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Income Inequality in America: An Analysis of Trends
by Paul RyscavageWhat is income inequality? How is it measured? Is the middle class really declining? How does it relate to poverty? How long has inequality been rising in the US? Have there been other periods in history when income differences were as large as they are today? What are the causes of growing income and wage inequality? The author addresses these and other conceptual issues in eight carefully reasoned and clearly presented chapters. Concluding with an analysis and comparison of trends in wage inequality in other developed countries, he asks the final speculative question: How much more growth in inequality can our society withstand?
Income Inequality in Capitalist Democracies: The Interplay of Values and Institutions
by Vicki L. BirchfieldThere has been much concern about rising levels of income inequality in the societies of advanced industrial democracies. Commentators have attributed this increase to the impact of globalization, the decline of the welfare state, or the erosion of the power of labor unions and their allies among left-wing political parties. But little attention has been paid to variations among these countries in the degree of inequality. This is the subject that Vicki Birchfield tackles in this ambitious book. Differences in political institutions have been seen by political scientists as one likely explanation, but Birchfield shows institutional variation to be only one part of the story. Deploying an original conceptualization of political economy as applied democratic theory, she makes the compelling case that cultural values—particularly citizens' attitudes about social justice and about the proper roles of the market and the state—need to be factored into any account that will provide an adequate explanation for the observable patterns. To support her argument, she brings to bear both multivariate statistical analyses and historical comparative case studies, making this book a model for how quantitative and qualitative research can be effectively combined to produce more complete explanations of political and socioeconomic phenomena.
Income Inequality in Singapore: Trends And Policy Implications (Routledge Studies In The Modern World Economy Ser.)
by Pundarik MukhopadhayaThe World Bank, 1993 conferred on Singapore the status of ‘tiger economy’ because of its two miraculous characteristics: high growth and reduced income inequality. Expansion of educational provision is one of the major policies the Government of Singapore followed since 1975 particularly to enrich the human capital endowment of the country which has been crucial to the success of Singapore. This book made a coherent study of these extremely important issues to examine the trend and pattern of income inequality in Singapore The book delves further into the trend and pattern of income inequality in Singapore and their implications for the future. It attempts to analyse the links between social welfare and inequality in the light of rapid economic growth phase and adduced important policy implications. The concepts and methodologies used in this book as well as the novelty of analyses and policy implications make this a coherent and in-depth study of extremely important issues with most up-to-date observations. In the last three decades no such book on Singapore has been written and this book fills the gap in existing literature. It is a must-read for anyone who is interested to learn more about the tiger economy of Singapore.
Income Inequality, Redistribution and Economic Growth: Statistical Measures and Empirical Evidences (SpringerBriefs in Economics)
by Giuseppe ArbiaThis book focuses on economic inequality, its measurement, and its relationship with economic growth and development. The current literature uses multiple points of view, ranging from ethical, legal, philosophical, to political and economic, to understand the nature of (in)equality. Presenting the problem objectively, this book shows how to measure the phenomenon statistically along with an international comparison of the level of income inequality and economic growth and of their complex relationship. The book also analyzes three decades of theoretical and empirical evidence to understand this phenomenon and discusses a number of political measures to reduce economic disparities while stimulating economic growth.
Income Inequality: Economic Disparities and the Middle Class in Affluent Countries
by Janet C. Gornick Markus JänttiThis state-of-the-art volume presents comparative, empirical research on a topic that has long preoccupied scholars, politicians, and everyday citizens: economic inequality. While income and wealth inequality across all populations is the primary focus, the contributions to this book pay special attention to the middle class, a segment often not addressed in inequality literature. The research also casts important light on how economic inequality affects and is affected by gender disparities, labor markets, institutions, and politics. Written by leading scholars in the field of economic inequality, all 17 chapters draw on microdata from the databases of LIS, an esteemed cross-national data center based in Luxembourg. Using LIS data to structure a comparative approach, the contributors paint a complex portrait of inequality across affluent countries at the beginning of the 21st century. The volume also trail-blazes new research into inequality in countries newly entering the LIS databases, including Japan, Iceland, India, and South Africa.
Income Modeling and Balancing
by Thomas Kämpke Franz Josef RadermacherThis book presents a rigorous treatment of the mathematical instruments available for dealing with income distributions, in particular Lorenz curves and related methods. The methods examined allow us to analyze, compare and modify such distributions from an economic and social perspective. Though balanced income distributions are key to peaceful coexistence within and between nations, it is often difficult to identify the right kind of balance needed, because there is an interesting interaction with innovation and economic growth. The issue of justice, as discussed in Thomas Piketty's bestseller "Capital in the Twenty-First Century" or in the important book "The Price of Inequality" by Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz, is also touched on. Further, there is a close connection to the issue of democracy in the context of globalization. One highlight of the book is its rigorous treatment of the so-called Atkinson theorem and some extensions, which help to explain under which type of societal utility functions nations tend to operate either in the direction of more balance or less balance. Finally, there are some completely new insights into changing the balance pattern of societies and the kind of coalitions between richer and poorer parts of society to organize political support in democracies in either case. Oxford University's Sir Tony Atkinson, well known for his so-called Atkinson theorem, writes in his foreword to the book: "[The authors] contribute directly to t he recent debates that are going on in politics. [. . . ] with this book the foundation of arguments concerning a proper balance in income distribution in the sense of identifying an 'efficient inequality range' has got an additional push from mathematics, which I appreciate very much. "
Income Redistribution, Inequality and Democracy: A Political Economy Approach (Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy)
by Sung Jin Kang Hwan Joo SeoThis book examines why democracy has failed to deliver effective solutions to income inequality problems over the last four decades, and if democracy can offer solutions to various increases in inequality in the future. It also addresses what elements are necessary for democracy to serve as an effective alternative for addressing inequality issues.Historical experiences over the past 40 years, including the global financial crisis, not only underscore the need for fresh perspectives on income inequality in economics but also question the ability of democracy to continue providing alternatives for addressing the escalating forms of inequality. Seo and Kang’s response to these inquiries diverge from conventional research in several significant ways. Primarily, what sets this research apart from existing studies is its intensified focus on income inequality as a product of the complex interplay between the political and economic domains, rather than a standalone examination of income inequality in isolation. Through a political economy perspective, this book argues that income inequality and income redistribution are shaped by the institutions, policies, and laws generated by the political system, with their formation and nature being determined by the power distribution among socio-political groups.A useful resource not only to researchers who study political phenomena in the field of economics, but also to scholars who study economic phenomena in the field of politics. Furthermore, it will be particularly intriguing for policy makers concerned with issues of inequality and income redistribution.
Income Taxation Essentials
by Mark A. SegalREA's Essentials provide quick and easy access to critical information in a variety of different fields, ranging from the most basic to the most advanced. As its name implies, these concise, comprehensive study guides summarize the essentials of the field covered. Essentials are helpful when preparing for exams, doing homework and will remain a lasting reference source for students, teachers, and professionals. Income Taxation includes basic principles, filing status and exemptions, exclusions from gross income, inclusions in gross income, gains and losses, nonrecognition, capital gains and losses, deductions toward adjusted gross income, itemized deductions, depreciation, amortization, depletion, special loss rules, credits, alternative minimum tax, and tax accounting.
Income Versus Prices: How Does The Business Cycle Affect Food (Imf Working Papers)
by Christian Bogmans, Andrea Pescatori and Ervin PriftiA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Incomes Policies, Inflation and Relative Pay (Routledge Library Editions: Inflation)
by J. L. FALLICK AND R. F. ELLIOTTThis book, originally published in 1981, is a major reassessment of the strengths and weaknesses of incomes policies. A distinguished group of economists comprehensively review the rationale and history of the field, giving special attention to the role fo the public sector, the question of low pay and the differing approaches to incomes policies which have been adopted in Europe and North America.
Incomes Policy and the Public Sector (Routledge Revivals)
by Campbell BalfourOriginally published in 1972, Incomes Policy and the Public Sector is a consideration of the work conducted by The National Board for Prices and Incomes from 1965 to 1970. The Board, commonly known as the PIB, was intended to be the instrument through which an incomes policy could be shaped and guided in Britain. This book looks first at the reports that it made, and the criteria and judgements used, and then examines incomes policy by studying its impact in several areas in the public sector. Incomes Policy and the Public Sector offers a comprehensive overview of incomes policy from 1965-1970 and puts the reader in touch with ‘real economic situations’.
Incompetency and Competency Training
by Roger Marshall Arch Woodside Rouxelle De VilliersThis book covers theory and practice of competency and incompetency training. 'Incompetency training' includes formal and informal instruction that consciously (purposively) or unconsciously imparts knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior (including procedures) that are useless, inaccurate, misleading, and/or will lower performance outcomes of the trainee versus no training or training using alternative training methods. This book offers an early workbench model of incompetency training theory which proposes that executives and associates in firms, academia, and government organizations consciously as well as unknowingly offer incompetency training in many contexts. The evidence so far has shown that increasing trainees' vigilance and ability to recognize exposure to incompetency-training may help trainees to decrease the effectiveness (impact) of exposures to incompetency training--advancing incompetency training theory and knowledge of incompetency training practice may be necessary conditions for remedying negative outcomes that follow from trainees receiving such training. The book uses a series of laboratory experiments to elicit on tools advocated in the literature as aids in increasing incompetency and/or competency, and provides a comprehensive review of the literature on (in)competency training.
Incompetent: Juan Antonio Samaranch--Understanding This Type of Bad Leadership
by Barbara KellermanIncompetent leaders lack the will and/or skill to sustain effective action and do not create positive change. Incompetent leaders are usually supported by incompetent followers - people who ignore or discount warning signs, and let bad leadership linger. One example of incompetent leadership is the former president of the International Olympic Committee, Juan Antonio Samaranch. In his story, you will see how deep an impact incompetence can have, and what happens when no one does anything to stop it.
Incomplete Revolutions: Success and Failures of Capitalist Transition Strategies in Post-communist Economies
by Adam ZwassThis volume focuses on the role of privatization strategies, contrasting the outcomes of the voucher plans with outright sale of state assets (including to foreign investors). The author considers the record of newly emerging banking and financial systems.
Incomplete Streets: Processes, practices, and possibilities (Routledge Equity, Justice and the Sustainable City series)
by Julian Agyeman Stephen ZavestoskiThe ‘Complete Streets' concept and movement in urban planning and policy has been hailed by many as a revolution that aims to challenge the auto-normative paradigm by reversing the broader effects of an urban form shaped by the logic of keeping automobiles moving. By enabling safe access for all users, Complete Streets promise to make cities more walkable and livable and at the same time more sustainable. This book problematizes the Complete Streets concept by suggesting that streets should not be thought of as merely physical spaces, but as symbolic and social spaces. When important social and symbolic narratives are missing from the discourse and practice of Complete Streets, what actually results are incomplete streets. The volume questions whether the ways in which complete streets narratives, policies, plans and efforts are envisioned and implemented might be systematically reproducing many of the urban spatial and social inequalities and injustices that have characterized cities for the last century or more. From critiques of a "mobility bias" rooted in the neoliberal foundations of the Complete Streets concept, to concerns about resulting environmental gentrification, the chapters in Incomplete Streets variously call for planning processes that give voice to the historically marginalized and, more broadly, that approach streets as dynamic, fluid and public social places. This interdisciplinary book is aimed at students, researchers and professionals in the fields of urban geography, environmental studies, urban planning and policy, transportation planning, and urban sociology.
Incorporate Your Business
by Anthony MancusoIncorporate Your Business lays out everything you need to know about corporate laws and regulations in your state, clearly explaining: .why and when to incorporate .how to prepare and file articles of incorporation, prepare bylaws and corporate records, and issue stock .what you need to know about corporate taxation, including distribution of stock and stock options .whether or not to elect S corporation tax status .how to incorporate an existing business Plus, you can save thousands of dollars in attorneys' fees by incorporating a business yourself Incorporate Your Business guides you through each step. In the end, your business will enjoy a number of advantages, including: Limited Liability Incorporating your business limits personal liability for business debts this means owners are not normally financially liable for business debts and court judgments. Tax Advantages You can split business income between yourself and your corporation, thereby lowering income taxes. Access to Capital Corporations have better access to private venture capital than any other type of business. They are also well positioned to raise capital by selling shares to the public. Employee Perks The owners of a corporation who work for the business are treated as employees. They can take advantage of tax deductible, corporate paid benefits such as: .pension plans .stock option and stock bonus plans .medical expense reimbursement .term life insurance coverage Incorporate Your Business provides the forms you need, including articles of incorporation, bylaws, minutes, stock certificates and resolutions. This edition is revised and updated to cover all changes in state, federal, and tax law. Additionally, the 50 state appendix found in previous editions has been redesigned for ease of use, including updated information on all 50 states' corporate filing offices, securities offices, and corporate law statues. Forms are available to download at nolo.com
Incorporate Your Business: A Step-by-Step Guide to Forming a Corporation in Any State
by Anthony MancusoForm a corporation in any state, quickly and easily. Forming a corporation has many advantages, including limiting your personal liability. With the step-by-step instructions in this book, the process is straightforward and easy to accomplish. Incorporate Your Business clearly explains how to form a corporation in any state. It includes all the sample forms and information you need to prepare articles of incorporation and bylaws. It also fully discusses the advantages and tax consequences of incorporating your business, including: Limited liability Business owners limit their personal liability by incorporating, because they aren’t responsible for business debts and court judgments. Tax advantages Especially for smaller businesses, the ability to split income between yourself and your corporation can significantly lower your overall tax burden. Employee perks Owners of a corporation who also work for it can take advantage of significant financial benefits like equity plans, stock options, corporation-paid insurance, and more. Incorporate Your Business provides the forms you need, including articles of incorporation, bylaws, minutes, stock certificates and resolutions. This new edition is revised and updated to cover all changes in state, federal, and tax law.
Incorporating Architects: How American Architecture Became a Practice of Empire
by Aaron CayerBy the end of the twentieth century, US architecture and engineering firms held more capital than entire countries, employed more people than were housed in most cities, and rented offices in more nations than comprised the UN. Within them, architects were designing not single buildings but urban systems, including the multinational infrastructures, legal codes, and financial mechanisms on which those systems came to depend. However, despite the extraordinary power of these architects, their histories remain shrouded in myth and concealed—by design. This forensic analysis traces a history of architects at one such firm, AECOM, as they assembled their own multinational corporation and embedded themselves in the operations of American empire after World War II, shielding themselves from the instabilities of a postwar political economy. Incorporating Architects reveals how architects, through their businesses more than their drawings or buildings, modulated the political economy, gripped the reins of their profession, and produced the global injustices that define our neoliberal present.
Incorporating Market Information into the Construction of the Fan Chart
by Prakash Kannan Selim ElekdagA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Incorporating Purpose: The New Legal Foundations for the Corporation and its Management (Elements in Corporate Governance)
by Blanche Segrestin Kevin Levillain Armand HatchuelIn this Element, emerging legal forms of purpose-driven corporations are analyzed, revealing two important insights. First, within the traditional corporate law, a purpose is neither protected nor enforceable over time. While companies can have goals beyond profit, these are controlled by shareholders, who also appoint corporate managers. To protect social or environmental ambitions, especially during shareholder changes, a legal commitment from the company is essential. Second, these new legal forms highlight the need to redefine the corporation's legal foundations. In an era when management decisions impact entire populations and the planet, the law inadequately conceptualizes the conditions necessary for responsible management. The Element argues that embedding a purpose in the constitution of corporations can provide these new legal foundations. Ultimately, the Element suggests that purpose provides a unified theoretical framework for understanding the variety of corporate legal forms and for discussing their respective potentials and limitations in holding corporations accountable in the face of upcoming transitions.
Incorporating Sustainability in Management Education: An Interdisciplinary Approach
by Kenneth Amaeshi Judy N. Muthuri Chris OgbechieResponding to the pressing need of business schools to incorporate sustainability thinking into their curricula, this new book offers fresh thinking on how to achieve this in practical terms. Structured on a typical MBA programme, each chapter explores how sustainability thinking can be integrated into existing subject areas. Rather than being prescriptive, the chapters provide opportunities to reflect on successes as well as challenges associated with embedding sustainability into MBA courses. Contributors explore the employability implications of sustainability and how these are reflected in course designs, pedagogy and assessments. Filling an important gap in current literature, Incorporating Sustainability in Management Education provides important support to Higher Education Institutes who must quickly adapt to this desired change in business school curricula.
Incorporating Your Business For Dummies
by The Company CorporationIf you’re a business owner, incorporation can help you protect your personal assets and cut down your tax bill. But all the paperwork and legalese can make incorporation seem like more trouble than it’s worth. Incorporating Your Business For Dummies offers all the savvy tips you need to get incorporated — starting today! Whether your business is big or small, incorporating isn’t as simple as it could be. This handy reference makes incorporation make sense, and guides you through the process step by step. From handling the mountain of paperwork to getting back to business once you’re finished, Incorporating Your Business For Dummies offers a wealth of helpful advice on these and many more topics: Knowing whether or not incorporation can help you Choosing the type of entity that will work best for your business Dealing with shareholders and shareholder agreements Transferring money and assets in or out of the corporation Documenting corporate actions and maintaining compliance Finding the right attorney, accountant, tax advisor, and other professionals Written by the experts at The Company Corporation, who handle more than 100,000 incorporations every year, this helpful book offers the kind of advice you can only get from professionals — but in a user-friendly, lingo-free format. Whether you just want a little help with the paperwork, or don’t even know what a corporation is, you’ll find everything you need to know: What limited liability means Corporate statutes, bylaws, and articles Choosing directors and assigning duties The benefits of S corporation status Deciding where to incorporate Registering corporate names and domain names Balancing equity versus debt Understanding shareholder rights Getting your financial information in order Hiring a professional to help with corporate compliance If you want step-by-step help on setting up your corporation, dealing with the paperwork, and getting off on the right foot, Incorporating Your Business For Dummies is the only resource you need. Packed with the kind of tips and advice you’ll find nowhere else, it’s the uncomplicated way to get incorporated.
Increase Innovation Productivity: Building the Right Systems and Structures to Make Innovation Repeatable--Even in Tough Times
by Scott D. AnthonyHistorically, companies have had innovation batting averages that wouldn't qualify them for a cellar-dwelling baseball team. Improving the innovation success rate is a pressing challenge, especially in tough times. This chapter discusses how companies can improve the productivity of efforts to create new products, services, and processes by developing strategies, structures, and processes to improve their innovation batting average. It describes how to get ready for innovation, details a simple process to create booming new growth businesses, and provides guidance for how to embed innovation capabilities within the organization. This chapter was originally published as chapter 4 of "The Silver Lining: An Innovation Playbook for Uncertain Times."
Increase Urgency: Creating a Climate for Change
by Dan S. CohenTo bring about significant change, an organization needs significantly more than the usual effort and commitment from its people. Creating a clear sense of urgency around the needed change is crucial to gaining cooperation and sustaining the momentum of change. This chapter provides a practical, hands-on guide to help you tackle the challenges of generating a shared sense of urgency. Worksheets and diagnostic tools are included.