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Investor Relations at TOTAL
by Vincent Dessain Gregory S. Miller Anders SjomanExamines investor relations and financial communications in a large company with a diverse group of financial stakeholders. Total is an "energy major" based in Paris, France. The importance of its product and its impact on economies and environments combine with the size of the company to make Total highly visible to investors, governments, environmental groups, and other shareholders. The highly technical nature of Total's many internal activities and the breadth of its complex operations further impacts communication efforts. In addition, as a Continental European firm (in particular, French), Total has strong societal expectations regarding its interactions with employees/citizens vs. shareholders. Examines how Total creates a consistent and clear financial communication that provides information to these diverse stakeholder bases and their different desires for the company. Also asks students to consider how this communication strategy will need adjustment due to a period of high oil prices and a resulting windfall profit during 2005.
Investor Relations Practices at Edwards Lifesciences
by C. Fritz Foley F. Katelynn BolandIn January 2017, the senior leadership team at Edwards Lifesciences were preparing for the quarterly earnings call that would cover the fourth quarter of 2016. They faced questions about what types of information they should disclose on the call, as well as during other key investor relation events that take place throughout the year. <p><p> This case gives students an opportunity to study investor relations decisions, what considerations take place in disclosing various information, and how investor events should be structured and managed.
Investor Results: Building Shareholder Value
by Jack Zenger Dave Ulrich Norm SmallwoodResults-based leaders must demonstrate an ability to make decisions and act in ways that build investor confidence. This chapter offers suggestions to leaders in publicly traded firms for increasing shareholder value.
Investor "Short-Termism": Really A Shackle?
by Rebecca M Henderson Clayton RoseIndustry and Background Note
Investor-State Dispute Settlement and National Courts: Current Framework and Reform Options (European Yearbook of International Economic Law)
by Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler Michele PotestàThis open access book examines the multiple intersections between national and international courts in the field of investment protection, and suggests possible modes for regulating future jurisdictional interactions between domestic courts and international tribunals. The current system of foreign investment protection consists of more than 3,000 international investment agreements (IIAs), most of which provide for investment arbitration as the forum for the resolution of disputes between foreign investors and host States. However, national courts also have jurisdiction over certain matters involving cross-border investments. International investment tribunals and national courts thus interact in a number of ways, which range from harmonious co-existence to reinforcing complementation, reciprocal supervision and, occasionally, competition and discord. The book maps this complex relationship between dispute settlement bodies in the current investment treaty context and assesses the potential role of domestic courts in future treaty frameworks that could emerge from the States’ current efforts to reform the system.The book concludes that, in certain areas of interaction between domestic courts and international investment tribunals, the “division of labor” between the two bodies is not always optimal, producing inefficiencies that burden the system as a whole. In these areas, there is a need for improvement by introducing a more fruitful allocation of tasks between domestic and international courts and tribunals – whatever form(s) the international mechanism for the settlement of investment disputes may take.Given its scope, the book contributes not only to legal analysis, but also to the policy reflections that are needed for ongoing efforts to reform investor-State dispute settlement.
Investor Stewardship and the UK Stewardship Code: The Role of Institutional Investors in Corporate Governance
by Daniel Cash Robert GoddardThis book provides a critical assessment of the development of the Stewardship Code 2020, which sets out principles regarding the role of institutional investors in corporate governance. It discusses how the regulatory framework for stewardship evolved before and after the financial crisis, and how that evolution resulted in the 2020 Code. It then critiques the Code from a practical and academic perspective, as well as evaluating the wider regulatory framework; in particular, the position of the FRC (ARGA). The book concludes by offering insight into different pathways that the evolution of stewardship may continue to take. Stewardship Codes modelled on the U.K.’s original 2010 version have been introduced in numerous markets and as such the book will be relevant for an international audience of academics, regulators and policymakers in financial regulation, investment regulation and financial services.
Investor Therapy: A Psychologist and Investing Guru Tells You How to Out-Psych Wall Street
by Richard GeistIf your investing strategy has relied on the facts—financial statements, annual reports, technical charts, and so on—congratulations! You’re on the way to becoming a successful, complete investor. But you’re only partway there. If the markets are about mood swings, turbulence, and uncertainty, if the herd buys like crazy one day, only to sell off the next, doesn’t it make sense for you to have a grip on the way in which your individual psychological makeup and emotional state affect your investing strategy? Doesn’t the complete investor need to understand both the facts in his head and the emotions of his heart?Dr. Richard Geist has combined the art and science of the seemingly unrelated fields of psychology and investing. He shows that investing success means both having and using solid information and expertly understanding, monitoring, and managing your emotions. This is the first book directed at professional and individual investors alike, illustrating how they can use emotions to become more effective at meeting the ever-increasing challenges of today’s investing environment. Dr. Geist’s coverage is stimulating and wide-ranging, including topics such as:•Recognizing emotional reactions such as confidence and anxiety as clues to making investment decisions•Avoiding the most common psychological investment mistakes•Analyzing your psychological risk quotient•Reacting appropriately when you’re caught in a stampeding herd•Learning how patience—or the lack of it—influences investing decisions•Responding in psychologically healthy ways to losing money in the market•Gaining the psychological skills you need to sell a stock and learning why these skills differ from those needed when making a buy decision •Understanding the psychological needs of management while obtaining useful, valid information for making informed investing decisionsConventional wisdom says “park your emotions at the door when making investing decisions.” Dr. Geist brings a new, important perspective to show that the conventional wisdom is not only wrong but harmful to your financial well-being. Success lies in understanding your emotional reactions to the market and its participants and integrating an emotional understanding of yourself into your investing strategies. The successful investor is, above all, a human investor, not a “perfect” machine-like investor.
Investors and Markets: Portfolio Choices, Asset Prices, and Investment Advice (Princeton Lectures in Finance #3)
by William F. SharpeIn Investors and Markets, Nobel Prize-winning financial economist William Sharpe shows that investment professionals cannot make good portfolio choices unless they understand the determinants of asset prices. But until now asset-price analysis has largely been inaccessible to everyone except PhDs in financial economics. In this book, Sharpe changes that by setting out his state-of-the-art approach to asset pricing in a nonmathematical form that will be comprehensible to a broad range of investment professionals, including investment advisors, money managers, and financial analysts. Bridging the gap between the best financial theory and investment practice, Investors and Markets will help investment professionals make better portfolio choices by being smarter about asset prices. Based on Sharpe's Princeton Lectures in Finance, Investors and Markets presents a method of analyzing asset prices that accounts for the real behavior of investors. Sharpe makes this technique accessible through a new, one-of-a-kind computer program (available for free on his Web site, at http://www.stanford.edu/~wfsharpe/apsim/index.html) that enables users to create virtual markets, setting the starting conditions and then allowing trading until equilibrium is reached and trading stops. Program users can then analyze the final portfolios and asset prices, see expected returns, and measure risk. In addition to popularizing the most sophisticated form of asset-price analysis, Investors and Markets summarizes much of Sharpe's most important previous work and reflects a lifetime of thinking about investing by one of the leading minds in financial economics. Any serious investment professional will benefit from Sharpe's unique insights.
The Investor's Dilemma Decoded: Recognize Misinformation, Filter the Noise, and Reach Your Goals
by Roger D. Silk Katherine A. SilkFew aspects of life are as important as personal finance, as subject to your control, and as suffused with misinformation, noise, and confusion. Now, authors Dr. Roger D. Silk and Katherine A. Silk cut through that confusion and share with you the fruits of their knowledge and experience developed over the last 43 years. After completing a Ph.D. at Stanford where he studied at the cutting edge of finance theory, Dr. Silk's experience includes managing billions of dollars at the World Bank and running a family office for one of the nation's wealthiest families. For the last 26 years as CEO of the nation's leading firm which advises high net worth individuals on financial and other aspects of their philanthropy, Dr. Silk has worked with countless individual investors and financial professionals. Katherine Silk, who holds a master's in history from Stanford, adds a valuable and often-missing historical perspective. Their weekly blog, dealing in depth with a variety of financial, economic, and planning issues, is read by thousands. Unlike many authors in the Personal Finance space, the Silks have the deep technical expertise (it's hard to get a graduate degree from Stanford without it), decades of experience, and the rare ability to express complex ideas in clear, easy-to-understand prose. When Gary Taubes wrote The Case for Keto, he considered calling it “How to Think About How to Eat.” Similarly, The Investor's Dilemma Decoded could be titled “How to Think about How to Invest.” Investor's Dilemma gives you the tools that 99.9% of investors never master — these tools allow you to understand how to think about almost any category of investment, and almost any investment product or program. In addition, the authors take a deep dive into topics including What actually generates investment returns (it's probably not what you think) Is owning a home an investment (you'll learn why the answer is sometimes yes, and sometimes no) Should you own gold (clue: the largest gold holders in the world are central banks) What is a hedge, and are commodity funds an inflation hedge What many well-known investment personalities get wrong on about returns (they tell the truth, but it's the wrong truth) What risk is, and isn't, and why the “safe” course might be the riskiest (but the government says it's safe). How professional financial advisors can add huge value to their individual clients (it's not by picking the best stocks) Should you read this book? If you want to understand how professionals think about investing, about what is realistic and unrealistic, and learn to spot the difference between a Bull Market and Bull-xxxx, the answer is yes.
Investor's Guide to Loss Recovery
by Louis L. StraneyEssential guidance for recovery of lost assets through arbitration, mediation and other forms of conflict resolution Since the discovery of the Madoff fraud and investment scandals associated with the global credit crisis, investors have become aware that they can fight back and demand both justice and monetary recovery. To date, the only reliable resources on securities arbitration have been either sensationalized accounts of how to sue Wall Street or legal references, which provide no practical application. Filled with expert guidance showing investors how arbitration works, Investor's Guide to Loss Recovery fills that gap by providing a focus on all of the investor's options when a conflict arises. Includes charts showing the major areas of litigation as well as empirical evidence of enhanced awareness of investment misconduct Proprietary research by the author, demonstrating arbitration results Analysis on how newly enacted regulatory reforms will impact the process and options for financial fraud victims Personal interviews with securities attorneys, experts and investors Detailed scripts of initial attorney interviews, mediation and arbitration New financial regulations are impacting the options available to investors looking to recover assets. Investor's Guide to Loss Recovery is must-have reading for every investor, financial advisor, and attorney.
Investors' Guide to the United Kingdom 2012/13
by Jonathan ReuvidThis new, fully updated fifth edition of Investors' Guide to the United Kingdom provides an authoritative and essential guide to the current investment climate in the United Kingdom. This includes the principal sectors of opportunity for foreign investors, the grants and incentives available, the financial sector and the laws and business regulations that affect foreign investors.In its World Investment Report 2012, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) confirmed the UK as the largest recipient of foreign direct investment stock in Europe. The Ernst & Young European Attractiveness Survey 2010 found that the UK is the most attractive location for investment in Europe. This reflects its enterprise culture, business-friendly employment laws, world-class support services and relatively benign fiscal policies.Aimed at foreign businesses of all sizes, from multinationals to SMEs and private investors in the UK, this unique guide offers in-depth briefings on the technical aspects of investment as well as business start-up, covering topics such as:Grants and incentives Company formation Financial reporting Business taxation Banking and Finance Local Enterprise Partnerships Commercial law Intellectual property Immigration Pensions and benefits Mergers & acquisitions Joint ventures Private equity and venture capital, AIM market of the London Stock Exchange
Investors' Guide to the United Kingdom 2015/16
by Jonathan ReuvidThis new, fully updated 8th edition of Investors' Guide to the United Kingdom provides an authoritative and essential guide to the current investment climate in the United Kingdom. This includes the principal sectors of opportunity for foreign investors, the grants and incentives available, the financial sector and the laws and business regulations that affect foreign investors. In its World Investment Report 2013, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) reconfirmed the UK as the largest recipient of foreign direct investment stock in Europe. The Ernst & Young European Attractiveness Survey 2014 found that the UK is the most attractive location for investors in Europe and ranks fifth globally after China, the US, India and Brazil in foreign investors' expectations over the next three years. This reflects its enterprise culture, businessfriendly employment laws, world-class support services and relatively benign fiscal policies. Aimed at foreign businesses of all sizes, from multinationals to SMEs as well as Sovereign Wealth Funds, this unique guide offers in-depth briefings on the technical aspects of investment as well as business start-up. This edition features investment opportunities in energy and regeneration which are of interest to primary asset fund managers as well as other key business sectors. Investors' Guide to the United Kingdom is published in association with UK Trade & Investment. Includes a Foreword from Michael Boyd, Managing Director Investment, UK Trade & Investment.
The Investors' Guide to United Kingdom 2011/12
by Jonathan ReuvidInvestors' Guide to the United Kingdom highlights the positive features and practical benefits that continue to make the UK an attractive location for foreign investors. Key industry and services sectors and their business outlooks are profiled in the context of the Government's economic development programme and incentives for industry. These chapters are authored by the editor based on reports and data provided by the private sector, government ministries and agencies, principally the Ministry of Business, Industry and Skills. This is the fifth edition of the vital guide for foreign investors.
The Investors' Guide to United Kingdom 2013/14
by Jonathan ReuvidThis new, fully updated sixth edition of Investors’ Guide to the United Kingdom provides an authoritative and essential guide to the current investment climate in the United Kingdom. The Guide includes the principal sectors of opportunity for foreign investors, the grants and incentives available, the financial sector and the laws and business regulations that affect foreign investors, as well as guidance on taxation and financial accountancy .In its World Investment Report 2013, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) reported that global foreign direct investment (FDI) shrank by 18% in 2012. Against the trend, while FDI inflows to the USA declined by 26% and to the EU by 42%, the UK secured an annual increase of 22%, attracting US$62 billion. Independently, Ernst & Young and the Financial Times confirm that the UK remained the number one FDI location in Europe in 2012.Aimed at foreign businesses of all sizes, from multinationals to SMEs and private investors in the UK, this unique guide offers in-depth briefings on the technical aspects of investment as well as business start-up, covering topics such as:Grants and incentivesCompetition lawCompany formationFinancial reportingBusiness taxationBanking and FinanceCommercial lawIntellectual propertyImmigrationPensions and benefitsMergers & acquisitionsJoint venturesThe AIM market of the London Stock ExchangeInvestors’ Guide to the United Kingdom is published in association withUK Trade & Investment and includes a Foreword from Michael Boyd, Managing Director Investment, UKTI.
The Investor's Guidebook to Alternative Investments: The Role of Alternative Investments in Portfolio Design
by Stuart R. VealeA concise, yet comprehensive, guidebook that addresses the practical aspects of investing in fixed income investments. The Investor’s Guidebook series presents investment vehicles and strategies from both the issuers’ and the investors’ perspectives. Starting with basic concepts and then building to state-of-the-art pricing models, strategies, and tactics, these succinct handbooks will be useful for everyone from new hires through experienced professionals. Unlike most books, which are read once and sit on the shelf, professionals will refer to these books repeatedly throughout their careers. .
The Investor's Guidebook to Derivatives: Demystifying Derivatives and Their Applications
by Stuart R. VealeA concise yet comprehensive guidebook that addresses the practical aspects of investing in derivatives. Written for the professional market but accessible enough for individual investors, The Investor’s Guidebook to Derivatives includes all the information needed to succeed in today’s complex derivatives market, including: What constitutes a "derivative instrument” The difference between forward and forecast prices Pricing and using forward contracts Swaps: pricing and applications Option vocabulary Pricing options-a framework Implementing directional and volatility strategies Exotic options: pricing and applications Options on natural occurrences: rain, snow, and wind The Investor’s Guidebook series presents investment vehicles and strategies from both the issuers’ and the investors’ perspectives. Starting with basic concepts and then building to state-of-the-art pricing models, strategies, and tactics, these succinct handbooks will be useful for everyone from new hires through experienced professionals. Unlike most books, which are read once and sit on the shelf, professionals will refer to these books repeatedly throughout their careers. .
The Investor's Guidebook to Equities
by Stuart R. VealeA concise, yet comprehensive, guidebook to understanding equity investments. This authoritative guide provides all the information that both the professional and individual investor will need to succeed in today's equity market, including: * The role that equities play in a company's capital structure and in a portfolio * Determining and optimizing a company's weighted average cost of capital * The role of preferred stock within a company's capital structure * The various types of preferred stock * How new stocks are issued * The top ten equity strategies * Alternative ways to obtain equity exposures [box] The Investor's Guidebook series presents investment vehicles and strategies from both the issuers' and the investors' perspectives. Starting with basic concepts and then building to state of the art pricing models, strategies, and tactics, these succinct handbooks will be useful for everyone from new hires through experienced professionals. Unlike most books, which are read once and sit on the shelf, professionals will refer to these books repeatedly throughout their careers. [end box] A concise, yet comprehensive, guidebook to understanding equity investments.
The Investor's Guidebook to Fixed Income Investments
by Stuart R. VealeA concise, yet comprehensive, guidebook that addresses the practical aspects of investing in fixed income investments The Investor's Guidebook series presents investment vehicles and strategies from both the issuers' and the investors' perspectives. Starting with basic concepts and then building to state-of-the-art pricing models, strategies, and tactics, these succinct handbooks will be useful for everyone from new hires through experienced professionals. Unlike most books, which are read once and sit on the shelf, professionals will refer to these books repeatedly throughout their careers.
The Investor's Handbook: The Essential Funding Guide For Entrepreneurs
by David BatemanThe all you need to know guide to Investment. The yearbook is packed with practical guidance on who to contact and how to get investment.Investment a short Introduction Who to approach for Investment Pitching your ideasAfter and beyondOver 1,000 listings entries on who to contact and how across different industry sectors. The all you need to know guide to investment. This yearbook is packed with practical steps on who to contact in various industry sectors and how to get that investment. Covering areas such as:What kind of investment is needed Who do you pitch to for investment How much to ask for? Credibility and maximising your chancesHandling questions and objections
The Investor's Manifesto: Preparing for Prosperity, Armageddon, and Everything in Between
by William J. BernsteinA timeless approach to investing wisely over an investment lifetime. With the current market maelstrom as a background, this timely guide describes just how to plan a lifetime of investing, in good times and bad, discussing stocks and bonds as well as the relationship between risk and return. Filled with in-depth insights and practical advice, The Investor's Manifesto will help you understand the nuts and bolts of executing a lifetime investment plan, including: how to survive dealing with the investment industry, the practical meaning of market efficiency, how much to save, how to maintain discipline in the face of panics and manias, and what vehicles to use to achieve financial security and freedom. Written by bestselling author William J. Bernstein, well known for his insights on how individual investors can manage their personal wealth and retirement funds wisely Examines how the financial landscape has radically altered in the past two years, and what investors should do about it; Contains practical insights that the everyday investor can understand, Focuses on the concept of Pascal's Wager--identifying and avoiding worst-case scenarios, and planning investment decisions on that basis. With The Investor's Manifesto as your guide, you'll quickly discover the timeless investment approaches that can put you in a better position to prosper over time.
The Investor's Manifesto
by William J. Bernstein Jonathan ClementsA timeless approach to investing wisely over an investment lifetimeWith the current market maelstrom as a background, this timely guide describes just how to plan a lifetime of investing, in good times and bad, discussing stocks and bonds as well as the relationship between risk and return.Filled with in-depth insights and practical advice, The Investor's Manifesto will help you understand the nuts and bolts of executing a lifetime investment plan, including: how to survive dealing with the investment industry, the practical meaning of market efficiency, how much to save, how to maintain discipline in the face of panics and manias, and what vehicles to use to achieve financial security and freedom.Written by bestselling author William J. Bernstein, well known for his insights on how individual investors can manage their personal wealth and retirement funds wiselyExamines how the financial landscape has radically altered in the past two years, and what investors should do about itContains practical insights that the everyday investor can understandFocuses on the concept of Pascal's Wager-identifying and avoiding worst-case scenarios, and planning investment decisions on that basisWith The Investor's Manifesto as your guide, you'll quickly discover the timeless investment approaches that can put you in a better position to prosper over time.
The Investor's Mindset: Analyze Markets. Invest Strategically. Minimize Risk. Maximize Returns.
by Ben Le FortStop falling for nonsense advice peddled by &“#finfluencers&” online and start investing successfully. Whether you're an investment veteran or just starting out, this concise, finance-focused guide will unpick risky &“get rich quick&” myths, explain proven investment strategies using real-life case studies, and grow your confidence in the markets. Learn about: • How to achieve a new investment mindset; one that&’s analytical, well-informed, and cultivates beneficial qualities • Why &“get rich quick&” schemes fail and how you can avoid falling for them • Case studies and hyper-condensed wisdom from leading experts to inspire smarter investment choices • Having the confidence to trust your investing plan and stay invested long enough for compound interest to work its magic. Refreshingly honest and accessible, The Investor&’s Mindset is a much-needed antidote to the bad investment advice peddled online, instead helping you develop the confidence and resolve to build wealth sustainably and achieve financial freedom.
The Investor's Paradox: The Power of Simplicity in a World of Overwhelming Choice
by Brian PortnoyInvestors are in a jam. A troubled global economy, unpredictable markets, and a bewildering number of investment choices create a dangerous landscape for individual and institutional investors alike. To meet this challenge, most of us rely on a portfolio of fund managers to take risk on our behalves. Here, investment expert Brian Portnoy delivers a powerful framework for choosing the right ones – and avoiding the losers.Portnoy reveals that the right answers are found by confronting our own subconscious biases and behavioral quirks. A paradox we all face is the natural desire for more choice in our lives, yet the more we have, the less satisfied we become – whether we're at the grocery store, choosing doctors, or flipping through hundreds of TV channels. So, too, with investing, where there are literally tens of thousands of funds from which to choose. Hence "the investor's paradox": We crave abundant investment choices to conquer volatile markets, yet with greater flexibility, the more overwhelmed and less empowered we become.Leveraging the fresh insights of behavioral economics, Portnoy demystifies the opaque world of elite hedge funds, addresses the limits of mass market mutual funds, and discards the false dichotomy between "traditional" and "alternative" investments. He also explores why hedge funds have recently become such a controversial and disruptive force. Turns out it's not the splashy headlines – spectacular trades, newly minted billionaires, aggressive tactics – but something much more fundamental. The stratospheric rise to prominence and availability of alternative strategies represents a further explosion in the size and complexity of the choice set in a market already saturated with products. It constitutes something we all both crave and detest.The Investor's Paradox lights a path toward simplicity in a world of dangerous markets and overwhelming choice. Written in accessible, jargon-free language, with a healthy skepticism of today's money management industry, it offers not only practical tools for investment success but also a message of empowerment for investors drowning in possibility.
Investor's Passport to Hedge Fund Profits
by Sean D. Casterline Robert G. Yetman Jr.A comprehensive guide to international investingOpportunities to tap into foreign markets and, in turn, entirely new investment universes-that have traditionally been accessible only to hedge fund managers-are at hand, and this book offers you the straight story on how to look abroad for the next addition to your portfolio.Throughout these pages, the authors skillfully demonstrate how active, cutting-edge trading strategies used in domestic markets can be applied effectively overseas. Opening with discussions of the importance of international investing in today's turbulent markets, this reliable resource quickly moves on to examine the macro relationships between the different asset classes within a given country and shows you how to view those asset classes-stocks, bonds, currencies, and commodities-as a complete picture of what is happening in the investing world.Addresses the application of strategies to international portfolio development and managementClearly defines different financial markets and reveals how they can best be accessed and tradedFeatures information on currency trading and investing in foreign real estate as well as insights on swaps, futures trading, and risk managementThe Investor's Passport to Hedge Fund Profits demystifies international investing and gives you the tools by which to effectively profit from a wide array of asset classes.
Investors’ Preferences in Financing New Ventures: A Data Mining Approach to Equity
by Francesco James Mazzocchini Caterina LucarelliThis book aims at providing an empirical understanding of the main drivers affecting investors’ preferences in financing new ventures through equity crowdfunding (ECF) and determining fundraising campaign success. ECF is increasing in prominence as a route for new ventures in obtaining external financial resources. To raise capital, entrepreneurs are required to convey quality signals of their proposals with real-time information and knowledge sharing. This book advances knowledge in entrepreneurial finance by investigating the factors that affect individuals’ decisions to participate in ECF. The authors adopt a data mining approach to extract publicly available information from a multitude of crowdfunding platforms across different countries, producing a unique dataset. The book uses an innovative hybrid analysis to generate knowledge patterns creating data-driven models on one hand, and on the other test research hypotheses adopting statistical models to investigate empirical evidence in line, or in contrast, with the extant literature. The book also integrates organizational theories to examine the extent to which ECF platform managers follow a strategy of isomorphism in their choice of information disclosure. The final part of the book discusses how signals are interpreted by investors, how these affect financing preferences, and ultimately the successful completion of a fundraising campaign. The book will be of interest to academics and practitioners in entrepreneurial finance, FinTech, and investment behaviour.