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Global Energy Fundamentals: Economics, Politics, and Technology
by Simone TagliapietraThis book provides a rigorous, concise guide to the current status and future prospects of the global energy system. As we move away from fossil fuels and toward clean energy solutions, the complexity of the global energy system has increased. Tagliapietra cuts through this complexity with a multidisciplinary perspective of the system, which encompasses economics, geopolitics, and basic technology. He goes on to explore the main components of the global energy system - oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy, bioenergy, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, marine energy - as well as energy consumption and energy efficiency. It then provides an in-depth analysis of the pivotal issues of climate change and of energy access in Africa.
Global Energy Justice
by Benjamin K. Sovacool Michael H. DworkinWe need new ways of thinking about, and approaching, the world's energy problems. Global energy security and access is one of the central justice issues of our time, with profound implications for happiness, welfare, freedom, equity, and due process. This book combines up-to-date data on global energy security and climate change with fresh perspectives on the meaning of justice in social decision-making. Benjamin K. Sovacool and Michael H. Dworkin address how justice theory can help people to make more meaningful decisions about the production, delivery, use, and effects of energy. Exploring energy dilemmas in real-life situations, they link recent events to eight global energy injustices and employ philosophy and ethics to make sense of justice as a tool in the decision-making process. They go on to provide remedies and policies that planners and individuals can utilize to create a more equitable and just energy future.
Global Energy Policy and Security
by Vlasios Voudouris Walter LealDespite efforts to increase renewables, the global energy mix is still likely to be dominated by fossil-fuels in the foreseeable future, particularly gas for electricity and oil for land, air and sea transport. The reliance on depleting conventional oil and natural gas resources and the geographic distribution of these reserves can have geopolitical implications for energy importers and exporters. Global Energy Policy and Security examines the security of global and national energy supplies, as well as the sensitivity and impacts of sustainable energy policies which emphasize the various political, economic, technological, financial and social factors that influence energy supply, demand and security. Multidisciplinary perspectives provide the interrelated topics of energy security and energy policy within a rapidly changing socio-political and technological landscape during the 21st century. Included are two main types of interdisciplinary papers. One set of papers deals with technical aspects of energy efficiency, renewable energy and the use of tariffs. The other set of papers focuses on social, economic or political issues related to energy security and policy, also describing research, practical projects and other concrete initiatives being performed in different parts of the world. This book will prove useful to all those students and researchers interested in the connections between energy production, energy use, energy security and the role of energy policies.
Global Energy Politics (Energy, Climate And The Environment Ser.)
by Thijs Van de Graaf Benjamin K. SovacoolEver since the Industrial Revolution energy has been a key driver of world politics. From the oil crises of the 1970s to today’s rapid expansion of renewable energy sources, every shift in global energy patterns has important repercussions for international relations. In this new book, Thijs Van de Graaf and Benjamin Sovacool uncover the intricate ways in which our energy systems have shaped global outcomes in four key areas of world politics: security, the economy, the environment and global justice. Moving beyond the narrow geopolitical focus that has dominated much of the discussion on global energy politics, they also deftly trace the connections between energy, environmental politics, and community activism.The authors argue that we are on the cusp of a global energy shift that promises to be no less transformative for the pursuit of wealth and power in world politics than the historical shifts from wood to coal and from coal to oil. This ongoing energy transformation will not only upend the global balance of power; it could also fundamentally transfer political authority away from the nation state, empowering citizens, regions and local communities. Global Energy Politics will be an essential resource for students of the social sciences grappling with the major energy issues of our times.
Global Energy Security and American Hegemony (Themes in Global Social Change)
by Doug Stokes Sam RaphaelThis analysis of the United States and energy security examines the close relationship between US military supremacy in oil-rich regions and America's maintenance of global power.Energy security generally evokes thoughts of American intervention in the Middle East to protect US interests in that region's oil-rich fields. Doug Stokes and Sam Raphael move beyond that framework to consider US actions in Latin America, Central Asia, and Africa. Drawing on State and Defense Department records and other primary sources and previous scholarship, they show how US foreign policy since World War II has sought to maintain a global energy security regime that supports the nation's allies while maintaining American hegemony. Stokes and Raphael explain how US intervention in energy-rich states insulates and stabilizes those nations' transnationally oriented actors and political economies and why American oil diversification strategy strengthens the country's position against rivals in the global capitalist system. They argue that counterinsurgency aid and other types of coercive US statecraft protect the recipient states from an array of potentially revolutionary armed and unarmed internal social forces, thereby securing the energy supplies of nations deemed strategically important to the United States or its allies. Clear and accessible, this cutting-edge contemporary policy analysis will engage scholars of US foreign policy and international relations as well as policymakers grappling with the importance of energy security in today's world.
Global Energy Supply and Emissions: An Interdisciplinary View on Effects, Restrictions, Requirements and Options (Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment #47)
by Carl Friedrich Gethmann Georg Kamp Michèle Knodt Wolfgang Kröger Christian Streffer Hans von Storch Thomas ZiesemerThis book offers an authoritative analysis of the state-of-the art in energy and climate research and policy. It starts by describing the current status of technologies that are expected to have an influence on the energy systems of the future. For an adequate evaluation, it presents the latest findings on the effects of energy supply and consumption as well as of the emissions on both the environment and people’s health. This is followed by an extensive discussion of the economic and social problems related to climate change, the need for energy transitions, and other issues that may require public investment and international agreements. The book reviews the problem of energy policy from a global perspective, providing readers with the technical, political, economic and ethical background needed to understand the current situation and work at better solutions for a sustainable, just and prospering world.
Global Energy Transition and Sustainable Development Challenges, Vol. 1: Models and Regions (World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures)
by Tessaleno Devezas João Leitão Askar Sarygulov David J. LePoire Bulat KhusainovThis two-volume book presents the challenges of the global energy transition, offering a comprehensive exploration of the policies and drivers shaping the pace and trajectory of this transformation. Highlighting regional development, the book shows how different models and scenarios of energy transition emerge. It discusses important factors, such as materials and technologies, shedding light on the opportunities and constraints for the energy transition. Global warming and climate change influenced the change in people’s consciousness and their awareness of the need for more limited use of hydrocarbon resources. Changes in weather conditions, rising sea levels, and destructive climate events such as hurricanes, forest fires, droughts, floods, etc. have become more frequent. Many countries around the world, reacting to these changes, have developed long-term plans to actively replace fossil fuels - gas, oil, and coal with renewable energy sources, mainly solar and wind. However, the low replacement rates observed in the global energy sector over the past 30 years raise the question of how far the decarbonization scenarios and models being implemented by many countries bring us closer to the ultimate goal of creating an economy with a low carbon footprint. Seeking answers, the volumes feature 22 chapters split across the two books, which in detail discuss various aspects of the energy transition and their impact on the sustainability of economic development and the future of energy. This first volume, "Models and Regions," focuses on regional disparities and economic drivers, presenting case studies from different regions in 10 chapters.
Global Engineering: Design, Decision Making, and Communication (Systems Innovation Book Series)
by Carlos Acosta V. Jorge Leon Charles R. Conrad Cesar O. MalaveAs the world becomes increasingly globalized, today's companies expect to hire engineers who are effective in a global business environment. Although you can find many books covering globalization, most of them are aimed at business, management, or social sciences. Developed with engineers in mind, Global Engineering: Design, Decision Making, and C
Global Engineering Project Management
by M. Kemal AtesmenImagine the dynamics of an international engineering project such as this one: a U.S. group designs, prototypes, and qualifies disk drive heads; wafers for the drive heads are manufactured in the U.S. and sent to Malaysia for subassembly; a South Korean firm assembles these components; the final product, a fully automated disk drive, is completed in Japan. In addition to the global complexities of the project, there are a host of issues in leading the project team spread across continents. Global Engineering Project Management aligns real-world experiences in managing global projects with practical project management principles. The author demonstrates how to anticipate issues, covering everything from start-up planning and supply management to cost containment, post-project evaluation and protecting intellectual property. He explores technologies, virtual teams, traditions, economics, politics, and legal issues in the context of international projects, as well as compares the differences with domestic projects. He also highlights the complications of international bidding, the extra time and effort needed for multi-national team formation and management, and often overlooked project closure tasks. As the world goes global, engineering projects increasingly involve multiple countries, each having unique politics, cultures, and standards that all add layers of complexity to project management. These variables multiply fast and consequently a project manager's responsibilities multiply faster. Examining these challenges from start to finish, the book provides practical advice on how to navigate the issues unique to global engineering project management.
The Global Engineers: Building a Safe and Equitable World Together (Sustainable Development Goals Series)
by Evan ThomasThe Global Engineers: Building a Safe and Equitable World Together, is inspired by the opportunities for engineers to contribute to global prosperity. This book presents a vision for Global Engineering, and identifies that engineers should be concerned with the unequal and unjust distribution of access to basic services, such as water, sanitation, energy, food, transportation, and shelter. As engineers, we should place an emphasis on identifying the drivers, determinants, and solutions to increasing equitable access to reliable services. Global Engineering envisions a world where everyone has safe water, sanitation, energy, food, shelter, and infrastructure, and can live in health, dignity, and prosperity.This book seeks to examine the role and ultimately the impact of engineers in global development. Engineers are solutions-oriented people. We enjoy the opportunity to identify a product or need, and design appropriate technical solutions. However, the structural and historical barriers to global prosperity requires that Engineers focus more broadly on improving the tools and practice of poverty reduction and that we include health, economics, policy, and governance as relevant expertise with which we are conversant.Engineers must become activists and advocates, rejecting ahistorical technocratic approaches that suggest poverty can be solved without justice or equity. Engineers must leverage our professional skills and capacity to generate evidence and positive impact toward rectifying inequalities and improving lives.Half of this book is dedicated to profiles of engineers and other technical professionals who have dedicated their careers to searching for solutions to global development challenges. These stories introduce the reader to the diverse opportunities and challenges in Global Engineering.
The Global Enterprise: Entrepreneurship and Value Creation
by Erdener Kaynak Riad Ajami Marca Marie BearPractical insights on the role of the entrepreneur in the global business contextEntrepreneurial ideas that look great on the drawing board can turn out to be deal breakers when introduced in real markets, even when they&’ve been put through the toughest business modeling tests. The Global Enterprise examines how a healthy relationship between entrepreneurship and globalization can combine with new methods of knowledge creation to enhance economic development and build firm sustainability. This unique book takes a fresh and innovative approach to the practical aspects of international business, including economic cluster formation, network formation, market entry, public policy controls and incentives, economic competitiveness, and the creation of value. The Global Enterprise offers perspectives from practitioners and academics working in a variety of disciplines in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the United States. Their contributions address many of the vital issues of global business, including value-added chains, cross-border networks, knowledge management, technology transfer, transnational lines of production, distribution, marketing, and financial flows, and the strategic partnerships between government and corporations. The book is illustrated with more than 65 tables and figures, and articles are organized into three sections-"Globalization: Building Firm Sustainability," "Entrepreneurship and Public Policy: Economic Competitiveness," and "Knowledge Creation: Knowledge Management, Knowledge Transfer, and Cluster Formation."The Global Enterprise examines: the global transfer of capital strategic partnerships between governments and multinational firms the prospects for economic progress in developing countries the impact of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) the role of export regulations in national security and in safeguarding foreign policy the evolution of the Hard Rock Café cultural ontology global virtual teams (GVT) how to implement a knowledge management project a framework for discussing entrepreneurship from an environmental perspective and much moreThe Global Enterprise is an essential resource for academics, researchers, and professionals in the field of international business, and for economic development experts and government policymakers.
Global Enterprise Management
by Angelo A. CamilloThe ongoing progress of globalization has created a new need in multinational and international companies for managers who have the skills and competencies to be rotated anywhere in the world. While most books addressing global management have focused on the practitioner experience, theory, or academic knowledge relevant to one region or country, Global Enterprise Management unites all these approaches in a practical framework designed to provide students, educators, and practitioners withthe skills to succeed in the global managerial landscape. Inspired by his 35 years in international hospitality management, Camillo brings together an interdisciplinary team to break down the challenges facing managers in global companies, including supply chains, business ventures, technology, accounting, marketing, and human resources. A collection of real-world case studies grounds theory in contemporary practice and directs the conversation toward the future.
Global Enterprise Management, Volume II
by Angelo A. CamilloThe ongoing progress of globalization has created a new need in multinational and international companies for managers who have the skills and competencies to be rotated anywhere in the world. While most books addressing global management have focused on the practitioner experience, theory, or academic knowledge relevant to one region or country, Global Enterprise Management unites all these approaches in a practical framework designed to provide students, educators, and practitioners with the skills to succeed in the global managerial landscape. Inspired by his 35 years in international hospitality management, Camillo brings together an interdisciplinary team to break down the challenges facing managers in global companies, including supply chains, business ventures, technology, accounting, marketing, and human resources. A collection of real-world case studies grounds theory in contemporary practice and directs the conversation toward the future.
The Global Entrepreneur
by H. Laurence ShawFollowing the 2008 global financial crisis, entrepreneurship has never been more vital. As jobs were lost from large organizations, most new jobs came from innovative startups. The lure of hi-tech has attracted many people who see themselves as future entrepreneurs, but who lack the perspective of the total experience. To meet this demand, community colleges and universities across the world have set up entrepreneurship courses. The Global Entrepreneur is a life-changing book. To leave the comfort of a steady job and enter the tumultuous world of the entrepreneur is a major and often fearful step. For those who are contemplating this change, or who have already embarked upon this exciting venture, reassurance based on the experience of both successful and even not so successful entrepreneurs can be invaluable. The book provides an overview of the entrepreneurial experience broken down into all of its essential elements. Today, startups are global in nature and the book helps a budding entrepreneur understand the effect of different cultures both on the company and his/herself. This book differs from the existing literature in that its focus is on the individual and his or her reaction to the international nature of the entrepreneurial experience backed by both the lived experience of actual entrepreneurs and case studies of entrepreneurship across the world. Business success is measured by financial return. The book will be a vital tool in this endeavour. This book will appeal to students of business or management and individuals who are considering a career change, to create or join a startup, and need more knowledge to make their decision.
Global Entrepreneurship: Environment and Strategy
by Nir KshetriSelected as an Outstanding Academic Title by Choice Magazine in 2014! Nir Kshetri’s Global Entrepreneurship: Environment and Strategy provides a window into the economic, political, cultural, geographical, and technological environments that affect entrepreneurs as they exploit opportunities and create value in economies across the world. The book begins with a discussion of the theories, concepts, indicators, and measurements that impact entrepreneurship differently in different regions. From there, it offers helpful insights into global variations in entrepreneurial ecosystems and finance. Kshetri methodically examines entrepreneurship patterns in diverse economies through the lenses of economic system, political system, culture and religion, and geography (both by country and continent). Global Entrepreneurship offers case studies at the end of each chapter illustrating concepts learned, as well as three detailed cases in an appendix for broader reflection. The book also includes online data resources, and international business planning support, making it a valuable resource for students in entrepreneurship, and international business classes.
Global Entrepreneurship: Environment And Strategy
by Nir KshetriThis second edition of a Choice Outstanding Academic Title improves coverage of the global environments in which entrepreneurs operate. In Global Entrepreneurship: Environment and Strategy, Nir Kshetri explores and illuminates the economic, political, cultural, geographical, and technological environments that affect entrepreneurs as they exploit opportunities and create value in economies around the world. Grounded in theory, the book begins by laying out the concepts, indicators, and measurements that have unique impacts on entrepreneurs in different regions. This framework sets the scene for a close examination of global variations in entrepreneurial ecosystems and finance. Kshetri methodically examines entrepreneurship patterns in diverse economies through the lenses of economic system, political system, culture and religion, and geography (both by country and continent) – and for the first time, includes an entire chapter on entrepreneurship in Latin America. All new for this edition, Global Entrepreneurship offers case studies at the end of each chapter to illustrate relevant concepts, as well as two detailed cases in an appendix, to encourage broader reflection. The book is accompanied by online resources, bringing additional value for instructors and students in entrepreneurship and international business classes.
Global Entrepreneurship: Case Studies of Entrepreneurial Firms Operating around the World
by Mathew J. Manimala Carlo Salvato James HaytonEntrepreneurs around the world are encouraged and held up as the new deliverers of economic growth in turbulent times. Entrepreneurship is taught globally, but often without much reference to the truly global array of cases and examples that can provide helpful insights for international students in particular. This collection brings together expert entrepreneurship scholars to provide a collection of global case studies around entrepreneurial firms worldwide. This unique educational resource covers a broad range of topics of relevance to understanding entrepreneurship including corporate, social and indigenous entrepreneurship. This book provides entrepreneurship educators with reliable cases suitable for classroom discussion, analysis or even for assessment purposes. Instructors teaching this subject will be able to use the book as a stand alone reference or as an ideal supplement for many introductory texts in entrepreneurship.
Global Entrepreneurship Analytics: Using GEM Data (Routledge Focus on Business and Management)
by Milenka Linneth Argote Cusi León Darío Parra BernalThis innovative book proposes new methodologies for the measurement of entrepreneurship by applying techniques of demography, engineering, mathematics and statistics. Using the data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), statistical demographic techniques are used for the evaluation of data quality (EDQ), and a new methodology for the estimation of Specific Entrepreneurship Rates (SER) and the Global Entrepreneurship Rate (GER) is proposed. At the same time the authors present artificial intelligence techniques such as Fuzzy Time Series (FTS) to forecast data series of the entrepreneurial population. Finally, they present a case study of the implementation of Big Data in Entrepreneurship using GEM data that shows the latest technological trends for the management of data, in support of making more accurate decisions. Being a methodological book, the techniques presented can be applied to any dataset in different areas. Readers will learn new methodologies of analysis and measurement of entrepreneurship using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. They will be able to access the experience of the authors through each of the applied cases in which the reader is taken by the hand, both through the scientific method and through the methodology of construction of more accurate metrics in entrepreneurship, with less error. This book will be of value to students at an advanced level, academics and researchers in the fields of Entrepreneurship, Business Analytics and Research Methodology.
Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index 2014
by Erkko Autio László Szerb Zoltan J. AcsThis volume captures the context features of entrepreneurship and fills a gap in the measurement of development. Building on recent advances in entrepreneurship and economic development, the authors have created an index that offers a measure of the quality of the business formation process in 120 of the most important countries in the world. The authors expertly capture the contextual feature of entrepreneurship by focusing on entrepreneurial attitudes, entrepreneurial abilities and entrepreneurial aspirations. The data and their contribution to the business formation process are supported by three decades of research into entrepreneurship across a host of countries. The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index is a construction of individual and institutional measures that integrates 31 variables from various data sources into 15 pillars, three sub-indexes and a 'super index'. The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development appears to be more or less mildly S-shaped. The findings suggest moving away from simple measures of entrepreneurship across countries illustrating a U-shaped or L-shaped relationship to more complex measures, which are positively related to development. The model has important implications for development policy. This unique book will be invaluable for researchers, policymakers and entrepreneurs keen to expand their understanding of entrepreneurship and development.
Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index 2018 (SpringerBriefs in Economics)
by Zoltán J. Ács László Szerb Esteban Lafuente Ainsley LloydThis brief presents a detailed look at the entrepreneurial ecosystem of nations around the world by combining individual data with institutional components. Presenting data from the 2018 Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI), which measures the quality and scale of entrepreneurial process from 137 countries world-wide, this book provides a rich understanding of entrepreneurship and a more precise means to measure it. The novelty of the GEDI 2018 edition is the examination of the connection between the GEDI score and the computed total factor productivity (TFP) values. The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index is an annual index (composite indicator) that measures the health of the entrepreneurship ecosystems in a given country. The authors have identified 14 components (or pillars) that are important for the health of entrepreneurial ecosystems, identified data to capture each , and used this data to calculate three levels of scores for a given country: the overall GEDI score, scores for Individuals and Institutions, and pillar level scores (which measure the quality of each of the 14 components).
Global Entrepreneurship & Innovation
by Sarika Pruthi Jay MitraIn a globalised world, entrepreneurial ventures and innovation projects today tend to function internationally across a range of different countries and regions in order to be successful. It is vital therefore for entrepreneurs, innovators and indeed all business professionals to be thinking and acting with a global mindset. This comprehensive textbook helps you to develop such a mindset by drawing on theory, research, examples and case studies. There is a strong focus on developing countries and emerging economies throughout the text given the centrality of these markets to successful business today. Dedicated chapters shine a unique spotlight on timely topics such as migration, immigration, ethnicity and digitalisation in relation to entrepreneurship. Case studies and examples are included from around the world and include small start-ups, SMEs and well-known international brands such as Amazon, Dyson and Uber. Written in an accessible style for readers, there are additionally a wide range of learning features in each chapter including learning outcomes, summaries and discussion questions, alongside visual aids. This text is essential reading for university and college courses related to international entrepreneurship and global innovation. Sarika Pruthi is Associate Professor in the School of Global Innovation and Leadership at Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San José State University, USA. Jay Mitra is Professor of Business Enterprise and Innovation and Director of the Venture Academy at Essex Business School, University of Essex, UK, and Visiting Professor at Luneburg University, Germany.
Global Entrepreneurship & Innovation
by Sarika Pruthi Jay MitraIn a globalised world, entrepreneurial ventures and innovation projects today tend to function internationally across a range of different countries and regions in order to be successful. It is vital therefore for entrepreneurs, innovators and indeed all business professionals to be thinking and acting with a global mindset. This comprehensive textbook helps you to develop such a mindset by drawing on theory, research, examples and case studies. There is a strong focus on developing countries and emerging economies throughout the text given the centrality of these markets to successful business today. Dedicated chapters shine a unique spotlight on timely topics such as migration, immigration, ethnicity and digitalisation in relation to entrepreneurship. Case studies and examples are included from around the world and include small start-ups, SMEs and well-known international brands such as Amazon, Dyson and Uber. Written in an accessible style for readers, there are additionally a wide range of learning features in each chapter including learning outcomes, summaries and discussion questions, alongside visual aids. This text is essential reading for university and college courses related to international entrepreneurship and global innovation. Sarika Pruthi is Associate Professor in the School of Global Innovation and Leadership at Lucas College and Graduate School of Business, San José State University, USA. Jay Mitra is Professor of Business Enterprise and Innovation and Director of the Venture Academy at Essex Business School, University of Essex, UK, and Visiting Professor at Luneburg University, Germany.
Global Environment of Business
by J. Michael Geringer Michael S. Minor Jeanne M. McnettGlobal Environment of Business; Covers the following topics; The Challenging World of International Business International Trade and Investment Labor Forces International Competitive Strategy Marketing Internationally Global Operations and Supply Chain Management
Global Environment of Policing (International Police Executive Symposium Co-publications)
by Darren Palmer Michael M. Berlin Dilip K. DasPolice organizations across the globe are experiencing major changes. Many nations cope with funding constraints as pressures within their societies, terrorism and transnational crime, and social and political transformations necessitate a more democratic form of policing. Drawn from the proceedings at the International Police Executive Symposium i
Global Environment Outlook 2000 (Sustainable Development Set)
by United Nations (Unep)'The continued poverty of the majority of the planet's inhabitants and excessive consumption by the minority are the two major causes of environmental degradation The present course is unsustainable and postponing action is no longer an option. Inspired political leadership and intense cooperation across all regions and sectors will be needed to put both existing and new policy instruments to work. ' From the Synthesis Global Environment Outlook 2000 (GEO-2000) is a comprehensive and authoritative review and analysis of environmental conditions around the world. It is the flagship publication of the world's leading environmental organization, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and is based on information provided by more than 30 regional and international collaborating centres. The book presents a region-by-region analysis of the state of the world's environment, highlighting key global concerns and making recommendations for policy action. The regions covered include Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, West Asia and the Polar Areas. Chapter 1: Global Perspectives describes the main drivers of environmental change, such as the economy, population growth, political organization and regionalization, as well as potential impacts of recent global developments including the growth of the consumer culture, trade and international debt. Chapter 2: The State of the Environment provides a global and region-by-region overview of the environment at the end of the second millennium. The chapter covers global issues such as ozone, climate change, El Nifio and nitrogen loading, and universal issues of land and food, forests, biodiversity, freshwater, marine and coastal areas, atmosphere and urban areas. Chapter 3: Policy Responses reviews the broad range of policy instruments and responses being used to address environmental issues, including multilateral environmental agreements, and analyses the difficulties of compliance, implementation and assessment. Chapter 4: Future Perspectives looks at environmental issues that will require priority attention in the 21st century and some alternative policy options that could be used in the regions. Chapter 5: Outlook and Recommendations makes recommendations for future action based on the environmental legacy left by past and present policy and management systems. GEO-2000 will be the benchmark reference and guide to the state of the global environment. Written in clear, non-technical language and supported throughout by informative graphics and tables, it is essential reading for all those involved in environmental policy making, implementation and assessment, and for researchers and students of regional and global environmental issues. Originally published in 1999