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Sovereign Wealth Funds in Resource Economies: Institutional and Fiscal Foundations
by Khalid Alsweilem Malan RietveldSovereign wealth funds (SWFs) have reached a transitional moment. Created as a way to direct excess wealth toward economic development and long-term financial returns, some countries are now seeing a decline in revenue from sources such as oil. Many SWFs are now facing a new challenge—how to spend sustainably without depleting the funds. Sovereign Wealth Funds in Resource Economies explains the fiscal rules and institutional structures that can make SWFs thrive, providing a practical and theoretical guide to their optimal use in resource-revenue management.Khalid Alsweilem and Malan Rietveld put forward an institutional perspective of SWFs as quasi-independent political and economic entities charged with managing national resource wealth, examining both investment and disbursement strategies. They advance a systematic, rule-based approach, suggesting when to accumulate and when to begin countercyclical spending based on concrete case studies. More than a mere financial portfolio, SWFs must be embedded in a credible fiscal and institutional framework if they are to contribute to improved economic performance. Alsweilem and Rietveld consider the variety of relationships that exist between SWFs and their governments, exploring the legal and policy side of the institutional approach. Their rule-based description of SWFs, since it allows tailoring and adjustment and invokes rules of thumb and best practices, is intended to be widely applicable across the diverse spectrum of global SWFs. Bringing together the practitioner perspective and scholarly expertise, this book will be invaluable for global policy makers and scholars working with sovereign wealth funds.
Sovereign Wealth Funds, Local Content Policies and CSR: Developments in the Extractives Sector (CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance)
by Eduardo G. Pereira Rochelle Spencer Jonathon W. MosesThis book explores three particular strategies in the extractives sector for creating shared wealth, increased labour opportunities and positive social, environmental and economic outcomes from corporate projects, namely: state wealth funds (SWF), local content policies (LCP) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. Collectively, the chapters explore the associated experiences and challenges in different parts of the world with the view to inform equitable and sustainable development for the communities living adjacent to extractives sites and the wider society and environment. Examples of LCPs, SWFs and CSR practices from 12 jurisdictions with diverse experiences offer usefull insights. The book illuminates challenges and opportunities for sustainable development outcomes of the extractives sector. It reflects the need to take on board the lessons of these global experiences in order to improve outcomes for poverty reduction, inequality reduction and sustainable development.
Sovereignty and Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the United States
by Wayne EdwardsThis book presents a comparative study of the land settlements and sovereign arrangements between the US government and the three major aggregated groups of indigenous peoples—American Indians, Native Alaskans, and Native Hawaiians—whose land rights claims have resulted in very different outcomes. It shows that the outcomes of their sovereign claims were different, though their bases were similar. While the US government insists that it is committed to the government-to-government relationship it has with the tribes, federal authority severely limits the ability of tribal governments to participate as an equal partner.
Sovereignty for Survival
by James Robert Allison IIIIn the years following World War II many multi-national energy firms, bolstered by outdated U. S. federal laws, turned their attention to the abundant resources buried beneath Native American reservations. By the 1970s, however, a coalition of Native Americans in the Northern Plains had successfully blocked the efforts of powerful energy corporations to develop coal reserves on sovereign Indian land. This challenge to corporate and federal authorities, initiated by the Crow and Northern Cheyenne nations, changed the laws of the land to expand Native American sovereignty while simultaneously reshaping Native identities and Indian Country itself. James Allison makes an important contribution to ethnic, environmental, and energy studies with this unique exploration of the influence of America's indigenous peoples on energy policy and development. Allison's fascinating history documents how certain federally supported, often environmentally damaging, energy projects were perceived by American Indians as potentially disruptive to indigenous lifeways. These perceived threats sparked a pan-tribal resistance movement that ultimately increased Native American autonomy over reservation lands and enabled an unprecedented boom in tribal entrepreneurship. At the same time, the author demonstrates how this movement generated great controversy within Native American communities, inspiring intense debates over culturally authentic forms of indigenous governance and the proper management of tribal lands.
Sovereignty without Power: Liberia in the Age of Empires, 1822–1980 (Cambridge Studies in Economic History - Second Series)
by Leigh A. GardnerWhat did independence mean during the age of empires? How did independent governments balance different interests when they made policies about trade, money and access to foreign capital? Sovereignty without Power tells the story of Liberia, one of the few African countries to maintain independence through the colonial period. Established in 1822 as a colony for freed slaves from the United States, Liberia's history illustrates how the government's efforts to exercise its economic sovereignty and engage with the global economy shaped Liberia's economic and political development over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing together a wide range of archival sources, Leigh A. Gardner presents the first quantitative estimates of Liberian's economic performance and uses these to compare it to its colonized neighbors and other independent countries. Liberia's history anticipated challenges still faced by developing countries today, and offers a new perspective on the role of power and power relationships in shaping Africa's economic history.
Soviet Agriculture in Perspective: A Study of its Successes and Failures (Routledge Library Editions: Soviet Economics #14)
by Erich StraussSoviet Agriculture in Perspective (1969) examines the framework within which Soviet agriculture had to operate from the start: the dilemma of a revolutionary regime in a backward peasant country, the straightjacket of a bureaucratic system inherited from Tsarism, made even more rigid by the internal tensions of the new society, and the imperative needs of economic development. In analysing Soviet agricultural policy, it looks at the appropriate volume of agricultural output, the need for massive capital investment, the level of prices and costs, and the optimum size of a farm.
Soviet Central Asia: 'A Tragic Experiment' (Routledge Library Editions: Soviet Economics #15)
by Boris Z. RumerSoviet Central Asia (1989) explores the economic development of the four republics of Central Asia that suffered under Moscow’s economic policies – Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kirghizia. The Soviet literary weekly Literaturnaia gazeta described Soviet economic policies there as a ‘tragic experiment’, and this book argues that Central Asia serves as a prime example of the failure of Soviet regional development policies. It analyses the special role of the region in the Soviet economy and such key issues as industrial development, cotton production, water resources and labour. It also addresses the social ramifications of the underdevelopment of the region’s economy and the impact of new policies under Gorbachev.
The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath
by Michael KortThe twentieth century was not kind to Russia. Despite its great potential and remarkable achievements, the country also bore the weight of two world wars, a revolution and civil war, totalitarian tyranny, famine and ecological destruction, economic ruin, and imperial decline. Will Russia ever be prosperous, peaceful, and free? Seeking clues in the past, Michael Kort revisits earlier turning points in Russia's history--from the fall of the old regime to the establishment of the Bolshevik dictatorship and Stalinist totalitarianism; from the reforms and counter-reforms of Khrushchev and Brezhnev to the tumultuous years of change under Gorbachev and Yeltsin. Which strands of Russia's past is their successor, Vladimir Putin, weaving into the fabric of the present, and which are being allowed to fade, for better or worse? This new edition of The Soviet Colossus brings the story up through the first decade of the twenty-first century. Distinctively readable, judicious, and focused on critical events and questions, it integrates new revelations about the Soviet past and ongoing debates about the Soviet regime as well as its successor. It is the ideal text for as one semester history course or background for a political science course.
The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath
by Michael G. KortThe Soviet Colossus revisits the turning points in Russia’s modern history, from the fall of the tsarist regime to the establishment of the Bolshevik dictatorship and Stalinist totalitarianism; the reforms and counter-reforms of Khrushchev and Brezhnev to the reform program of Mikhail Gorbachev and the resultant collapse of the Soviet Union; and the effort to build a democratic and free-market Russia under Boris Yeltsin to the political authoritarianism and the establishment of a state capitalist economy under Vladimir Putin. This eighth edition has been revised and updated to cover the latest developments from the Putin administration. These revisions include added emphasis on the increasing authoritarian nature of Russia’s political system, the serious challenges posed by the country’s unsolved economic and social problems, and the growing tensions between Russia on the one hand and the United States and the European Union on the other as a result of Moscow’s aggression against Ukraine. Kort combines this updated account with a broad exploration of Russia’s political history, examining how the Soviet past has been woven into the fabric of the modern Russian state, a state which plays such a major, forthright role in global affairs, but which simultaneously remains an allusive, secretive entity. With Russia’s increasing influence on the global stage and the controversies that often accompany this, The Soviet Colossus is an invaluable resource for students of history, politics and international relations.
Soviet Communal Living
by Paola MessanaThis book brings together fascinating testimonies from thirty inhabitants of the 'Kommunalka,' the communal apartments that were the norm in housing in the cities of Russia during the whole history of the Soviet Union.
Soviet Economic Development Since 1917
by Maurice DobbThis book follows on from the author’s volume Russian Economic Development and although it encompasses some of the same material it charts the history and progress of the Soviet economy down to the efforts at reconstruction after The Second World War. A new chapter was added which covers the post-war decade from the end of the war to the announcement of the Sixth Year Plan.
The Soviet Economy: Toward the Year 2000 (Routledge Library Editions: Soviet Economics #16)
by Abram BergsonThe Soviet Economy (1983) examines the long-term prospective growth of the USSR’s economy. It looks at the Soviet economy’s growth process at an advanced stage of development, and assesses how it would evolve in the period ahead. Various growth plans had made large advances to the state-planned economy, but by the 1980s this growth had slowed.
The Soviet Economy: Collected Works (Routledge Revivals)
by Alec NoveFirst published in 1961, The Soviet Economy is a well informed work which seeks to acquaint students with the structure and problems of the economy of the USSR. In a balanced and perceptive analysis, Alexander Nove describes the organisation of economic life and of the planning system, analysing the practical and theoretical problems within the institutional structure of the Soviet system, and introducing the student to Soviet economic ideas and concepts. The subject is then related to the growth of the Soviet economy and to the extent to which both the institutions and the problems reflect the historical peculiarities of the USSR. The author does not try to argue for or against the system or to provide answers but aims to stimulate the reader to enquire further into the more important questions raised by the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet economy.
Soviet Economy and the War bound with Soviet Planning and Labour
by Maurice DobbIn Soviet Economy and the War the author presents a concise factual record of Soviet economic developments during a short period. This book outlines the economic planning and performance that accompanied the military training and preparation to meet the onset of Nazism. To some extent complementary to Dobb's Soviet Economy & the War, the author offers detailed studies of a few special aspects of the Soviet Economic System.
The Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform: Essays in Honor of Alec Nove (Routledge Library Editions: Soviet Economics #17)
by Peter WilesThe Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform (1988) is a collection of essays in honour of Alec Nove and covers such topics as Leon Trotsky, Navrozov, Soviet Investment criteria, Soviet Agricultural, and economic politics under Andropov and Chernenko.
The Soviet Far East: Geographical Perspectives on Development (Routledge Library Editions: Soviet Economics #18)
by Allan RodgersThe Soviet Far East (1990) examines the largest economic region in the Soviet Union, the Far East. The region is explored in all its geographical and economic complexity. Chapters on the state of its development under Gorbachev (and his programme of investment) are supplemented by examinations of the history of its settlement, analysis of its unique environment and the threats which economic growth might pose for it, and of the region’s vital strategic significance to the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Industrial Enterprise: Theory and Practice (Routledge Library Editions: Industrial Economics #32)
by Andrew FrerisThis book, first published in 1984, is the first systematic attempt in English to produce an analytical as well as a descriptive outline of the operations, management and role of the Soviet industrial enterprise. The microeconomics of central planning is a relatively neglected area of analysis with most effort being directed towards the theory of economic incentives. This book fills that gap by presenting an integrated view of the theory of the socialist firm. It concentrates on the day-to-day activities of the Soviet enterprise, and uses a wealth of unused Soviet data to project its findings.
Soviet Management and Labor Relations (Routledge Library Editions: Soviet Economics #20)
by Bruno GrancelliSoviet Management and Labor Relations (1988) examines the official model of Soviet labor relations and the operational reality. It outlines the main characteristics of labor relations during Russia’s three major historical industrialisation drives, and the attitude toward work, entrepreneurs and the state bureaucracy displayed by workers with peasant origins and culture. It then deals with the main aspects of the official model of labor relations and legislation; Soviet management practices and labor relations, industrial relations, strategic behaviour and collective actions.
The Soviet Middle East: A Model for Development? (Routledge Revivals)
by Alec Nove J. A. NewthFirst published in 1967, The Soviet Middle East provides an analysis of the economic and political status of the national republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, which were, at the time of the book’s initial publication, a part of the Soviet Union. The authors analyse their economic achievements, as well as their rapid progress in health and education, comparing their situation with that of their non-Soviet neighbours and indeed with the rest of the USSR. They seek to define the relevance of the Soviet planning system and Soviet ideology to the development of these countries, and also to contextualise their study in terms of the problems of other developing countries and the political stability of the Soviet Union as a multi-nation state. Written by two leading authorities on the Soviet Union, this reissue will be welcomed by students of Soviet and Middle-Eastern history, and by all those interested in the political, social and economic development of Communist republics.
The Soviet Theory of Development: India and the Third World in Marxist-Leninist Scholarship
by Stephen ClarksonUntil now the innumerable and widely distributed Soviet writings on the third world haven been scrutinized for the clues they contain on the Kremlin's aid, trade, and foreign policies, on Soviet strategies for local communist parties, and even on shifts in the Sino-Soviet Relationship. But they have rarely been analysed in their own terms and for what they are – the application of marxist-leninist theory by Soviet scholars to the problems of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Based on research in Paris, New York, the Soviet Union, and India, this book provides a long needed insight into how Soviet thinkers understand such crucial problems in development as planning in mixed economies, foreign aid from socialist and capitalist donors, agrarian reform, and the class struggle.A concerned observer of Soviet development theory for some fifteen years, Stephen Clarkson is neither hostile nor uncritical. He argues that western students and third world policy-makers alike have a good deal to learn from marxist-leninist political economy because it presents an integrated approach to understanding the dilemmas of underdevelopment. Although Soviet scholarship benefits from some important theoretical advantages, it also suffers, in Clarkson's view, from severe intellectual handicaps. The book examines the Soviet analysis of third world development as a whole, drawing particularly on the most extensive and sophisticated school of interpretation, the Russian writings on India.This book makes an important contribution to Soviet and third world studies by offering the reader a guide to the publications on development, a complex and evolving aspect of the Soviet view of the world.
The Soviet Union and the Construction of the Global Market: Energy and the Ascent of Finance in Cold War Europe, 1964–1971
by Oscar Sanchez-SibonyOscar Sanchez-Sibony reveals the origins of our current era in the dissolution of the institutions that governed the architecture of energy and finance during the Bretton Woods era. He shows how, in the second half of the 1960s, the Soviet Union sought to dismantle the compartmentalized nature of Bretton Woods in order to escape its material ostracism and pave a path to global finance and exchange that the United States had vetoed during the 1950s and 1960s. Through the construction of a set of pipelines that helped Europe's energy regime change from coal to oil and gas, the Soviet Union succeeded in developing market relations and a relationship with Western capital as durable as the pipelines themselves. He shows how a history of the development of capitalism needs to integrate the socialist world in bringing about the new form of capitalism that regiments our lives today.
The Soviet Wood-Processing Industry: A Linear Programming Analysis of the Role of Transportation Costs in Location and Flow Patterns
by Brenton M. BarrSystematic study of the geography distribution of the wood-processing industry has received recent Soviet attention, yet the results have been disappointing. Soviet work has been descriptive and lacking in critical analysis of the location problem. In particular, there has been little, if any, attempt to assess the geographic distribution of the industry within the general context of location theory and to evaluate the role played by individual location factors. This monograph is a case study in the application of linear programming techniques to the analysis of transportation patterns within the wood-processing industry. It will add to North American studies not only a knowledge of the location of wood-processing industries but also a better understanding of the factors which have influenced the location of wood-processing in the Soviet Union.(University of Toronto Department of Geography Research Publications No. 4).
Sowing Market Reforms
by Michele L. CrumleyBy examining a sector of the economy that was exposed to increased imports more than four decades ago, Crumley illuminates the economic pressures, resistance, and reform that help to shape Russia's agrarian sector today.
Soy, Globalization, and Environmental Politics in South America (Critical Agrarian Studies)
by Gustavo de L. T. Oliveira Susanna B. HechtSoy in South America constitutes one of the most spectacular booms of agro-industrial commodity production in the world. It is the pinnacle of modernist agro-industrial practices, serving as a key nexus in food–feed–fuel production that underpins the agribusiness–conservationist discourse of "land sparing" through intensification. Yet soy production is implicated in multiple problems beyond deforestation, ranging from pesticide drift and contamination to social exclusion and conflicts in frontier zones, to concentration of wealth and income among the largest landowners and corporations. This book explores in depth the complex dynamics of soy production from its diverse social settings to its transnational connections, examining the politics of commodity and knowledge production, the role of the state, and the reach of corporate power in everyday life across soy landscapes in South America. Ultimately, the collection encourages us to search and struggle for agroecological alternatives through which we may overcome the pitfalls of this massive transnational capitalist agro-industry. This book was originally published as a special issue of The Journal of Peasant Studies.
Soziale Aspekte der Führung: Selbstführung – Fremdführung – Horizontale Beziehungen
by Peter Hennerfeind Barbara Hennerfeind Regina SwobodaDieses Buch beschreibt die vielfältigen Facetten der sozialen Kompetenz, welche für erfolgreiche Mitarbeiterführung wesentlich wichtiger und entscheidender ist als die bloße Anwendung von Managementwerkzeugen. Es ist übersichtlich eingeteilt und beginnt als erstem Schritt mit der Selbstführung. Denn nur wer sich selbst ausreichend kennt und versteht, kann mit innerer Sicherheit führen. Darauf aufbauend befassen sich die Autoren mit der Fremdführung – also der Führung von Mitarbeitern – und abschließend mit horizontalen Beziehungen, bei denen ganz besonders der Kunde im Vordergrund steht. Anerkannte Theorien beispielsweise von Peter Drucker oder Fredmund Malik werden einer Analyse unterzogen, um deren meist sehr sachliche Zugänge zum Thema Management und Führung mit den wichtigen sozialen Herangehensweisen zu konfrontieren. Angehende, aber auch bereits erfahrene Führungskräfte finden in diesem Buch ein breites Spektrum an praktischen Informationen und zukunftsfähigen Handlungsanleitungen, um ihre Aufgaben in einer sich ständig ändernden Umgebung effektiv und kompetent zu erfüllen.