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The International Committee of the Red Cross: A Neutral Humanitarian Actor (Global Institutions)
by David P. Forsythe Barbara Ann Rieffer-FlanaganThe International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has a complex position in international relations, being the guardian of international humanitarian law but often acting discretely to advance human dignity. Treated by most governments as if it were an inter-governmental organization, the ICRC is a non-governmental organization, all-Swiss at the top, and it is given rights and duties in the 1949 Geneva Conventions for Victims of War. Written by two formidable experts in the field, this book analyzes international humanitarian action as practiced by the International Red Cross, explaining its history and structure as well as examining contemporary field experience and broad diplomatic initiatives related to its principal tasks. Such tasks include: ensuring that detention conditions are humane for those imprisoned by reason of political conflict or war providing material and moral relief in conflict promoting development of the humanitarian part of the laws of war improving the unity and effectiveness of the movement Fully updated throughout, the new edition will also include brand new material on: armed actors who do not accept humanitarian restrictions on their actions, including expanded coverage of the Islamic State (ISIL, ISIS), Al Shabab, and Boko Haram, among others Syrian internationalized civil war issue of drone strikes and targeted killings, and the continuing push for regulation of what is called cyber war the question of the field of application of international humanitarian law (what is the battlefield?). Particularly when states declare "war" on "terrorist groups" operating inside other states regulation of new weapons and new uses of old weapons
International Commodity Control: A Contemporary History and Appraisal (Routledge Library Editions: Commodities #1)
by Fiona Gordon-AshworthOriginally published in 1984, at a time when international commodity control was brought from the periphery to the centre of international trade policy, this book provided a new and more comprehensive approach to, and an analytical appraisal of, international commodity controls, from their origins in the 1920s to their widespread acceptance as an important element in international trade policy in the 1970s. The first part establishes the economic and institutional background against which controls were introduced and includes sections on a wide range of issues such as the changing structure of world commodity trade and the roles of GATT, UNCTAD and the former EEC. Part 2 considers the principal control mechanisms which have been used at the international level and review the national counterparts and alternatives. Part 3 assesses on a commodity-by-commodity basis how the control worked in practice. It covers all the international commodity agreements to 1982 and also considers examples of raw material cartels.
International Commodity Markets and the Role of Cartels (Issues In Work And Human Resources Ser.)
by Mark S. LeClairThe phenomenon of collusive international agreements (cartels) became widespread in the 1930s. At that time, attempts to control production and prices were mainly the prerogative of multinational firms operating in the developing (then colonized) world. The "modern era" of cartels began in the 1960s, when the governments of developing nations began to participate in commodity agreements to achieve increases and stability in the world price of their commodities. This book is principally concerned with the modern era of cartels. It goes beyond the singular example of petroleum and OPEC to examine the structure of international commodity markets for bauxite (aluminum ore), cocoa, coffee, rubber, sugar, and tin, and the conditions that led to the formation of cartels in those markets during the latter half of the twentieth century. Specifically, the work focuses on four major aspects of international commodity markets: patterns of production and consumption; economic dislocations to both importers and exporters due to price fluctuations; the formation of cartels as a solution to weak and variable commodity prices; and the likely effects arising from tightening raw material markets. The book concludes with a detailed examination of what the future holds for each of the cartels, and what role technology, 24-hour market trading, and decreasing foreign direct investment in producing countries will have on the management of commodity markets.
International Commodity Policy: A Quantitative Analysis (Routledge Revivals)
by Roland Herrmann Kees Burger Hidde P. SmitOriginally published in 1993, this book provides an excellent analysis of commodity policies internationally during the late 20th Century. It discusses 2 major methods of market regulation: price stabilization – based on buffer stocks or export quotas – and compensatory finance. The authors analyse whether major commodity policies have reached their primary objectives and to what extent they have had economic side effects. Discussion of more general policy issues centres around three international commodity agreements for coffee, rubber and cocoa. The authors also look at the policies adopted by individual nations to regulate commodity trading and assess to what extent they have reached their objectives. A discussion of the intervention of the International Monetary Fund and STABEX assesses the degree of stability they can provide in a highly volatile and variable environment. Nearly 30 years later, volatile world commodity markets are still a major issue in the policy dialogue. Although topics, policy instruments and concepts have changed, this book remains a fundamental contribution to the study of international commodity policy. It will be of great interest to students of commodity policy and economic development and economists in national and international organizations dealing with market stabilization.
International Communications: A Media Literacy Approach
by Art Silverblatt Nikolai ZlobinInternational communication affects the way we think about other countries and their people and sets the agenda of issues that face the global community. This book introduces the functions of international communications.
An International Comparison of Financial Consumer Protection
by Tsai-Jyh ChenThis book explores consumer protection in the major financial markets in the world and provides an international comparison among the countries of different cultural background and economic development. Each chapter describes the major issues of financial consumption in the selected country and the efforts to counter the problems of financial consumption. The innovation and renovation in the financial institutions and the public policies for consumer protection are also analyzed for their potential impacts on the future development of financial markets.
International Comparison of Pension Systems: An Investigation from Consumers’ Viewpoint (Contributions to Management Science)
by Hongmu Lee Gianni Nicolini Man ChoThis book is about retirement income security. This income security is provided by national public pensions, corporate pensions, and individual and reverse mortgages. However, these systems vary greatly from country to country and, in many countries, do not provide sufficient coverage. Ensuring income security in old age is an important issue that must be resolved in the rapidly aging environment of the world.From the perspective of financial consumers, this book cross-sectionally surveys public pensions, corporate pensions, individual pensions and reverse mortgages and compares them among many important nations. This gives many implications from the perspective of designing an overall income security for each individual. In addition, it presents many of the issues needed for these sustainable and comprehensive income security.
International Comparisons of China’s Technical and Vocational Education and Training System
by Stephen Lamb Zhenyi GuoChina is experiencing an unprecedented phenomenon: breakneck industrialization on a scale and at a pace not seen before. It is trying to achieve in just a few decades what Western nations took more than a century to do. The arrival in the country's cities of tens of millions of rural dwellers, at most semi-skilled, has put huge strain on the country's system of vocational education, known as TVET. How have the Chinese authorities and their education administrators responded? Is China's TVET system adapting to the rapidly evolving needs of its industry? Using the province of Yunnan as a subject, this detailed case study is a closely argued and sanguine analysis of the operation of TVET in China. The authors deployed a set of internationally comparable criteria to offer a searching assessment of current performance, at the same time documenting areas of strength and weakness. The question the authors' methodology answers is how well China's TVET system is performing compared to technical and vocational education structures in other countries. In fact, they discover that in Yunnan, a province representative of the challenges faced nationwide, much has indeed been done, from a wholesale overhaul of programs to make them relevant to industry requirements, to major investment in infrastructure. Teacher training has been reformed, and take-up of professional master's and doctoral courses has been encouraged. Joint initiatives with bodies such as UNESCO have improved training and vocational education at high school level. While there is a strong international history of such comparative evaluations, which are essential for policy makers to benchmark their administration, few studies have included China despite the enormous amount of value that can be learned from that country's experience. This work will provide vital material for researchers, governments and development agencies alike.
International Comparisons of Government Expenditure
by Alan A. Tait Peter S. HellerMany studies on International tax compaisons have been undertaken since the early 1970s. While controversial, such studies have facilitated more subtle comparisons of a country's tax performance than would be afforded by focusing on its simple tax ratio.
International Competition and Industrial Change: Essays in the History of Mining and Metallurgy 1800-1950
by Charles Harvey Jon PressFirst Published in 1990. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
International Competition and Strategic Response in the Textile Industries SInce 1870
by Mary B. RoseThis book of essays, which draws on the expertise of leading textile scholars in Britain and the United States, focuses on the problem of and responses to foreign competition in textiles from the late nineteenth century to the present day. A short introductory essay by the editor is followed by a survey of the debates surrounding the British cotton industry, foreign competition and competitive advantage. The other essays consider various aspects of that competition, including textile machine-making, Lancashire perceptions of the rise of Japan during the inter-war period and responses to foreign competition in the British cotton industry since 1945, whilst others deal with the decline and rise of merchanting in UK textiles and European competition in woollen yarn and cloth from 1870 to 1914. A recurring theme in a number of the essays is Japanese competitive advantage in textiles. The book is unique since although there are numerous books dealing with the problems of British staple industries, none focuses primarily on the issue of competition, its sources and responses, nor on textiles in general rather than a single industry. Moreover, since the scope is international rather than limited only to the UK, it follows recent trends in British busines history away from single company case studies towards a more thematic, comparative approach. In addition, the international authorship of these papers gives this book, first published in 1991, wide appeal.
International Competitiveness in Latin America and East Asia
by Dirk Messner Jörg Meyer-Stamer Klaus Esser Wolfgang HillebrandFirst published in 1993. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
International Competitiveness, Investment and Finance: A Case Study of India (Routledge Studies in Development Economics #No.33)
by Kunal Sen A Ganesh-Kumar Rajendra VaidyaUsing India as a case study, this well-written, concise book covers everything one needs to know to understand how a country becomes internationally competitive. Showing that reforms that pertain to the real sector alone, such as industrial deregulation and trade reforms, are not enough to enhance a country's competitiveness, this book makes a compelling case for complimentary financial sector reforms.Of interest to academics studying international trade, industrial economics and development economics, this book is also guaranteed to be extremely useful for professional economists and those involved with policy making in developed and developing countries.
International Competitiveness of the Mediterranean Quartet: A Heterogeneous-Product Approach
by Herman Z. Bennett Ziga ZarnicA report from the International Monetary Fund.
International Conference of Psychology: International Conference on Indigenous Treatment and Contemporary Psychology (Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research #737)
by Fonny Hutagalung Moordiningsih Moordiningsih Uichol Kim Oyaziwo Aluede Akira TsudaThis is an open access book.This conference aims to facilitate discussion on the state-of-the-art approaches and treatments indigenous carried out in various regions in Indonesia, Southeast Asia and various parts of the world to be understood and linked with the latest developments in contemporary psychology. Various local wisdoms that are still maintained and ongoing and have a positive impact on human behaviour deserve to be studied in the development of psychological knowledge.Indigenous psychology seeks to understand humans based on the context in which humans live, grow and develop, and understand patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Cultural values and local wisdom in humans’ lives become the contexts that influence humans in thinking, feeling, and behaving.International Conference on Indigenous Treatment and Contemporary Psychology (ICITCP) 2022 aims to develop knowledge on various indigenous treatments carried out in various parts of the world and to build connection with the latest developments of science in contemporary psychology.
International Conference on Innovation, Sustainability, and Applied Sciences: ICISAS 2023 (Signals and Communication Technology)
by Chithirai Pon Selvan Nidhi Sehgal Sonakshi Ruhela Noor Ulain RizviThe book presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Innovation, Sustainability and Applied Sciences (ICISAS 2023), which took place in Dubai, UAE, on 09-11 December 2023. The conference is a unique opportunity to learn from leading researchers and professionals on how to collectively shape the future through innovation, sustainability, and scientific vigor. Topics include but are not limited to sustainable materials and manufacturing, renewable energy, cyber incident and security, information security risk management, and sustainable finance and investments, to name a few. The conference is meant to attract experts from diverse industries, including senior government leaders, policymakers, eminent scientists, academicians, researchers, technocrats, and students from various parts of the world. This multi-professional conference is dedicated to all applied specialized and interdisciplinary fields.
International Conference on Managing Business Through Web Analytics
by Soraya Sedkaoui Mounia Khelfaoui Rafika Benaichouba Khalida Mohammed BelkebirThis book presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Managing Business through Web Analytics (ICMBWA 2021). The conference provides a global forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology, and applications of Web Analytics and their role in the formulation and the orientation of businesses’ strategies. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform for researchers and practitioners from both academia and industry to meet and share their works in the field. Is an excellent resource for scholars, experts and industrial in the fields represented, as well as Ph.D. students seeking an entryway into current research in data analytics, Web analytics, machine learning algorithms, and their various applications within businesses.
International Conference on Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics: ICMCSI 2020 (EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing)
by Jennifer S. RajSustainability and mobile computing embraces a wide range of Information and Communication Technologies [ICT] in recent times. This book focuses more on the recent research and development works in almost all the facets of sustainable, ubiquitous computing and communication paradigm. The recent research efforts on this evolving paradigm help to advance the technologies for next-generation, where socio-economic growth and sustainability poses significant challenges to the computing and communication infrastructures. The main purpose of this book is to promote the technical advances and impacts of sustainability and mobile computing to the informatics research. The key strands of this book include green computing, predictive models, mobility, data analytics, mobile computing, optimization, Quality of Service [QoS], new communicating and computing frameworks, human computer interaction, Artificial Intelligence [AI], communication networks, risk management, Ubiquitous computing, robotics, smart city and applications. The book has also addressed myriad of sustainability challenges in various computing and information processing infrastructures.
International Conference on Reliable Systems Engineering (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #1129)
by Daniela Doina CioboatăThis book comprises peer-reviewed papers from the fourth “International Conference of Reliable Systems Engineering (ICoRSE 2024)” that will take place in Bucharest, Romania, between 05 and 06 September 2024. The first three editions of the conference brought together participants from different countries in Europe, North America, and Asia, such as England, Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. The book presents state-of-the-art research in the field of mechatronics and other closely related areas and covers a wide range of topics in theoretical and applied mechanics: cyber-physical systems; research and developments in the field of robotics, artificial intelligence and computer visions; smart bio-medical and bio-mechatronic systems; new and intelligent materials and structures; modeling and simulation in mechanics and mechatronics; smart mechatronic production and control systems; optics systems; big data collecting, processing and analyzing; micro- and nanotechnology; automation; manufacturing optimization; and others. Since the book’s chapters provide contributions of researchers and professionals in public and private organizations, they reflect a clear picture of the novelties attained in the leading-edge sciences that are in the scope of the conference. It is our belief that the book will be useful to both students and researchers in all areas of engineering, who will each find at least one topic worthy of their interest in this work.
International Conservation Law: The Protection of Plants in Theory and Practice
by Rob AmosThrough a combination of theoretical and empirical approaches, this book explores the role of international environmental law in protecting and conserving plants. Underpinning every ecosystem on the planet, plants provide the most basic requirements: food, shelter and clear air. Yet the world’s plants are in trouble; a fifth of all plant species are at risk of extinction, with thousands more in perpetual decline. In a unique study of international environmental law, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and restrictions associated with protecting and conserving plants. Through analysing the relationship between conservation law and conservation practice, the book debates whether the two work symbiotically, or if the law poses more of a hindrance than a help. Further discussion of the law’s response to some of the major threats facing plants, notably climate change, international trade and invasive species, grounds the book in conservation literature. Using case studies on key plant biomes to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the law in practice, the book also includes previously unpublished results of an original empirical study into the correlations between the IUCN Red List and lists of endangered/protected species in international instruments. To conclude, the book looks to the future, considering broader reforms to the law to support the work of conservation practitioners and reshape humanity’s relationships with nature. The book will be of interest to scholars and students working in the field of international environmental law and those interested more broadly in conservation and ecological governance frameworks.
International Construction Management: How the Global Industry Reshapes the World
by Igor MartekThis book tells you everything you need to know about international construction: the companies, their markets, the types of projects they build, how they compete and operate and how it affects us all. It paints a comprehensive portrait of an overlooked global business that generates a major portion of the GDP in every developed nation. As with any mature sector, countries make efforts to export their expertise, but the competition in construction is fierce, and the risks are many. Only the leanest and meanest survive. What, then, does it take to win? Most writing on construction focuses at the project-management level or even more narrowly at the level of technical performance. This book presents the big picture; it tells you what successful international construction companies do to stay in the game and thrive. The book examines international construction through three lenses. The first is theory. The body of existing knowledge on construction is here brought together, condensed and explained. The second are the actors. The companies that lead the way in global construction are showcased, and the features that make countries desirable hosts are appraised. Finally, what is it that firms actually do? This last part delves into the various strategic approaches taken by 60 construction firms in carving out and defending an overseas market niche. The insights provide guidance on how global construction companies develop competitive advantage and stay resilient in the face of a mercurial global economy. These lessons will be of interest to the student and manager alike.
International Construction Management Research (Spon Research)
by Igor MartekThis book lays out the evolution of the often contested construction management discipline. How is the field defined? What has been discovered to date? Who are the researchers involved? Where is the research being conducted? What national priorities exist among the many nations now grappling with how to absorb foreign construction expertise, or compete in the global commons? Despite the overwhelming economic and political importance of the global construction industry and its impact on the world, until now, there has been no book dedicated to describing the body of research in the field, or where the knowledge frontier lies.This book is the first of its kind, offering a comprehensive appraisal of the state of play in the emerging field of international construction management (ICM) research. It will serve as a reference guide for academics and researchers embarking on or already active in global construction management research. It lays out who the researchers are, along with their fields of expertise, the institutions dedicated to ICM research, global research trends, the journals accepting ICM research, and a country-by-country analysis of national research priorities. It will assist the fledgling PhD and the budding researcher, as well as the discipline expert, in making better decisions on how to advance the field of international construction management through research that both augments CM education and directly benefits the industry.
International Consumer Behavior in the 21st Century
by A. Coskun SamliOver the past two decades, the face of the world consumer has truly changed. Goods are more available, information about these goods is more open and accessible, and the ability to buy these goods from any corner of the earth has become possible. As a result, international marketing is more important now than ever before. In this book, Josh Samli explores the challenges facing modern international marketers. He explains what it is to have successful communication with the target market: using social media to share consistent information about products and services, communicating directly with culture-driven consumers who already communicate online amongst themselves and with competitors, and mastering people-to-people communication with both privileged and non-privileged consumers. Any company dealing with international marketing must learn how to handle these new challenges in order to survive in the 21st century.
International Cooperation, Competition Authorities and Transnational Networks
by Mateusz BłachuckiThis book presents a comprehensive study of the emergence, functioning and evolution of international cooperation among competition authorities. It presents an in-depth look at network cooperation taking place within international organisations, as well as networks based on binding international agreements and various informal networks, among others. It further identifies and analyses the forms of international cooperation among national competition authorities (NCAs) that are taking place within transnational competition networks. The book classifies these forms of cooperation by grouping them into three stages – soft, developed and enhanced cooperation – discussing each in detail. It thus reflects the evolution of the international cooperation process and provides insights as to its possible development. This work will be of interest to researchers, academics and advanced students in the fields of competition law, public administration, international relations and those interested in international competition law and its contribution to global public governance.
International Cooperation, Competition Authorities and Transnational Networks
by Mateusz BłachuckiThis book presents a comprehensive study of the emergence, functioning and evolution of international cooperation among competition authorities. It presents an in-depth look at network cooperation taking place within international organisations, as well as networks based on binding international agreements and various informal networks, among others. It further identifies and analyses the forms of international cooperation among national competition authorities (NCAs) that are taking place within transnational competition networks. The book classifies these forms of cooperation by grouping them into three stages – soft, developed and enhanced cooperation – discussing each in detail. It thus reflects the evolution of the international cooperation process and provides insights as to its possible development. This work will be of interest to researchers, academics and advanced students in the fields of competition law, public administration, international relations and those interested in international competition law and its contribution to global public governance.