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Deficits and Debt in Industrialized Democracies (Routledge Research in Comparative Politics)
by Gene Park Eisaku IdeSince the global financial crisis, government debt has soared globally by 40 percent and now exceeds an astonishing $100 trillion. Not all countries, though, have fared the same. Indeed, even prior to the financial crisis, the fiscal fates of countries have been diverging, despite predictions that pressures from economic globalization push countries toward more convergent fiscally conservative policies. Featuring the work of an international interdisciplinary team of scholars, this volume explains patterns of fiscal performance (persistent patterns of budget deficits and government debt) from the 1970s to the present across seven countries – France, Italy, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Sweden, and the United States. Employing a comparative case study approach, seldom employed in studies of fiscal performance, contributions illuminate the complex causal factors often overlooked by quantitative studies and advances our theoretical understanding of fiscal performance. Among other things, the cases highlight the role of taxpayer consent, tax structure, the welfare state, organization of interests, and labor and financial markets in shaping fiscal outcomes. A necessary resource to understand a broader array of factors that shape fiscal outcomes in specific national contexts, this book will reinvigorate the study of fiscal performance.
Deficits, Debt, and American Politics: Paper Shackles
by Marc Allen EisnerFor most of the nation’s history, periods of growing indebtedness in the United States—a product of wars and economic crises—were followed by reductions in the debt-to-GDP ratio. But why have the last several decades failed to follow this pattern, leaving the national debt at its highest level since World War II? In this groundbreaking new book, author Marc Allen Eisner, who has devoted most of his scholarly career to studying the evolution of the US political economy, explores the significant changes in the fiscal conditions of the United States during the postwar period, embedding the discussion in a broader historical context. He demonstrates that the national debt is in part a product of reduced revenues and the growing costs of the largest entitlement programs, but it also reflects a long series of shocks, including two wars, the financial crisis and Great Recession, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Deficits, Debt, and American Politics chronicles the history of the US debt in the postwar period, placed in the context of broader changes in the political economy and partisan politics. But it grounds this exploration in reader-friendly, chapter-length discussions of public finance, taxation, mandatory spending, and the budgetary process from a policy perspective. The volume concludes with a discussion of the challenges of comprehensive tax and program reform in the current political climate. Deficits, Debt, and American Politics assumes little prior knowledge on the part of the reader, making it an ideal book for courses on public policy and political economy taught at both the upper-level undergraduate and graduate level. The material on public finance, long-term trends in taxation and spending, and the budgetary process, often relegated to descriptive texts, will be invaluable in courses engaging the deficit and debt.
Deficits, Debt, and American Politics: Paper Shackles
by Marc Allen Eisner"For most of the history of the United States, periods of growing indebtedness—a product of wars and economic crises—were followed by reductions in the debt-to-GDP ratio." But why have the last several decades failed to follow this pattern, leaving the national debt at its highest level since World War II? In this groundbreaking new book, author Marc Allen Eisner, who has devoted most of his scholarly career to studying the evolution of the US political economy, explores the significant changes in the fiscal conditions of the United States during the postwar period, embedding the discussion in a broader historical context. He demonstrates that the national debt is in part a product of reduced revenues and the growing costs of the largest entitlement programs, but it also reflects a long series of shocks, including two wars, the financial crisis and Great Recession, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Deficits, Debt, and American Politics chronicles the history of the US debt in the postwar period, placed in the context of broader changes in the political economy and partisan politics. But it grounds this exploration in reader-friendly, chapter-length discussions of public finance, taxation, mandatory spending, and the budgetary process from a policy perspective. The volume concludes with a discussion of the challenges of comprehensive tax and program reforms in the current political climate.Deficits, Debt, and American Politics assumes little prior knowledge on the part of the reader, making it an ideal book for courses on public policy and political economy taught at both the upper-level undergraduate and graduate level. The material on public finance, long-term trends in taxation and spending, and the budgetary process, often relegated to descriptive texts, will be invaluable in courses engaging the deficit and debt.
Deficits, Debt, and the New Politics of Tax Policy
by Dennis S. IppolitoThe Constitution grants Congress the power 'to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises'. From the First Congress until today, conflicts over the size, role and taxing power of government have been at the heart of national politics. This book provides a comprehensive historical account of US tax policy that emphasizes the relationship between taxes and other budget components. It explains how wars, changing conceptions of the domestic role of government, and beliefs about deficits and debt have shaped the modern tax system. The contemporary focus of this book is the partisan battle over budget policy that began in the 1960s and triggered the disconnect between taxes and spending that has plagued the budget ever since. With the US government now facing its most serious deficit and debt challenge in the modern era, partisan debate over taxation is almost completely divorced from fiscal realities.
Define Broad and Simple Rules: One Path to Executing the "Workforce of One" Approach to People Management
by David Y. Smith Susan CantrellWhen it comes to crafting HR practices that are highly relevant and tailored to individuals, organizations can choose one of four different approaches to what talent management experts Susan Cantrell and David Smith call the "workforce of one." But no matter which approach you choose, the goal is the same: work that is sculpted to fit lives instead of lives that are sculpted to fit work. The reward? Lower employee turnover, greater productivity, and improved profit margins. In this chapter, the authors explore defining broad and simple rules to guide employees toward a desired outcome. This approach allows individuals or their managers to customize people practices by giving them structured freedom-essentially "widening the guardrails" along the route to achieving company goals. This is by no means a laissez-faire approach: workers' freedom is constrained by clear, organizationally determined and approved boundaries and limits. These could be based on the organization's mission and strategy, its values, its resources and budgetary restrictions, or its benchmarks for success. Using rich examples from companies like American Airlines, The Container Store, Best Buy, and Google, the authors show how broad and simple rules work in practice. The chapter concludes with recommendations for customizing your people management practices using this approach-which empowers your workforce and allows your organization to nimbly respond to changing customer needs. This chapter was originally published as Chapter 4 of "Workforce of One: Revolutionizing Talent Management Through Customization."
Define the Future: Manage for a World of Change-Why Leading Toward the Future Is Imperative to Becoming a Great Boss
by Kent Lineback Linda A. HillDo you and the people you lead know where you're going? Have you defined a clear purpose and the goals you must achieve along the way? Do you keep your purpose and goals constantly in mind as you carry out your everyday work? Leading toward the future is a key part of being a great boss, but many bosses admit that they are simply carried along by events, allowing the pressures of today to trump the needs of tomorrow. In this chapter, authors Linda Hill and Kent Lineback explain why you, as a manager, must prepare for the future, because it will inevitably be different from today. They describe the benefits of defining where you're going-for example, it imbues your work with purpose, fosters commitment, reduces conflict, and helps you and your team deal with unforeseen change. The chapter also includes a discussion of written and unwritten plans, including easy-to-follow steps for creating a plan and a list of key questions to ask yourself in the process. The chapter concludes with a section about how you-as a great boss-can guide your group through difficult change. This chapter was originally published as Chapter 8 of "Being the Boss: The 3 Imperatives for Becoming a Great Leader."
Define Your Operating Model: Designing a Foundation for Execution
by David C. Robertson Peter Weill Jeanne W. RossIn this chapter, the authors introduce the operating model as the first essential element for creating the foundation for execution. They describe four different types of operating models, using case studies of JM Family Enterprises, Merrill Lynch, Dow Chemical, TD Banknorth, and Schneider National.
Defined by Design: The Surprising Power of Hidden Gender, Age, and Body Bias in Everyday Products and Places
by Eric Schmidt Kathryn H. AnthonyThis wide-ranging overview of design in everyday life demonstrates how design shapes our lives in ways most of us would never imagine. The author, a leading expert in social and psychological issues in design, uncovers the gender, age, and body biases inherent in the designs of common products and living spaces that we all routinely use. From the schools our children attend and the buildings we work in to ill-fitting clothes and one-size-fits-all seating in public transportation, restaurants, and movie theaters, we are surrounded by an artificial environment that can affect our comfort, our self-image, and even our health.Anthony points out the flaws and disadvantages of certain fashions, children's toys, high-tech gadgets, packaging, public transportation, public restrooms, neighborhood layouts, classrooms, workplaces, hospitals, and more. In an increasingly diverse populace where many body types, age groups, and cultures interact, she argues that it's time our environments caught up. This fascinating book--full of aha moments--will teach readers to recognize the hidden biases in certain products and places and to work for more intelligent and healthy design in all areas of life.From the Trade Paperback edition.
Defining Aerospace Policy: Essays in Honor of Francis T. Hoban
by Julianne Lammersen-BaumFeaturing contributions from many of the most prominent contemporary figures in the US aerospace community, this book provides unprecedented insights into the ways in which aerospace policy is developed and implemented. Based on a wide range of real-life case studies and the personal experiences of those directly involved, its coverage includes some of the most influential and wide-ranging policies of modern times, including: the privatization of the Canadian air navigation system; government-industry cooperation; Leasecraft; NASA and the evolution of the hush kit; US activities to reduce launch costs; the emergence of a spaceport policy; VentureStar; issues in institutional restructuring: the problem with the FAA. Contributed in memory of Frank Hoban, the book compiles the work of a NASA funded team at George Mason University working on various institutional aspects of the aerospace policy and the aerospace industry, and also seeking out new directions for using the insights gathered from the NASA and other programs. The readership will include the management of aerospace companies and government agencies, especially in North America but also elsewhere, eg Europe (ESA), Russia and Japan. It will also include researchers and graduate students in university departments and agencies and other facilities.
Defining and Defying Organised Crime: Discourse, Perceptions and Reality (Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics)
by Felia AllumOrganized crime is now a major threat to all industrial and non-industrial countries. Using an inter-disciplinary and comparative approach this book examines the nature of this threat. By analysing the existing, official institutional discourse on organized crime it examines whether or not it has an impact on perceptions of the threat and on the reality of organized crime. The book first part of the book explores both the paradigm and the rationale of policy output in the fight against organized crime, and also exposes the often ‘hidden’ internal assumptions embedded in policy making. The second part examines the perceptions of organized crime as expressed by various actors, for example, the general public in the Balkans and in Japan, the criminal justice system in USA and circles within the international scientific community. Finally, the third part provides an overall investigation into the realities of organized crime with chapters that survey its empirical manifestations in various parts of the world. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of international relations, criminology, security studies and practitioners.
Defining and Deploying Software Processes
by F. Alan GoodmanDefining and Deploying Software Processes enables you to create efficient and effective processes that let you better manage project schedules and software quality. The author's organized approach details how to deploy processes into your company's culture that are enthusiastically embraced by employees, and explains how to implement a Web-based pr
Defining and Measuring Economic Resilience from a Societal, Environmental and Security Perspective
by Adam RoseThis volume presents an economic framework for the analysis of resilience in relation to societal, environmental, and personal security perspectives. It offers a rigorous definition of economic resilience and an operational metric, and it shows how they can be applied to measuring and applying the concept to private and public decision making. Major dimensions of resilience and their implications for human development are explored. Resilience is emphasized as a coping mechanism for dealing with short-term crises, such as natural disasters and acts of terrorism. As well, the author shows how lessons learned in the short-run out of necessity and through the application of human ingenuity can be incorporated into long-run sustainability practices. In part, this opportunity stems from viewing resilience as a process, one that enhances individual and societal competencies. The book links economic resilience to several other disciplines and examines the relationship between resilience and various other key concepts such as vulnerability, adaptation, and sustainability. It scrutinizes the measurement of economic resilience in terms of temporal, spatial, and scale dimensions. It examines the time-path of resilience and relates it to the recovery process. This work also looks closely at progress on the formulation of resilience indices and stresses the importance of actionable variables. It presents a risk-management framework, including aspects of cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis. Additionally, it explores the role of resilience in relation to the co-benefits of disaster risk management.
Defining and Protecting Autonomous Work: A Multidisciplinary Approach
by Tindara Addabbo Edoardo Ales Ylenia Curzi Tommaso Fabbri Olga Rymkevich Iacopo SenatoriThis book, adopting a multidisciplinary approach, investigates the definition of autonomous work and the kind of protection it receives and should receive in a global perspective. The book advocates for the existence of genuine autonomous work to be distinguished from employment and false self-employment. It deserves specific attention from legislators in the view of removing any obstacles to the exercise of freedom of association and collective action at large. The book is divided into two parts. The first focuses on the evolving notion of autonomy and its consequences on social protection, offering a theoretical frame from an organizational, political and legal point of view. The second aims at discovering new regulatory and protective horizons for autonomous work, in the light of blockchain, platform work, EU Competition Law, social security and liberal professions. Finally, the authors offer insights and recommendations on how to protect work beyond categories.
Defining Democracy: Voting Procedures in Decision-Making, Elections and Governance
by Peter EmersonDefining Democracy looks both at the theory of why and the history of how different voting procedures have come to be used - or not, as the case may be - in the three fields of democratic structures: firstly, in decision-making, both in society at large and in the elected chamber; secondly, in elections to and within those chambers; and thirdly, in the various forms of governance, from no-party to multi-party and all-party, which have emerged as a result.
Defining Desired Results: Developing Results-Based Leaders
by Jack Zenger Dave Ulrich Norm SmallwoodThis chapter outlines the reliable criteria leaders need to consistently pay attention to in order to attain their short- and long-term objectives, along with a set of tools to make sure that leadership attributes translate into the right results.
Defining Enterprise Data and Analytics Strategy: Pragmatic Guidance on Defining Strategy Based on Successful Digital Transformation Experience of Multiple Fortune 500 and Other Global Companies (Management for Professionals)
by Prakash SahThis is the first of its kind book that describes key elements of enterprise data and analytics strategy, and prescribes a pragmatic approach to define the strategy for large enterprises. The book is based on successful digital transformation experience of multiple Fortune 500 and other large enterprises. It is estimated that more than 50% of data and analytics initiatives fail globally because of the inherent complexity of such initiatives. Some of the questions that enterprises struggle with are: How to define enterprise data and analytics strategy? What are the key elements that should be considered while doing so? Why one-size-fits-all approach does not work for all enterprises? How to align data and analytics initiative with the business strategy of the CEO? How to establish a futuristic technology and architecture foundation, given the exponential rate of innovation in data and analytics technologies? How to define the right data and analytics organization model? Why data and analytics organization and processes need to be different from other functions? How to manage organizational change to ensure success of data and analytics initiative? How to define a business value measurement framework and calculate ROI from data and analytics initiative? What are the key skills required in a data and analytics leader to wade through political and other challenges of a large enterprise? This book will help executives, chief digital/analytics officers, data and analytics professionals, and consultants, in answering the above questions. It will help them in addressing various dilemmas that they face every day and making their enterprises data-driven.
Defining Leadership Code: The Five Rules of Effective Leadership
by Kate Sweetman Dave Ulrich Norm SmallwoodEveryone agrees that leadership matters. But what makes an effective leader? The answer to this simple question is elusive, but according to Ulrich, Smallwood, and Sweetman, there is actually a leadership code comprised of five rules. If you want to be a better leader or build more effective leadership in your organization, you need to master these five rules. In this chapter, the authors define the five rules of leadership and describe briefly how to make the leadership code real for you and your organization. This chapter is excerpted from "The Leadership Code: Five Rules to Lead By."
Defining Management: Business Schools, Consultants, Media
by Lars Engwall Matthias Kipping Behlül ÜsdikenDefining Management charts the expansion of management as an idea and practice from a time when it was limited to churches and households to its current ubiquity, focusing in particular on the role of business schools, consultants, and business media in this process. How did an entire industry develop around business schools, consultants, and business media who are now widely considered the authorities regarding best management practice? This book shows how these actors – on their own and in interaction – became taken-for-granted and gained such definitional power over management and managers, expanded across the globe from often modest and not always respected origins, and impacted, and continue to impact businesses and, increasingly, the broader economic and social context. Building on extant and some new research, the book is unique in bringing together issues and actors that have been examined elsewhere separately. Any student or professional of management interested in the evolution of their field or the rise of business schools, consultants and business media will find this book both novel and thought-provoking.
Defining, Measuring and Managing Consumer Experiences (Routledge-Giappichelli Studies in Business and Management)
by Annarita SorrentinoThis book offers a comprehensive overview of the challenges that marketing faces in understanding, managing and measuring the dynamics of modern consumer behaviours and successfully managing the customer experience. The reader will gain a deeper knowledge of the approaches to consumer behaviour and learn about the theoretical and empirical challenges of studying customer experience management. It also considers the post-modern consumer, which requires a move beyond the purely rationalist perspective of traditional marketing and provides methodological support for firms and scholars who wish to measure cognitive, emotional and behavioural consumer reactions. More specifically, it explores the changes in consumer behaviours, the limitations of traditional measurement approaches and the importance of capturing small insights with neuromarketing metrics, with a chapter contributed by a leading expert. A new three-point perspective on consumer behaviours is set out that combines behaviour (what people do) with the declared (what people say) and the perceived (what people feel). This approach acknowledges the complexity of consumer behaviours and the methodological bias derived from the use of the traditional techniques (principally the survey) or from big data. Only a holistic perspective can capture the heterogeneous nature of consumer behaviour. The book thereby takes up the theoretical debate about the definition, management and measurement of customer behaviour. It also examines measurement methodologies, an area that has received little attention elsewhere. Besides addressing the scientific community in the field, the book will also be a valuable practical resource for marketing managers, entrepreneurs and consultants who want to implement innovative strategies to manage the customer experience.
A Defining Moment: The Presidential Election of 2004
by William J. CrottySet against the backdrop of the war in Iraq, drastically altered relations with traditional U.S. allies, intense partisanship, and a national debate over moral values, the 2004 presidential campaign presented voters with a clear choice that reflected deep divisions within the country. This collection analyzes this watershed election, and its likely consequences. The contributors examine every aspect of the election, including the strategies and tactics of the Bush and Kerry campaigns, voter turnout and policy consequences, campaign financing, and the power of incumbency.
Defining Moments
by Joseph BadaraccoMaking decisions when there is a clear choice between "right" and "wrong" is easy. Making decisions where the choice is between "right" and "right" is not. This book lays out a series of general principles and guidelines, drawn from ancient and modern Western philosophy, which can help managers and leaders chart a course through the thickets of conflicting values and moral choices which make up all "right versus right" decisions.
Defining Moments: When Managers Must Choose Between Right and Right
by Joseph L. Badaracco Jr.When Business and Personal Values Collide"Defining moments" occur when managers face business decisions that trigger conflicts with their personal values. These moments test a person's commitment to those values and ultimately shape their character. But these are also the decisions that can make or break a career. Is there a thoughtful, yet pragmatic, way to make the right choice?Bestselling author Joseph Badaracco shows how to approach these dilemmas using three case examples that, when taken together, represent the escalating responsibilities and personal tests managers face as they advance in their careers. The first story presents a young manager whose choice will affect him only as an individual; the second, a department head whose decision will influence his organization; the third, a corporate executive whose actions will have much larger, societal ramifications. To guide the decision-making process, the book draws on the insights of four philosophers-Aristotle, Machiavelli, Nietzsche, and James-who offer distinctly practical, rather than theoretical, advice. Defining Moments is the ultimate manager's guide for resolving issues of conflicting responsibility in practical ways.
Defining Moments
by Joseph L. Badaracco Jr."Defining moments," according to Badaracco, occur when managers face business problems that trigger difficult, deeply personal questions. In deciding how to act, managers reveal their inner values, test their commitment to those values, and ultimately shape their characters. Badaracco builds a framework for approaching these dilemmas around three cases of increasing complexity, reflecting the escalating responsibilities managers face as they advance in their careers. The first story presents a young man whose choice will affect him only as an individual; the second, a department head, whose decision will influence his organization; the third, a corporate executive, whose actions will have much larger, societal ramifications. To guide the decision-making process, Badaracco draws on the insights of four philosophers--Aristotle, Machiavelli, Nietzsche, and James--because they offer practical rather than theoretical advice. He thus bridges the gap between classroom philosophy and corporate pragmatism. The result is a flexible framework that managers can draw on to resolve issues of conflicting responsibility in practical ways.