original evaluative research. The themes and cases covered are carefully selected to provide the reader with an insight into professional conduct and procedural practice – the organization of corporate compliance success, failure, and corruption – with the theory of convenience placed at the fore. It is the bottom-up approach by application of convenience theory that makes the proposed book unique compared to other books on corporate compliance. This book is a valuable resource for scholars and upper-level students researching and studying in the areas of business administration, organizational behavior, corporate and white-collar crime, as well as business ethics and auditing.
Corporate Confidential
by Susan A. DephillipsCorporate Confidential is an honest look at the unspoken truths surrounding success and failure in corporate America. Fifty senior-level executives disclose the candid realities of reaching the executive suite, including how: Refusing to play politics is professional suicide; Pursuing work/life balance will label you as a "B" player; Women unknowingly continue to sabotage their success; and more. So controversial that some executives would only participate on the promise of anonymity, Corporate Confidential provides simple, candid answers on what it really takes to achieve success in today's corporate world.
Corporate Confidential: Fortune 500 Executives Off the Record - What It Really Takes to Get to the Top
by Susan A DephillipsA Simon & Schuster eBook. Simon & Schuster has a great book for every reader.
Corporate Confidential
by Susan A. DephillipsObtaining advancement in corporate America is not always nice, fair, or easy. In today's climate of economic uncertainty, you need every ounce of leverage to improve your career standing and potential. The harsh reality: If you're not constantly moving forward, you're losing professional ground-and more aggressive colleagues won't hesitate to poach your position, projects, and opportunities.
Corporate Conquests: Business, the State, and the Origins of Ethnic Inequality in Southwest China
by C. Patterson GierschTenacious patterns of ethnic and economic inequality persist in the rural, largely minority regions of China's north- and southwest. Such inequality is commonly attributed to geography, access to resources, and recent political developments. In Corporate Conquests, C. Patterson Giersch provides a desperately-needed challenge to these conventional understandings by tracing the disempowerment of minority communities to the very beginnings of China's modern development. Focusing on the emergence of private and state corporations in Yunnan Province during the late 1800s and early 1900s, the book reveals how entrepreneurs centralized corporate power even as they expanded their businesses throughout the Southwest and into Tibet, Southeast Asia, and eastern China. Bringing wealth and cosmopolitan lifestyles to their hometowns, the merchant-owners also gained greater access to commodities at the expense of the Southwest's many indigenous minority communities. Meanwhile, new concepts of development shaped the creation of state-run corporations, which further concentrated resources in the hands of outsiders. The book reveals how important new ideas and structures of power, now central to the Communist Party's repertoire of rule and oppression, were forged, not along China's east coast, but along the nation's internal borderlands. It is a must-read for anyone wishing to learn about China's unique state capitalism and its contribution to inequality.
Corporate Conservatives Go to War: How the National Association of Manufacturers Planned to Restore American Free Enterprise, 1939–1948 (Palgrave Studies in American Economic History)
by Charlie WhithamWorld War II presented a unique opportunity for American business to improve its reputation after years of censure for inflicting the Great Depression upon the nation. No employers’ organization worked harder or devoted greater resources to reviving business prestige during the war than the National Association of Manufacturers, which spent millions of dollars on promoting the indispensability of private enterprise to the successful mobilization of the American economy in an uncompromising multi-media campaign which spanned the factory floor to the movie theatre. Now, using unpublished primary sources, the full extent of the NAM’s wartime mission to raise the stature of American business in the post-war era is revealed. During the war the NAM erected a vast structure of research on an unprecedented scale numbering more than one hundred persons dedicated to planning the best solutions for restoring American ‘free enterprise’ capitalism after the war in a direct challenge to the ‘liberal’ prescriptions of the reigning administration. These studies were painstakingly assembled and widely distributed and served as a complimentary arm to the better-known pro-business propaganda message of the organization. What emerges is a unique and telling glimpse into the minds of the corporate class of wartime America that reveals the determination of a major employers’ organization to exploit the exceptional circumstances of total war to influence both the power-brokers in Washington who wrote economic policy and the American public as a whole to embrace a post-war future ruled by private enterprise capitalism.
Corporate Conspiracies: How Wall Street Took Over Washington
by Richard Belzer David WayneFrom New York Times bestselling authors Richard Belzer and David Wayne comes a hard look at the wrongs done to us all by big business in America. Here is an explosive account of wrongful acts perpetrated, and the ensuing cover-ups inflicted upon us, by American corporations. The bestselling author team of Richard Belzer and David Wayne exposes the ways that the capitalist regime has got us under their thumbs—from the mainstream media and its control over us, to the trillions stolen by big banks and mortgage companies during the mortgage crisis, to the scams perpetrated by Big Oil and Big Pharma. The one common victim of all that corruption is the American public, and Corporate Conspiracies wants to do something about it.Corporate Conspiracies takes dead aim at those who take advantage of us little guys. Probably most disturbing is the book's examination of politics and capitalism teaming up against us—how politicians and lobbyists all have their hands in each other's pockets while stabbing us in the back, and how the well-established energy lobby—which is petroleum, natural gas, and coal—has played a dominant role in the shaping of US foreign policy for decades. Did you know that companies at times know that their products will kill people, but they do nothing, because it is actually cheaper to compensate the victims than it is to correct the problem? And did you know that the Pentagon is sending $1.5 trillion of our tax dollars to their corporate buddies for a new fighter jet that is already superfluous? This book is guaranteed to make us all think twice about being enslaved and cheated by corporate America. Skyhorse Publishing, as well as our Arcade imprint, are proud to publish a broad range of books for readers interested in history—books about World War II, the Third Reich, Hitler and his henchmen, the JFK assassination, conspiracies, the American Civil War, the American Revolution, gladiators, Vikings, ancient Rome, medieval times, the old West, and much more. While not every title we publish becomes a New York Times–bestseller or a national bestseller, we are committed to books on subjects that are sometimes overlooked and to authors whose work might not otherwise find a home.
The Corporate Contract in Changing Times: Is the Law Keeping Up?
by Steven Davidoff Solomon Randall Stuart ThomasOver the past few decades, significant changes have occurred across capital markets. Shareholder activists have become more prominent, institutional investors have begun to wield more power, and intermediaries like investment advisory firms have greatly increased their influence. These changes to the economic environment in which corporations operate have outpaced changes in basic corporate law and left corporations uncertain of how to respond to the new dynamics and adhere to their fiduciary duties to stockholders. With The Corporate Contract in Changing Times, Steven Davidoff Solomon and Randall Stuart Thomas bring together leading corporate law scholars, judges, and lawyers from top corporate law firms to explore what needs to change and what has prevented reform thus far. Among the topics addressed are how the law could be adapted to the reality that activist hedge funds pose a more serious threat to corporations than the hostile takeovers and how statutory laws, such as the rules governing appraisal rights, could be reviewed in the wake of appraisal arbitrage. Together, the contributors surface promising paths forward for future corporate law and public policy.
Corporate Creativity: Developing an Innovative Organization
by Thomas Walton Thomas LockwoodCorporate Creativity is the ultimate guide for executives and managers looking to increase creativity and innovation in their companies. This anthology of provocative essays, drawn from the pages of Design Management Review and Design Management Journal, explores personal, team, and organizational creativity, and it is packed with insights from the most respected names in the industry: Jeffrey Mauzy, Robert Rassmussen, Leonard Glick, Gerald Nadler, Stefano Marzano, and many others. These experts reveal how leading companies foster a creative culture and maximize talent resources. Essays explore managing creative staff, improving creative abilities of employees, taking risks, designing teams, integrating design and corporate philosophy into the management process, branding, and much more. Corporate Creativity is a must-have for anyone working to maximize creative potential in the workplace.
Corporate Crime and Punishment: The Crisis of Underenforcement
by John C. Coffee Jr."Professor Coffee's compelling new approach to holding fraudsters to account is indispensable reading for any lawmaker serious about deterring corporate crime."—Robert Jackson, former Commissioner, Securities and Exchange Commission In the early 2000s, federal enforcement efforts sent white collar criminals at Enron and WorldCom to prison. But since the 2008 financial collapse, this famously hasn't happened. Corporations have been permitted to enter into deferred prosecution agreements and avoid criminal convictions, in part due to a mistaken assumption that leniency would encourage cooperation and because enforcement agencies don't have the funding or staff to pursue lengthy prosecutions, says distinguished Columbia Law Professor John C. Coffee. "We are moving from a system of justice for organizational crime that mixed carrots and sticks to one that is all carrots and no sticks," he says. He offers a series of bold proposals for ensuring that corporate malfeasance can once again be punished. For example, he describes incentives that could be offered to both corporate executives to turn in their corporations and to corporations to turn in their executives, allowing prosecutors to play them off against each other. Whistleblowers should be offered cash bounties to come forward because, Coffee writes, "it is easier and cheaper to buy information than seek to discover it in adversarial proceedings." All federal enforcement agencies should be able to hire outside counsel on a contingency fee basis, which would cost the public nothing and provide access to discovery and litigation expertise the agencies don't have. Through these and other equally controversial ideas, Coffee intends to rebalance the scales of justice.
Corporate Crime and Punishment: The Politics of Negotiated Justice in Global Markets
by Cornelia WollThe geopolitics of American law enforcement and how it changed corporate criminal accountability in other countriesOver the past decade, many of the world’s biggest companies have found themselves embroiled in legal disputes over corruption, fraud, environmental damage, tax evasion, or sanction violations. Corporations including Volkswagen, BP, and Credit Suisse have paid record-breaking fines. Many critics of globalization and corporate impunity cheer this turn toward accountability. Others, however, question American dominance in legal battles that seem to impose domestic legal norms beyond national boundaries. In this book, Cornelia Woll examines the politics of American corporate criminal law’s extraterritorial reach. As governments abroad seek to respond to US law enforcement actions against their companies, they turn to flexible legal instruments that allow prosecutors to settle a case rather than bring it to court. With her analysis of the international and domestic politics of law enforcement targeting big business, Woll traces the rise of what she calls “negotiated corporate justice” in global markets.Woll charts the path to this shift through case studies of geopolitical tensions and accusations of “economic lawfare,” pitting the United States against the European Union, China, and Japan. She then examines the reactions to the new legal landscape, describing institutional changes in the common law countries of the United Kingdom and Canada and the civil law countries of France, Brazil, and Germany. Through an insightful interdisciplinary analysis of how the prosecution of corporate crime has evolved in the twenty-first century, Woll demonstrates the profound transformation of the relationship between states and private actors in world markets, showing that law is part of economic statecraft in the connected global economy.
Corporate Crime in China: History and contemporary debates (Routledge-WIAS Interdisciplinary Studies)
by Zhenjie ZhouCorporate crime in China has garnered worldwide attention and in the recent years we have witnessed positive legislative and administrative efforts by the Chinese government to prevent corporate misconducts. This book first defines the meaning of corporate crime in China and answers the basic questions of what corporate crime is through real life cases. Then, it introduces the history of corporate crime and reviews academic studies through these key questions. The book also discusses the scope of corporate crime, the basis of corporate criminal liability, the criminal liability of State organizations, the corporate compliance programs and corporate criminal liability and the procedural issues. The book also provides suggestions from a comparative perspective by referring to the latest global developments on corporate crime. In the concluding chapter, the book discusses the goals of corporate crime prevention policy and comes up with feasible reform proposals with a brief summary on the existing problems of the current policies through a macro perspective. There is no existing book that deals with the legislation and criminal justice practices of corporate crime in China and this book will help to shed insight into the subject.
Corporate Crime Under Attack: The Fight to Criminalize Business Violence
by Gray Cavender Francis T. Cullen William J. Maakestad Michael L. BensonIn exploring the criminalization of corporations, this book uses the landmark "Ford Pinto case" as a centerpiece for exploring corporate violence and the long effort to bring such harm within the reach of the criminal law. Corporations that illegally endanger human life now must negotiate the surveillance of government regulators and risk civil suits from injured parties seeking financial compensation. They also may be charged with criminal offenses and their officials sent to prison.
The Corporate Criminal: Why Corporations Must Be Abolished (Key Ideas in Criminology)
by David Whyte Steve TombsDrawing upon a wide range of sources of empirical evidence, historical analysis and theoretical argument, this book shows beyond any doubt that the private, profit-making, corporation is a habitual and routine offender.? The book dissects the myth that the corporation can be a rational, responsible, 'citizen'.? It shows how in its present form, the corporation is permitted, licensed and encouraged to systematically kill, maim and steal for profit.?? Corporations are constructed through law and politics in ways that impel them to cause harm to people and the environment.? In other words, criminality is part of the DNA of the modern corporation.? Therefore, the authors argue, the corporation cannot be easily reformed.? The only feasible solution to this 'crime' problem is to abolish the legal and political privileges that enable the corporation to act with impunity.
Corporate Criminal Liability: Emergence, Convergence, and Risk (Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice #9)
by Mark Pieth Radha IvoryWith industrialization and globalization, corporations acquired the capacity to influence social life for good or for ill. Yet, corporations are not traditional objects of criminal law. Justified by notions of personal moral guilt, criminal norms have been judged inapplicable to fictional persons, who 'think' and 'act' through human beings. The expansion of new corporate criminal liability (CCL) laws since the mid-1990s challenges this assumption. Our volume surveys current practice on CCL in 15 civil and common law jurisdictions, exploring the legal conditions for liability, the principles and options for sanctioning, and the procedures for investigating, charging and trying corporate offenders. It considers whether municipal CCL laws are converging around the notion of 'corporate culture', and, in any case, the implications of CCL for those charged with keeping corporations, and other legal entities, out of trouble.
Corporate Criminal Liability and Sanctions: Current Trends and Policy Changes (Routledge Frontiers of Criminal Justice)
by Nicholas Ryder Michala Meiselles Arianna ViscontiThis edited collection sheds light on the evolution of corporate financial crime, exploring a myriad of offenses ranging from money laundering and fraud to market manipulation and bribery.Considering and assessing the models used in national law to determine the culpability of corporations, this book compares the different schemes used to address financial and other organisational crimes committed by these entities. Through a combination of history, law, and global perspectives, its chapters dissect landmark cases and provide detailed analyses of money laundering, fraud, market manipulation, manslaughter, and legislative responses in various locations around the world. This comparative approach offers a unique lens, exploring diverse jurisdictions and shedding light on global patterns of corporate wrongdoing. By critically assessing the challenges of prosecuting economic crimes on a large scale, the collection proposes innovative solutions, including the introduction of ‘failure to prevent’ offences.Corporate Criminal Liability and Sanctions: Current Trends and Policy Changes is a valuable resource for academics, professionals, and anyone intrigued by the ever-evolving realm of white-collar and corporate wrongdoing. It will appeal to scholars across the fields of law, criminology, sociology, and economics, as well as those professionally engaged in preventing and investigating corruption and in developing or enforcing regulation, such as solicitors, barristers, businessmen, and public servants.
Corporate Criminality and Liability for Fraud
by Alison CroninThrough a rational reconstruction of orthodox legal principles, and reference to cutting-edge neuro-science, this book reveals some startling truths about the criminal law, its history and the fundamental doctrines that underpin the attribution of criminal fault. While this has important implications for the criminal law generally, the focus of this work is the development of a theory of corporate criminality that accords with modern theory of group agency, itself informed by advancements in contemporary philosophy and social science. The innovation it proposes is the theoretical and practical means by which criminal fault can be attributed directly to the corporate actor, where liability cannot or should not be reduced to its individual members.
Corporate Crisis Recovery: Managing Organizational Deviance, Reputation, and Risk
by Petter Gottschalk Christopher HamertonThe principal aim of Corporate Crisis Recovery: Managing Organizational Deviance, Reputation, and Risk is to complement and expand criminological discourse on the concept of the social license to operate as a means of influencing the behaviour of corporations. In recent years, the wide-spanning consequences of some very public globalized corporate crises – including fiscal and environmental impact, staff retention, and organizational survival – have led to a growing body of research on crisis perception and responsive strategic management. Developments that position corporate crisis recovery as an anticipated requirement of visible compliance to normalized and anticipated standards of ethical practice and business conduct. Utilizing convenience theory to illustrate how corporations, and the individuals therein, are able to lose, repair, and recover the corporate license to operate after corruption and scandal, the book develops to evaluate the responses of the public and criminal justice process to serious reputational damage and substantial breach of trust.
Corporate Cultural Responsibility: How Business Can Support Art, Design, and Culture
by Michael BzdakIs corporate investing in the arts and culture within communities good business? Written by an expert on the topic who ran the Corporate Art Program at Johnson & Johnson, the book sets out the case for business patronage of the arts and culture and demonstrates how to build an effective program for businesses to follow. As companies seek new ways to add value to society, this book places business support of the arts in a corporate social responsibility context and offers a new concept: Corporate Cultural Responsibility. It discusses the issues underlying business support of the arts and explores new avenues of collaboration and value creation. The framework presented in the book serves as a guide for identifying the key attributes and projected impact of successful and sustainable models. Unlike other books centered on the relationship of art and commerce, this book looks at the broader and global implications of Corporate Cultural Responsibility. It also usefully sets the discussion about the role of philanthropy and corporate social responsibility and the arts within an historical timeframe. As the first book to link culture to community responsibility, the book will be of particular relevance to corporate art advisors and auction houses, as well as students of arts management and corporate social responsibility at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Corporate Cultural Responsibility: Moratorium für Kultursponsoring (essentials)
by Wolfgang LamprechtDie globalen Krisen seit dem Jahr 2008 haben eines sehr deutlich werden lassen: Das Vertrauen der Menschen in Wirtschaft und Politik ist signifikant gesunken. Die Wiedererlangung von Vertrauen gilt daher als oberste Prämisse für ein sozial ausgeglichenes Gesellschaftssystem und für nachhaltige Stabilität. Damit steht Unternehmenskommunikation vor einer strategischen Herausforderung: Reputation und Image müssen möglichst mit nachweisbaren Return wiederhergestellt werden. Zwar gilt die Übernahme gesellschaftlicher Verantwortung - Glaubwürdigkeit vorausgesetzt - als konstituierender Faktor für Vertrauen und Erfolgskontrolle, Kultur scheint dabei aber eine untergeordnete Rolle zu spielen. Corporate Citizenship ist das diskutierte Modell der Stunde und Corporate Social Responsibility ein wiederentdecktes Konzept: Innerhalb dessen muss sich nun eine Corporate Cultural Responsibility (CCR) als dramaturgischer Handlungsstrang zum Nutzen des Unternehmens beweisen. Wolfgang Lamprecht bietet eine Einführung in das Thema CCR.
Corporate Culture: The Ultimate Strategic Asset
by Eric G. Flamholtz Yvonne RandleOrganizational culture is a quiet, but driving, influence on our perception of a company, whether as a consumer or as an employee. For instance, we know Southwest Airlines as laid back and friendly. We think of Google as innovative. To almost every well-known company we can assign a character. It is now well recognized that corporate culture has a significant impact on organizational health and performance. Yet, the concept of corporate culture and culture management is too often tantalizingly elusive. In this book, Flamholtz and Randle define culture, identifying and explaining the five key dimensions that determine it: a customer orientation; a people orientation; a process orientation; strong standards of performance and accountability; innovation and openness to change. They explain why culture is a critical factor in organizational success and failure-a key determinant of financial performance. Then, they provide a theoretically sound, highly practical, and field-tested method for managing corporate culture-presenting a set of international and domestic cases that show how actual companies have leveraged culture as the ultimate source of sustainable competitive advantage. In addition to well-known companies such as Starbucks, Ritz-Carlton, American Express, IBM, and Toyota, the text presents lesser known culture stars, such as Smartmatic and Infogix. While other titles on culture have focused too heavily on the organization as a psychological being, or on academic studies of culture as a business lever,Corporate Culturedraws on empirics to present a go-to, must-read guide for leveraging corporate culture as a source of competitive advantage and as a means of impacting the bottom line.
Corporate Culture and Globalization: Ideology and Identity in a Global Fashion Retailer (Routledge Advances in Management and Business Studies)
by Yi ZhuThis book offers an ethnographic analysis of how corporate culture has been transformed in the age of globalization and promotes the importance of a national ideology’s role in corporate culture studies. Based on fifteen months of participant observation as a shop-floor salesperson, this book explores the gap between management-created corporate ideology and employees’ interpretations of and responses to this ideology. The book approaches the issue by examining the formation, dissemination, and interpretation of corporate ideology at a global Japanese fashion retailer in Hong Kong. It does so by charting the history of the company’s corporate policy: from centralized attempts at corporate employee management, through the creation of store manager "missionaries" intended to disseminate their ideology, to the ultimately unexpected outcomes as corporate ideology collided with its interpretations by store employees. The interdisciplinary nature of this book will appeal to scholars and upper level students in the fields of management, marketing, anthropology, and cultural studies as well as those interested in globalization, cross-cultural management and retail management.
Corporate Culture and Performance
by John P. Kotter James L. HeskettGoing far beyond previous empirical work, John Kotter and James Heskett provide the first comprehensive critical analysis of how the "culture" of a corporation powerfully influences its economic performance, for better or for worse. Through painstaking research at such firms as Hewlett-Packard, Xerox, ICI, Nissan, and First Chicago, as well as a quantitative study of the relationship between culture and performance in more than 200 companies, the authors describe how shared values and unwritten rules can profoundly enhance economic success or, conversely, lead to failure to adapt to changing markets and environments.With penetrating insight, Kotter and Heskett trace the roots of both healthy and unhealthy cultures, demonstrating how easily the latter emerge, especially in firms which have experienced much past success. Challenging the widely held belief that "strong" corporate cultures create excellent business performance, Kotter and Heskett show that while many shared values and institutionalized practices can promote good performances in some instances, those cultures can also be characterized by arrogance, inward focus, and bureaucracy -- features that undermine an organization's ability to adapt to change. They also show that even "contextually or strategically appropriate" cultures -- ones that fit a firm's strategy and business context -- will not promote excellent performance over long periods of time unless they facilitate the adoption of strategies and practices that continuously respond to changing markets and new competitive environments.Fundamental to the process of reversing unhealthy cultures and making them more adaptive, the authors assert, is effective leadership. At the heart of this groundbreaking book, Kotter and Heskett describe how executives in ten corporations established new visions, aligned and motivated their managers to provide leadership to serve their customers, employees, and stockholders, and thus created more externally focused and responsive cultures.