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The Role of the Government in the Early Development of American Venture Capital
by Josh Lerner Tom NicholasWhether the government or markets, or a mixture of both, can provide efficient and effective incentives for encouraging entrepreneurial activity and new venture financing is an age old question. Public promotion efforts are controversial and in most cases they tend to fail. In the United States, debate about the role of government in these areas can be traced back to at least the Great Depression and the period immediately after World War II when the issue became a particular concern. Policy makers considered that existing financial institutions could neither provide the necessary due diligence nor the pool of risk capital that was necessary to spur entrepreneurial ventures. Furthermore, there were calls for additional inducements in the form of tax related incentives. The mechanisms that were used raise questions about benefits, costs and unintended consequences. Can, and should, the government influence entrepreneurial activity and venture financing? What are the limits to government intervention?
The Role of the Hospitality Industry in the Lives of Individuals and Families
by Francis A Kwansa Pamela R Cummings Marvin B SussmanThe Role of the Hospitality Industry in the Lives of Individuals and Families explores the evolution of the hospitality industry and the relationships between hospitality providers, their families, and the guests they serve. Focusing on the human aspect of the business, this text will give hospitality providers a better understanding of the human relations issues that they or their employees may face and show them how your services affect guests. Offering research and insight into customs and traditions that have influenced modern services, The Role of the Hospitality Industry in the Lives of Individuals and Families will teach you how to better meet the needs of guests at the national or international level while learning how the industry affects employees and their lives outside of work.The Role of the Hospitality Industry in the Lives of Individuals and Families discusses many different themes that relate to the improvement of the profession for both guests and employees, such as the spiritual, philosophical, and historical provisions of hospitality; the human resource and work issues of employees in the industry; consumer and family demands; and marketing strategies for hospitality organizations. In addition, this text discusses many issues that affect guests and that affect you as an employer or employee, such as: responding to the needs of travelers for a “home away from home” dealing with the social and health issues of guests recognizing the changing food habits of Americans and their impact on the hospitality industry examining the frequently negative attitude of Americans toward service hospitality employees balancing a career in the hospitality industry and family life researching the frequency of fast food patronage by older adults and the importance of hotel/motel services to older adults to determine if areas of service need improvement protecting employees from overly demanding guests balancing compassion, generosity, and idealism with the corporate profit maximization mandateThe Role of the Hospitality Industry in the Lives of Individuals and Families also examines the cultural relationships fostered by the hospitality industry as a benefit and proof of quality services. Complete with ideas for further research, this text will help you and your employees evaluate the personal effects of the hospitality industry and help provide better services to guests.
The Role of the Judge in International Trade Regulation: Experience and Lessons for the WTO
by Thomas Cottier Petros Constantinos Mavroidis Patrick BlatterThe WTO is generally seen as a key actor of globalization and, as such, has been the point of convergence of popular irritation worldwide. Many of the reproaches addressed to the WTO show civil societys concern with what is perceived as a democratic deficit in the way the organization operates. The main fear is to see trade rise as the ultimate value, prevailing over concerns such as health and environment. The Role of the Judge offers insight into how disputes are solved at the WTO level, into how the judicial branch interacts with the rest of the organization, and into the degree of sensitivity of the system to external input. The book sheds light on the judicial system governing the WTO and shows it to be the only truly multilateral system where disputes are solved by third-party adjudication. The book develops along three lines: the first a search for cases submitted to the WTO where the judge exceeded its authority; the second a comparison of the WTO with the operations of national judicial systems having different levels of integration, specifically the United States (federal level) and the EC (quasi-federal level); and the third an exploration of directions for the future of dispute settlement in the WTO. Reflecting the diversity of its contributors, this book addresses questions of economics, political science, and law, bringing an unusual level of multidisciplinarity to this topic and context. It is designed for both academic readers and practitioners, who will find it full of practical insights as well as rich and detailed analysis.
The Role of the Management Accountant: Local Variations and Global Influences (Routledge Studies in Accounting)
by Lukas Goretzki Erik StraussThere is considerable national variation in the professionalization and status of the management accountant. Although researchers from different countries have contributed to our knowledge about tasks and roles, we have limited insights into the development, education, and socio-cultural influences in different countries and surprisingly little is known about the local and national contexts in which these roles are learned and performed. This book bridges this research gap using two complementary perspectives. The first part explores management accountants in a range of different national contexts, providing information about country-specific historical developments and educational standards as well as specific roles and tasks. The second part focusses on important global developments that will increasingly impact management accountants in the future, such as sustainability, the financial crisis, technology and changing roles. By combining local context with a global overview, this insightful volume provides an agenda for future research which will be of great interest to scholars and advanced students in management accounting throughout the world.
The Role of the Media in Criminal Justice Policy: Prisons, Populism and the Press
by Natalia Antolak-SaperThis book provides a socio-legal examination of the media’s influence on the development and implementation of criminal justice policy. This impact is often assumed. And, especially in the wake of high-profile crimes, the press is routinely observed calling for sentences to be harsher, and for governments to be tougher on crime. But how do we know that there is a connection? To answer this question, the book draws on a case study of the media reporting of the rape and murder of Jill Meagher in Melbourne, Australia; as well as other well-known cases, including those of James Bulger, Sarah Payne, Stephen Lawrence and Michael Brown, among others. Deploying a socio-legal framework to examine how the media’s often powerful and emotive narratives play a crucial role in the development and implementation of law, the book provides a deep and critical reflection on its influence. The book concludes with a number of suggestions for media reform: both to moderate the media’s influence, and to incorporate a broader range of viewpoints. This multi-disciplinary book will appeal to scholars and students in sociolegal studies, criminology and criminal law as well as those working in relevant areas in sociology and media studies.
The Role of the Regions in EU Governance
by Alexander De Becker Carlo PanaraThis publication compares for the first time how the regions in seven different countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK) are involved in EU governance. It is also the first book which tackles this matter from two different perspectives; that of EU law and that of comparative law. It includes contributions both from well-established scholars in the field of EU law and from younger scholars.
The Role of the SDR in the International Monetary System
by Juanita RoushdyA report from the International Monetary Fund.
The Role of the State: BRICS National Systems of Innovation
by Mario Scerri; Helena M. M. LastresThis series of books brings together results of an intensive research programme on aspects of the national systems of innovation in the five BRICS countries — Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It provides a comprehensive and comparative examination of the challenges and opportunities faced by these dynamic and emerging economies. In discussing the impact of innovation with respect to economic, geopolitical, socio-cultural, institutional and technological systems, it reveals the possibilities of new development paradigms for equitable and sustainable growth.This volume, first in the series, analyses the relationship between the state and the evolution of the national systems of innovation. Putting forward several valuable considerations and policy recommendations, it argues that the experiences and knowledge gathered here may deeply impact the way we conceive of the theory of innovation systems, and implement policies and strategies for their development. Original and detailed data together with expert analyses by contributing authors on wide-ranging issues will make this an invaluable resource for researchers and scholars in economics, development studies and political science, as well as for policy-makers and development practitioners interested in the BRICS countries.
The Role of the State and Accounting Transparency: IFRS Implementation in Developing Countries
by Mohammad NurunnabiDr Mohammad Nurunnabi examines the factors that affect the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in developing countries and answers these specific research questions: - What is the relative impact of accounting regulatory frameworks and politico-institutional factors on the implementation of IFRS in developing countries? - How do cultural factors affect said implementation? - How does a study of implementing IFRS help to build an understanding of a theory of the role of the state in accounting change in developing countries? This follows a mixed methodology approach, in which interviews are conducted, IFRS-related enforcement documents and annual reports are evaluated. More than 138 countries have adopted IFRS, yet the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) does not provide an implementation index. Financial reporting varies by country, even within the area of the world that has apparently adopted IFRS and Nurunnabi offers an important viewpoint that considers the issues of IFRS implementation from various perspectives. This is an invaluable resource for Undergraduate, Masters and PhD students, policy makers (at local, regional and international level) namely the IASB, World Bank, IMF, practitioners and users, giving them the necessary insight into the financial reporting environment and the state’s attitude towards accounting transparency. Most importantly, this book contributes to military and democratic political regimes and the Max Weberian view of the theory of the role of the state’s attitude towards accounting transparency.
The Role of the State in Taiwan's Development
by Joel D. AberdachThese essays are a product of a co-operative research project between American and Taiwanese social scientists. Of particular interest is the chapter discussing a comparative study of industrial policy, productivity growth and structural change in manufacturing.
The Role of the Subsidiary in International Business: Functional Responsibilities in the MNE's Value Network
by Marlena DzikowskaReflecting on the evolving organisation of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their growing presence in international business, this book focuses on value creation by subsidiaries in transition economies, and uses Poland as an example. Drawing on internalisation and business network theory, the author analyses the role of the subsidiary with the aim of explaining the mechanisms of subsidiary functional specialisation and its operationalisation. The book presents an innovative model illustrating the determinants of the functional responsibilities of subsidiaries, whilst providing an empirical analysis of foreign subsidiaries in Poland. Addressing a vital topic in international business and management studies, this Palgrave Pivot will be useful for researchers, students and practitioners.
The Role of the United States Postal Service in Public Safety and Security
by Katherine Mack Jeremiah Goulka Michael Pollard Russell Lundberg Lois M. DavisThe United States Postal Service has long held a statutory monopoly to deliver mail to mailboxes (known as the Mailbox Rule). Critics have argued against the Mailbox Rule on anti-monopoly and property rights grounds. But relaxing the Mailbox Rule may affect public safety and security. This study assesses the public safety concerns of relaxing the Mailbox Rule and makes recommendations to address these concerns.
The Role of Work in People's Lives: Applied Career Counseling and Vocational Psychology (2nd edition)
by Nadene Peterson Roberto Cortéz GonzálezThis text for future vocational psychologists and career counselors not only surveys theories, practices and the counselor's role in career development, it also calls for the transformation of the field to keep current with the changing place of work in people's lives. González (U. of Texas, El Paso) and Peterson (Our Lady of the Lake U. ) emphasize multiculturalism and diversity throughout the volume as they discuss the influence of the global economy and the corporate climate on work. Case studies and practical applications are interpolated in the discussions. Important terms are highlighted and defined in the appended glossary.
Role of Yarn Tension in Weaving
by Samir Kumar NeogiNo cloth can be woven without desired and adequate tensions of its constituent warp and weft yarns. This book explains the crucial role of yarn tension in weaving and discusses its various aspects and effects on cloth characteristics. The subject matter of this book includes – Yarn tension at the weaving preparatory process Warp tension measurement General form of weft tension variation Effects of loom settings and other factors on warp tension Effects of yarn tensions on loom performance Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan)
Role Transitions in Organizational Life: An Identity-based Perspective (Organization and Management Series)
by Blake AshforthIdentity-based approaches to understanding thoughts, feelings, and actions in organizations have produced, particularly in recent years, an array of rich insights that have broadened the domain of organizational behavior. This book brings these insights together in one complete source and uses them collectively to stretch further the boundaries of the discipline. Blake Ashforth accomplishes this goal by creating new ways of viewing the many forms of role transitions evident in organizational life. He looks at role transitions people make during the workday (i.e., from spouse/parent to employee) and studies the identity and status issues faced. This unique authored book also creatively accomplishes two scholarly objectives. First, it provides a needed review, critique, and integration of what is known about being socially defined in an organizational context; and second, it provides fresh and intriguing perspectives on the dynamics of role engagement and disengagement both within and between organizations. This book will appeal to psychologists, managers, and lifespan development researchers interested in the transitions people make as they go through life.
Roles of Financial Institutions and Credit Guarantees in Regional Revitalization in Japan (SpringerBriefs in Economics)
by Nobuyoshi Yamori Yoshihiro Asai Masao Ojima Kei Tomimura Koji YonedaThis book is about the roles that financial institutions are expected to play for revitalizing regional economies in Japan, which face several serious problems such as a rapidly aging population as well as a sharp decline in population. The Japanese government expects regional financial institutions to contribute to that revitalization. Actually, Japanese regional financial institutions have made various efforts to support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to increase their profitability and sustainability. However, the efforts have not yet produced adequate outcomes. To help clarify the reasons for the failures and to offer policy recommendations, the authors used four questionnaires to conduct surveys. They sent the questionnaires to the headquarters of regional financial institutions for Chapter 1 and to the staffs of regional financial institutions for Chapter 2. The government revised the Credit Guarantee System Reform Act in 2017 to promote financial institutions and credit guarantee corporations in order to proactively support SMEs, so in Chapter 3 the aims of the revised act are explained. Chapter 4 is based on a survey of startups that used the public credit guarantee. Finally, Chapter 5 is based on another, different questionnaire that was sent to SMEs to find out why they failed to improve their risk management and how financial institutions can help them to prepare for disasters. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, these questionnaire studies on regional revitalization have not been carried out elsewhere, making this book unique.
The Roles of Immigrants and Foreign Students in US Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report)
by Ina Ganguli, Shulamit Kahn, and Megan MacGarvieThe number of immigrants in the US science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce and among recipients of advanced STEM degrees at US universities has increased in recent decades. In light of the current public debate about immigration, there is a need for evidence on the economic impacts of immigrants on the STEM workforce and on innovation. Using new data and state-of-the-art empirical methods, this volume examines various aspects of the relationships between immigration, innovation, and entrepreneurship, including the effects of changes in the number of immigrants and their skill composition on the rate of innovation; the relationship between high-skilled immigration and entrepreneurship; and the differences between immigrant and native entrepreneurs. It presents new evidence on the postgraduation migration patterns of STEM doctoral recipients, in particular the likelihood these graduates will return to their home country. This volume also examines the role of the US higher education system and of US visa policy in attracting foreign students for graduate study and retaining them after graduation.
The Roles of Law and Politics in China's Development
by Guanghua YuThis book examines China's economic development from the end of 1970s, integrating perspectives from law, economics and political science. Particular attention is given to the role of formal law and political changes in China's development, presenting the argument that formal law has made a useful contribution to China's economic development. Chapters explore the relationship between democracy and mechanisms of property rights protection, financial market, rule of law, and human capital accumulation. The author goes on to examine the persistence of authoritarianism, democracy and economic development and the concept of deliberative democracy. This book concludes with a look at future options for China, from political, economic and rule of law perspectives. The book considers China's current political regime and analyzes the likely political and constitutional law reforms that are not only conducive to China's economic development but also beneficial to the enhancement of freedom. Some knowledge of the Chinese legal system, economy, and political institutions is assumed, making this book valuable to those requiring a deeper understanding of the subject. The book will appeal to legal scholars and lawyers requiring an understanding of the impact of the Chinese legal system on China's economic and political development and to scholars and students in political science and economics with an interest in China's institutional change. Policy makers and administrators with an interest in policy and law making in China will also find this book valuable.
The Roles of Organisation Development
by Annamaria GardenThe Roles of Organisation Development by Dr Annamaria Garden introduces a radically new and original framework to explain organisation development work and how it is done. The origin of the book came out of a question asked by a woman OD practitioner: How do you do what you do? This book is Dr Garden’s answer to that question. Dr Garden found that she did not think in terms of formal roles or roles as typically described in the organisational development or management literature. Instead, she described what she did in terms of: the Seer, Translator, Cultivator, Catalyst, Navigator, Teacher, Guardian. These are presented primarily as roles for OD people but managers would be wise to adopt them also. They are current across the world in any organisation. Garden was trained in her PhD from MIT by two of the founding fathers of OD: Professor Ed Schein and Professor Dick Beckhard. The book refers, in places, to their teaching and interaction. The Roles of Organisation Development will appeal to OD, strategy and marketing consultants, academics as well as managers doing OD work, and trying to move and change the organisation leaning on the soft skills.
Roles of Resistance: Game Plans for Teachers and Troublemakers
by John-Henry Harter Mark LeierWelcome to class. Today, we’ll be learning how to become (effective) troublemakers. In this classroom, no one gets in trouble for defying authority. Designed for educators and facilitators from the union hall to the lecture hall, Roles of Resistance: Game Plans for Teachers and Troublemakers outlines revolutionary lesson plans on how to fight the power with people power. The thirteen lesson plans in this book created by John-Henry Harter and Mark Leier can be used independently or combined to create a semester-long course. Sections include units on teaching political economy, labour history, and social activism based on democratic, experiential teaching, including role-plays, simulations, and games. The tried and tested classroom activities in this teacher’s guide—successfully applied in high schools, universities, and union classrooms—are bound to create a vibrant learning experience, enriching debates, and providing the main tool we need to change the world: collective action.
The Roles of Systems and Tools: Realizing the Full Promise of Moving Beyond Budgeting
by Jeremy Hope Robin FraserA range of tools has emerged to support the needs of the front-line manager in an adaptive and decentralized organization-tools that will work if the culture of the organization is supportive, its leaders are committed, and decision makers have the freedom and capability to act on the information provided. This chapter looks closely at six tools that support adaptive management processes.
Roll Back Malaria and BCG: the Change Initiative
by Rachel Gordon Catherine Ross Nava AshrafRoll Back Malaria, a global partnership dedicated to fighting malaria has not met its founders' expectations of effectively combatting malaria. In 2005, after several internal evaluations, RBM leadership has decided to engage the Boston Consulting Group to work on a Change Initiative that when completed will enable RBM to address the eradication of malaria both more effectively and through larger scale efforts. However, the Initiative has become derailed after BCG's first major presentation to the RBM board. Will this end the Change Initiative prematurely?
Roll Up Your Sleeves: Leading and Living in a World of Constant Change
by Michael Alan TateThe executive consultant and author of The White Shirt shares a faith based parable with lessons for navigating our ever-changing world.In his popular book The White Shirt, Michael Alan Tate introduced readers to a young man named Cyrus who needed to find his place in the world. The story of his journey coincided with a step-by-step guide for readers to create their own career strategy. Now Tate returns to Cyrus at a new stage of life, where he mut learn to adapt to a changing world—and to his own changing role within it.In Roll Up Your Sleeves, Tate presents a new parable that teaches leaders how they can successfully navigate change in their personal and professional lives. Along with the engaging story, readers will find:• A simple toolset for any leader facing a complex world of constant change• A clear understanding of what change does to employees, friends, and family•Easy to apply actions to keep change from disrupting an entire organization, family, or community
Roll-Ups and Surprise Billing: Collisions at the Intersection of Private Equity and Patient Care
by Kira Seiger Trevor FetterThis case describes the increasing investment by private equity (PE) firms in patient care and other healthcare services. The case focuses on investments in physician staffing firms and roll-up strategy investments in physician practice management (PPM). Included in the case is discussion of the practice of surprise billing, i.e., when staffing firms and insurance companies fail to reach agreement on adequate reimbursement for physician services, resulting in patients' being responsible for paying the entire bill. The case includes material on the debate over whether surprise billing is part of a deliberate strategy on the part of the staffing companies and their PE owners. The case also includes discussion of PE firms' fiduciary duty to generate returns for their LPs and how that might affect the cost of care to patients and insurers.