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Rural Enterprise: Shifting Perspectives on Small Scale Production (Critical Perspectives on Rural Change #3)
by Sarah Whatmore Philip Lowe Terry MarsdenOriginally published in 1991, the focus of the contributions in this book is the relationships between rurality and small-scale production, particularly in Europe. This remains relevant, as then, as when the book was first published, the issues covered had a particular resonance in the shifting terrain of Europe and the political debates surrounding its common future. The contributors explore the diversity and significance of rural small-scale production in different countries and the regional disciplinary theoretical discourses which inform research.
The Rural Enterprise Economy (Routledge Studies in the Economics of Business and Industry)
by Birgit Leick, Susanne Gretzinger, and Teemu MakkonenEnterprises located in rural regions face various challenges in the globalised and digitised world. This book offers comprehensive answers to the question of what makes up the rural enterprise economy in the contemporary business world. It addresses the competitiveness and viability, strategic management and strategic change, and marketing issues for both incumbent and start-up companies in rural regions. The book presents new concepts that shed light on the rural enterprise economy with its entrepreneurs. With a broad range of cases from European regions, the book provides theoretical insights for scholars, practical case-based evidence for lecturers and teachers, and practical knowledge for business practitioners and planning specialists. Academic experts from European universities and research institutes provide compelling answers to this under-researched topic in business studies and economics.
Rural Environmental Planning for Sustainable Communities
by Frederic O. Sargent Jose Rivera Paul Lusk Maria VarelaRural Environmental Planning for Sustainable Communities offers an explanation of the concept of Rural Environmental Planning (REP) along with case studies that show how to apply REP to specific issues such as preserving agricultural lands, planning river and lake basins, and preserving historical sites.
Rural Health Disparities (SpringerBriefs in Public Health)
by Monica M. TaylorThis innovative resource offers a unique, multidisciplinary approach for the utilization of planning theory to eliminate health disparities in rural communities. The book provides tools in the public health, policy, and planning disciplines to help resolve significant differences in life expectancy and quality of life in these communities, concluding with a progressive vision for alleviating geographical health disparities on a local, national, and global scale. Chapters highlight models and approaches best suited to addressing this public health concern, suggesting action strategies focused around each of the three focus areas: <P><P> 1. Public health: Elucidation of the contextual factors impacting the health of rural communities by: reporting statistical updates on a range of chronic and infectious diseases that disproportionately affect rural populations both globally and in the U.S.; providing discourse on the importance of addressing critical social determinants (global and national) that impede optimal health outcomes among rural populations; and, acknowledging the compositional factors of individuals who reside in rural spaces. <P><P> 2. Public policy: Application of specific policy models to garner both public and political will towards sustainable policy change to improve healthy living in rural spaces. <P><P>3. Rural planning: Identification of national and international planning models that can be used to design strategic plans targeted to improve quality of life, create sustainable development, and establish economic well-being and growth in rural communities. <P><P>Rural Health Disparities: Public Health, Policy, and Planning Approaches will find an engaged audience among non-profit organizations, planners, public health practitioners, policy analysts, and public interest groups, as well as rural health advocates and students enrolled in planning, public policy, and/or public health courses.
Rural Healthcare
by Jim Cox Christopher E. Clark Tim SandersRural Healthcare was the first textbook of rural medicine in the UK. In this fully revised second edition, it continues to fulfil the requirement for a resource dedicated to the particular needs of those living and practising in rural areas. Offering an authoritative, informative, evidence-based, practical reference book, it is required reading for undergraduate and postgraduate students of rural healthcare, a foundation for rural healthcare curriculae and an inspirational read. It is invaluable for both intending and established rural primary healthcare workers, including general practitioners, nurses, midwives, paramedics, therapists, managers and administrators.
Rural Healthcare
by Jim Cox Iain MungallTwenty per cent of UK residents live in rural areas, but little attention has been paid to their health needs or to the needs of the people who provide them with healthcare. This is the first textbook of rural medicine in the UK. It is easy to read, comprehensive and authoritative, and it is invaluable for both intending and established rural primary healthcare workers including general practitioners, nurses, managers and administrators.
Rural Housing and Economic Development (Routledge Advances in Regional Economics, Science and Policy)
by Don E. Albrecht Scott Loveridge Stephan Goetz Rachel WelbornHousing is crucial to the quality of life and wellbeing for individuals and familes, but the availability of adequate or affordable housing also plays a vital role in community economic development. Rural areas face a substantial disadvantage compared to urban areas in regard to housing, and this book explores these issues. Rural Housing and Economic Development includes chapters from nationally known experts from throughout the U.S. to provide insight to help understand and address the difficult housing concerns within rural areas. The chapters cover a variety of issues including housing for rural minorities, the extent of and problems associated with mobile home dwelling, the extent to which affordable rental housing is available in rural areas, the rapidly growing elderly population, and the housing consequences of rapid population and economic growth associated with energy development. The authors not only describe various housing problems, but also suggest policy approaches to more effectively address them. This book will be a vital resource to policy makers at the local, state or national level as they grapple with difficult rural housing problems. Researchers and professionals dealing with housing issues will also benefit from the insights of these experts while the book will also be appropriate for upper level undergraduates or graduate students in courses on housing or economic development.
Rural Informatization in China
by Kaoru Kimura Nagy Hanna Asheeta Bhavnani Christina Zhen-Wei Qiang Randeep SudanChina's recent economic growth has expanded industrialization and urbanization, upgraded consumption, increased social mobility, and initiated a shift from an agricultural-based economy to one based on services and industry. However, more than half of China's population still lives in rural areas, where the average per capital income is less than a third of the urban average. The government of China has increased its commitment to rural development and poverty-reduction programs, with attention to narrowing the rural-urban divide. Informatization-defined as the transformation of an economy and society driven by information and communications technology (ICT)-is increasingly being explored as a way of helping poor people. Rural Informatization in China presents an overview and in-depth analysis of rural ICT initiatives in China. This study reviews the present-day status of China's rural informatization infrastructure, examines and summarizes by organizational model the key initiatives in the past decade, and provides policy recommendations to address current challenges. Case studies of different financing models of rural ICT initiatives from China and other countries are included.
Rural Labor Migration, Discrimination, and the New Dual Labor Market in China
by Guifu Chen Shigeyuki HamoriThis book studies some important issues in China's labor market, such as rural labor migration, employment and wage discrimination, the new dual labor market, and economic returns on schooling, using the newer and representative data and advanced estimation models. This approach has yielded many interesting results, including a solution to the dilemma of two ongoing crises since 2004: the rural labor surplus and severe shortage of migrant labor. While male workers generally received less favorable treatment and consequently enjoyed a lower average employment probability than female workers in 1996, they also received preferential treatment over female workers, who otherwise had identical worker characteristics in 2005. We provide new estimates for male-female hourly wage differentials in urban China, and our results indicate that the hourly wage differentials and the unexplained part of the hourly wage differentials are smaller than the differentials obtained by ignoring the sample selection bias. We study China's new dual labor market, which is shifting from a rural migration versus urban workers setup to informal workers versus formal workers setup, and present some interesting results. Our study is the first to adopt the IV methodology and the Heckman (1979) two-step procedure simultaneously for the estimation of economic returns on schooling in China.
Rural Labour Mobility in Times of Structural Transformation
by D. Narasimha Reddy Kailash SarapThis book examines essential issues and perspectives on rural labour, helping readers understand the changes that are currently taking place in the labour markets, especially with regard to migrants from rural to urban areas, their socio-economic conditions, factors contributing to such mobility and associated problems. Further, it addresses the question of why the socio-economic conditions of rural labour have not experienced measurable improvements. Presenting a collection of painstakingly researched essays that focus on both India and China, the book addresses these challenges with an explicit focus on safeguarding the interests of rural labour under the neoliberal dispensation. The research is based on primary survey data and analytical issues from selected Asian economies, especially from India. On the basis of the findings discussed, it subsequently suggests ways forward so as to improve the wellbeing of migrant households and put an end to distress migration. Lastly, the book convincingly argues that improving labour market outcomes, and more specifically, generating employment and providing alternative livelihood avenues, represents the most pressing challenge in rural areas.
Rural Livelihood and Environmental Sustainability in China (China Connections Ser.)
by Jie Li Shuzhuo Li Gretchen C. Daily Marcus FeldmanThe book considers the challenge of poverty and deterioration of the ecological environment in China, particularly in rural areas. Examining key factors such as the overuse of natural resources and the loss of biodiversity in the face of an expanding population and rapidly developing economy. It focuses on examining the frameworks of rural households in poor mountainous areas in rural China, considering their livelihood choices and decision-making processes. It analyses the relationship between these households’ livelihoods and their environment, notably farmers’ attitudes and perceptions towards ecological conservation policies, and their use of forest resources. Cutting across the fields of population studies, sociology, economy and environment, this is an important read for scholars and students interested in how China is dealing with the challenges of natural resources exploitation, sustainable development and social welfare.
Rural Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction Policies (Routledge Studies in Development Economics #Vol. 42)
by Frank Ellis H. Ade FreemanThis important new collection of contributions brings together current thinking on poverty reduction and rural livelihoods in developing countries. As well as leading economists in the field such as Frank Ellis and Chris Barrett, there are a number of contributors from developing countries themselves. The book examines both macroeconomic and microeconomic phenomena and contains wide range of case studies. Skilfully exposing the gap that exists between the rhetoric of poverty reduction strategies in capital cities and the practice of public sector delivery in rural areas, this key text will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers in the fields of rural development, rural livelihoods, poverty reduction strategies and Sub-Saharan Africa development as well as advisors and practitioners in international organizations.
Rural Livelihoods in China: Political economy in transition (Routledge Explorations in Development Studies)
by Heather Xiaoquan ZhangIn recent decades, China has undergone rapid economic growth, industrialisation and urbanisation concomitant with deep and extensive structural and social change, profoundly reshaping the country’s development landscape and urban-rural relationships. This book applies livelihoods approaches to deepen our understanding of the changes and continuities related to rural livelihoods within the wider context of political economy of development in post-socialist China, bridging the urban and rural scenarios and probing the local, national and global dynamics that have impacted on livelihood, in particular its mobility, security and sustainability. Presenting theoretically informed and empirically grounded research by leading scholars from across the world, this book offers multidisciplinary perspectives on issues central to rural livelihoods, development, welfare and well-being. It documents and analyses the processes and consequences of change, focusing on social protection of mobile livelihoods, particularly rural migrants’ citizenship rights in the city, and the environmental, social and political aspects of sustainability in the countryside. This book contributes to the current scholarly and policy debates, and is among the first attempts to critically reflect on China’s market transition and the associated pathways to change. It will be of interest to students in international development studies, China studies, social policy, public health, political science, and environmental studies at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, as well as academics, policy makers and practitioners who are concerned with China’s human and social development in general, and agriculture and rural livelihoods in particular.
Rural Livelihoods, Regional Economies, and Processes of Change (Routledge ISS Studies in Rural Livelihoods #11)
by Deborah SickFor centuries, new technologies and expanding networks of production and consumption have been changing the face of rural economies in significant ways. Millions of rural dwellers have found survival increasingly difficult and have fled to urban centres. Others have remained: some retrenching, struggling to just subsist, others attempting to innovatively redefine their place within ‘new’ rural economies. Over the past 30 years, rural economies have largely been ignored by policy makers, but recent growing concerns about food security, environmental degradation, climate change, continued rural poverty, and high rates of out-migration have sparked renewed interest in rural regions. Covering a range of geographical and socio-cultural contexts, the case studies in this book draw on actor-oriented in-depth field studies, which provide detailed, locally focused perspectives on the nature of rural livelihoods today. The collection highlights the ways in which rural livelihoods are being redefined, the multiple ways in which rural dwellers draw on distinct social, cultural and environmental resources to formulate their livelihood strategies, and the factors which facilitate or limit their abilities to do so. This volume will be of interest to development practitioners and policy makers, and scholars working in rural development and economic anthropology.
Rural Long Tail Public Service and the Correction Mechanism: Evidence from China
by Ji LuoThis book firstly analyzes the status and characteristics of rural long tail public service and its unbalance in detail. In all, based on the long tail theory, mechanism design theory and resource dependence theory, this book makes an empirical study and basic judgment on the matching of supply and demand of rural long tail public services in China and explores the mechanism of the efficiency of supply and demand affecting the imbalance. This book presents a correction mechanism of rural long tail public demand based on the division of different response subjects and puts forward corresponding policy suggestions. By putting the rural public demand in the “embedded” economic and social system and the development process, this book analyzes its future trend and response path. Then, based on the difference of governance efficiency, this book analyzes the general causes of the unbalance of supply and demand of rural long tail public service. Especially for the representative field of rural public service (e.g., special education, old-age caring, medical care), this book carries out empirical studies (seemingly unrelated regression) to analyze the factors, internal mechanism and basic path of the imbalance of rural long tail public service. Thirdly, through the construction of the imbalance index of rural long tail public service, this book makes an empirical calculation of the severity of this imbalance. This book further puts forward the design of the correction mechanism for the imbalance of rural long tail public service and carries on the reasonable and orderly division for different supply subjects. In the end, this book puts forward the balanced “Internet + NGO” model for rural long tail public service and takes JD.com as an example to expound the operation of the network platform of the correction mechanism.
Rural Marketing: Challenges and Opportunities
by Dinesh Kumar Punam GuptaWith 700 million prospective consumers including about 40 per cent of the country middle-income group, the sheer size of India rural market itself speaks of its huge This new textbook discusses how the application of traditional marketing theories transforms when the 'fourth sector', or the emergence of social business, comes into play. Drawing from latest research, Rural Marketing: Challenges and Opportunities closely analyses two crucial components of the rural market - marketing to rural areas and empowering the 'bottom-of-pyramid' (BoP) markets to create successful business ventures. Written as per the prescribed curriculum of rural management and rural marketing courses offered by the major universities in India, this book goes beyond discussing just the strategies to sell products to village economies. Infused with numerous real-life case studies of companies that have ventured into the field, this book will prove to be an extremely useful resource in understanding the uniqueness, dynamics and challenges of marketing in rural areas. Key Features: Rich pedagogy including opening and closing case studies, mini case studies, engaging chapter-end exercises and project assignments Inclusion of references to recent research data, important journal articles and videos for classroom teaching Comprehensive overview of the future of rural marketing through BoP approach, social enterprises and use of big data
Rural Marketing
by Sanal Kumar VelayudhanThis highly practical and informative book provides unique insights into the essential features of rural markets in India as well as challenges posed by the rural consumer. Retaining the managerial perspective of the first edition, this second edition has been thoroughly revised and expanded, and examines in greater detail the concept of rural markets and rural marketing. It also contains numerous short cases to illustrate how social and cultural habits influence rural consumer behaviour. The book contains comprehensive insights into: - The nature and patterns of rural behaviour. - A detailed profile of the rural market. - The opportunities available in rural markets and new methods used to access the rural consumer. - Strategic decisions for new product development. - Promotion, distribution, communication, and channel servicing decisions. - the importance of rural market institutions such as haats and melas. - Emerging channels to access rural market. A guide to strategic marketing and management decisions, this book will be of interest to students of marketing and management as well as professionals in the field.
Rural Marketing: Developing the Non-urban Consumer
by Sanal Kumar VelayudhanThis revised edition comprehensively covers the fundamental aspects of rural marketing with practical examples and cases. This textbook retains the concept of rural markets and rural marketing and explores the emerging channels such as digitization and ecommerce in rural markets. It includes numerous short cases to illustrate how social and cultural aspects influence rural consumer behaviour. This third edition has five new chapters, and each existing chapter has undergone in-depth revision as per the new curriculum, to add the latest developments and weed out redundant information along with restructuring changes. A clear and compelling writing style, cutting-edge learning tools and completely revised chapters make this book an indispensable guide for students and professionals striving to make a career in rural marketing. Key Features: • In-depth discussion on critical issues in rural markets such as socio-economic and the technological environment of rural markets • Comprehensive presentation of concepts - from researching rural markets to future of rural markets in the digital world • Rich pedagogical features to aid teaching - learning in the classroom - learning objectives, chapter-end summary, case studies, concept review questions, critical thinking questions and much more
Rural Marketing: Growing the Non-urban Consumer
by Sanal Kumar VelayudhanRural markets offer a sizable and resilient pool of consumers to organizations and marketers. This book offers a comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of rural marketing that influence consumer behaviour within the framework of a rapidly changing economy. The book: - includes in-depth discussions on critical issues in rural markets as well as case-studies that examine their socio-cultural nuances, peculiarities, and their economic and technological environments; - looks at concepts that are unique to rural markets from the perspective of the buyer and the marketer and analyses buying behaviour and its influences as well as the pricing, value, and positioning of products by brands; - analyses emerging trends and the future of these markets and the introduction of digitization and ecommerce in rural areas; - offers marketing tools and a detailed understanding of rural markets for professionals working in small or low-income markets. The cutting-edge learning tools presented in this book will make it of interest to professionals, students, and researchers working in rural marketing and management, business and economics, management studies, business planning, and marketing.
The Rural-Migration Nexus: Global Problems, Rural Issues (Rethinking Rural)
by Nathan Kerrigan Philomena De LimaThis edited collection aims to examine the global-rural relationship of migration that shapes rural places. It does this by acknowledging that to understand the impact of the international migration-global nexus, it is essential to explore how it is experienced at a local level - in the context of this book, rural regions. Focusing on agribusiness and rural development, as well as the othering of international migrants and the shifting boundaries of belonging in rural spaces, the chapters in this book examine how globalisation, with migration being a constitutive feature, influences different rural contexts in the ‘Global North’ and the impact this has on migrant populations. Chapters demonstrate the harsh lived experiences/realities characterised by mental health issues and emotional labour for migrants, occupational health and safety issues in the workplace and experiences of exclusion and racism from ‘host’ communities. These chapters taken together identify a rural-migration nexus where the relationship between international migration and localised rural spaces are mutually constitutive.
Rural Planning Futures: Principles, Policy and Practice in the UK and Ireland (RTPI Library Series)
by Mark ScottRural Planning Futures charts the critical societal challenges that are reshaping rural places across the UK and Ireland. The book evaluates current planning processes and explores the prospects for an enhanced, cross-sectoral and holistic future practice that mediates rural change towards more resilient and sustainable outcomes. Rural places and planning have, for too long, been viewed as marginal to both the theory and practice of planning. However, rural places are central to addressing critical global challenges – from climate action, through nature recovery, energy transitions, and food security, to water quality – while also facing more localised conflicts around housing, the siting of infrastructure, and the challenge of sustaining local services. The policy response to these complex challenges has too often been fragmented, siloed, and fixated on the short-term. By illustrating how key 'rural capitals' are linked and integrated, this book argues for a reset of the rural planning narrative and for the urgent disruption of established ways of working. Using innovative case studies, the chapters detail how planning for rural places must be guided by the pursuit of social value rather than protecting private interests. This book is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students in planning, geography, rural studies, landscape studies, and regional studies.
Rural Planning in Developing Countries: Report on the Second Rehovoth Conference Israel, August 1963
by Raanan WeitzFirst published in 1965, this reissue is a report on the Second Rehovoth Conference of August 1963, convened by the then Deputy Prime Minister of Israel, Mr Abba Eban, in order to enable the scientists and political leaders of developing countries to establish meaningful communication on the overall topic of comprehensive planning of agriculture in developing countries. Conference discussions centred on the three main topics of; agricultural planning and rural development; the human factor in agricultural development; and agricultural research, extension, and education.
Rural Poverty and Income Dynamics in Asia and Africa (Routledge Studies in Development Economics)
by Keijiro Otsuka Jonna P. Estudillo Yasuyuki SawadaAlthough there is much interest in poverty reduction, there are few agreed upon strategies to effectively reduce poverty. In this new book, the editors have gathered together various evidences on poverty dynamics, based on panel data from the last few decades in the Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh and Tamil Nadu in India, compared with more recent data from sub-Saharan Africa. The major finding of this research project is that rural households in sub-Saharan African are beginning to experience the same pattern of structural change in income composition and poverty reduction that Asian households have experienced in the past 20-25 years. The chapters in the book explore how the spread of Green Revolution has triggered the subsequent transformation of rural economies. Many rural households in Asia have been able to move out of poverty in the presence of increasing scarcity of farmland initially by increasing rice income through the adoption of modern rice technology and gradually diversifying their income sources away from farm to non-farm activities. Increased participation in non-farm employment has been more pronounced among the more educated children, whose education is facilitated by an increase in farm income brought about by the Green Revolution. This book identifies the importance of Green Revolution and non-farm employment for poverty reduction in Asia, which provides valuable lessons for sub-Saharan Africa.
Rural Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in China
by Yangyang ShenThis book aims to empirically and theoretically study how the economic growth and inequality affected China’s rural poverty since China’s reform and opening-up. Apart from the trickle-down effect, some empirical researches show that rising inequality usually links with unfairly shared of the economic growth, which is not good for the poor, and this book particularly concerns with the impact of inequality on poverty reduction. In 11 chapters, it leads readers to review the dynamic changes of rural poverty in China, and estimates rural poverty by various methods, for instance, with analysis by monetary poverty (including income and expenditure poverty), multidimensional poverty, absolute poverty, and relative poverty. Especially attention is paid to apply the “growth-inequality-poverty triangle” model for long-term poverty dynamic changes evaluation. The book revisits poverty reduction strategies in different development periods for rural China and evaluates the poverty eradication achievements stage-by-stage under different analytical methods, in order to provide an objective assessment. Among the chapters, pro-poor growth, Shapley decomposition, poverty elasticity, density estimation, multidimensional poverty analysis, and policy simulation methods are applied for both national wide discussion and rural sub-group heterogeneity analysis. In addition to students, teachers, and researchers in the areas of development, economic growth, equity, and welfare, the book is also of great interest to policy makers, planners, and non‐government agencies who are concerned with understanding and addressing poverty-related issues in the developing countries.
Rural Poverty in the United States
by Ann Tickamyer Jennifer Sherman Jennifer WarlickAmerica's rural areas have always held a disproportionate share of the nation's poorest populations. Rural Poverty in the United States examines why. What is it about the geography, demography, and history of rural communities that keeps them poor? In a comprehensive analysis that extends from the Civil War to the present, Rural Poverty in the United States looks at access to human and social capital; food security; healthcare and the environment; homelessness; gender roles and relations; racial inequalities; and immigration trends to isolate the underlying causes of persistent rural poverty.Contributors to this volume incorporate approaches from multiple disciplines, including sociology, economics, demography, race and gender studies, public health, education, criminal justice, social welfare, and other social science fields. They take a hard look at current and past programs to alleviate rural poverty and use their failures to suggest alternatives that could improve the well-being of rural Americans for years to come. These essays work hard to define rural poverty's specific metrics and markers, a critical step for building better policy and practice. Considering gender, race, and immigration, the book appreciates the overlooked structural and institutional dimensions of ongoing rural poverty and its larger social consequences.