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Safety-I and Safety-II: The Past and Future of Safety Management
by Erik HollnagelSafety has traditionally been defined as a condition where the number of adverse outcomes was as low as possible (Safety-I). From a Safety-I perspective, the purpose of safety management is to make sure that the number of accidents and incidents is kept as low as possible, or as low as is reasonably practicable. This means that safety management must start from the manifestations of the absence of safety and that - paradoxically - safety is measured by counting the number of cases where it fails rather than by the number of cases where it succeeds. This unavoidably leads to a reactive approach based on responding to what goes wrong or what is identified as a risk - as something that could go wrong. Focusing on what goes right, rather than on what goes wrong, changes the definition of safety from ’avoiding that something goes wrong’ to ’ensuring that everything goes right’. More precisely, Safety-II is the ability to succeed under varying conditions, so that the number of intended and acceptable outcomes is as high as possible. From a Safety-II perspective, the purpose of safety management is to ensure that as much as possible goes right, in the sense that everyday work achieves its objectives. This means that safety is managed by what it achieves (successes, things that go right), and that likewise it is measured by counting the number of cases where things go right. In order to do this, safety management cannot only be reactive, it must also be proactive. But it must be proactive with regard to how actions succeed, to everyday acceptable performance, rather than with regard to how they can fail, as traditional risk analysis does. This book analyses and explains the principles behind both approaches and uses this to consider the past and future of safety management practices. The analysis makes use of common examples and cases from domains such as aviation, nuclear power production, process management and health care. The final chapters explain the theoret
Safety-II: Strategien, Methoden und praktische Erfahrungen (FOM-Edition)
by Thomas Mühlbradt Stefan Schröder Tillmann SpeerDie Patientensicherheit im Gesundheitswesen bedarf trotz aller Fortschritte weiterer Verbesserungen. Angesichts der zunehmenden sozio-technischen Komplexität sind neue Strategien und Instrumente notwendig. Dieses Buch präsentiert mit dem Konzept Safety-II wertvolle Ansätze, etablierte Methoden und praktische Erfahrungen aus Forschung und klinischer Praxis, um die Patientensicherheit im klinischen Alltag zu verbessern. Ziel von Safety-II ist die Stärkung der Resilienz von Organisationen, Teams und klinischen Prozessen durch individuell an das konkrete Klinikgeschehen angepasste Maßnahmen. Neben Theorie und Methodik wird auch die empirische Bewährung von Safety-II anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen illustriert.
Safety in Aviation and Astronautics: A Socio-technical Approach
by Simon Ashley BennettAviation safety and astronautics safety are taught as technical subjects informed, for the most part, by quantitative methods. Here, as in other fields, safety is often framed as an engineering problem requiring mathematics-informed solutions. This book argues that the socio-technical approach, encompassing theories grounded in sociology and psychology – such as active learning, high-reliability organising, mindfulness, leadership, followership and empowerment – have much to contribute to the safety performance of these vital industries. It sets out to inspire professionals to embed the whole-system approach into design and operation regimen and demonstrates the potential reputational and financial benefits to manufacturers and operators that accrue from adopting a whole-system approach to design and operation. The book defines the socio-technical approach to risk assessment and management in aviation and astronautics (astronautics is taken to mean "the design and operation of vehicles for use beyond the earth’s atmosphere"), then demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of this approach through case studies of, for example, the Boeing 737MAX-8 accidents and the loss of the SpaceShipTwo orbiter. Grounding the discourse in familiar case studies engages busy aviation and astronautics professionals. The book’s arguments are explained in such a way that they are readily comprehensible to non-experts. Key concepts are described within a glossary. Photographs, charts and diagrams illustrate key points. Written for a practitioner audience, specifically aviation and astronautics professionals, this book provides a valuable and accessible social sciences perspective on safety that will be directly relevant to their roles.
Safety in Civil Aviation: Monitoring Management of Ecology (Springer Aerospace Technology)
by Oksana Gennadyevna Feoktistova Igor Konstantinovich Turkin Dmitry Alexandrovich ZatuchnyThis book presents a methodology for assessing environmental safety in civil aviation. The methodology allows the comparison of different technological processes and evaluates their impact on the environment. At the same time, the medical and demographic indicators for ecologically unfavorable territories are compared with similar indicators in the control (background) territories in the same climatic and geographical zones. This book contains methodological recommendations for the creation of the system for ecology safety in the organizational structures of civil aviation. This book is useful to a wide audience—students of aviation, lecturers, as well as specialists in the field of ecology and those involved in ensuring the necessary ecology requirements at aviation enterprises.
Safety in Numbers
by Suzanne Gordon John Buchanan Tanya BrethertonLegally mandated nurse-to-patient ratios are one of the most controversial topics in health care today. Ratio advocates believe that minimum staffing levels are essential for quality care, better working conditions, and higher rates of RN recruitment and retention that would alleviate the current global nursing shortage. Opponents claim that ratios will unfairly burden hospital budgets, while reducing management flexibility in addressing patient needs. Safety in Numbers is the first book to examine the arguments for and against ratios. Utilizing survey data, interviews, and other original research, Suzanne Gordon, John Buchanan, and Tanya Bretherton weigh the cost, benefits, and effectiveness of ratios in California and the state of Victoria in Australia, the two places where RN staffing levels have been mandated the longest. They show how hospital cost cutting and layoffs in the 1990s created larger workloads and deteriorating conditions for both nurses and their patients-leading nursing organizations to embrace staffing level regulation. The authors provide an in-depth account of the difficult but ultimately successful campaigns waged by nurses and their allies to win mandated ratios. Safety in Numbers then reports on how nurses, hospital administrators, and health care policymakers handled ratio implementation. With at least fourteen states in the United States and several other countries now considering staffing level regulation, this balanced assessment of the impact of ratios on patient outcomes and RN job performance and satisfaction could not be timelier. The authors' history and analysis of the nurse-to-patient ratios debate will be welcomed as an invaluable guide for patient advocates, nurses, health care managers, public officials, and anyone else concerned about the quality of patient care in the United States and the world.
Safety Insights: Success and Failure Stories of Practitioners
by Nektarios Karanikas and Maria Mikela ChatzimichailidouPublic safety, as well as the safety of products and services, is of paramount importance and interest to individuals, organisations and society. Safety successes are achieved every second, but we take them for granted and we do not appreciate the challenges professionals meet to make the world as safe as possible. Safety failures are less frequent but become focal points of stakeholders and the public with a tendency to blame and not comprehend the context and the hard decisions professionals have to make when balancing safety with competing goals. This edited book includes case studies from industry practitioners exactly as they experience them without relying on the understanding of researchers who conduct studies and try to map the overall situation per case based on multiple interviews, observations and questionnaires. Included are case studies from the aviation, construction, oil and gas, telecommunications, transportation, health and public safety industries. They are stories told by frontline practitioners who work to keep the public safe. In each chapter, the author, based on his/her professional experience, shares two real cases, one "success" and one "failure", explaining the background and approach, and critically reflecting why his/her initiatives and activities worked or didn’t work. They are descriptive of the case, context and tools, techniques, methods and approaches followed and include the valuable safety lesson learned. This book is a forum for professionals to express and share with others their knowledge and experience usually found implicitly or hidden under formal and informal practices.
SAFETY IS SEGURIDAD: A Workshop Summary
by Committee on Communicating Occupational Safety Health Information to Spanish-speaking WorkersThe National Academies Press (NAP)--publisher for the National Academies--publishes more than 200 books a year offering the most authoritative views, definitive information, and groundbreaking recommendations on a wide range of topics in science, engineering, and health. Our books are unique in that they are authored by the nation's leading experts in every scientific field.
Safety Law: Legal Aspects in Occupational Safety and Health (Occupational Safety & Health Guide Series)
by Thomas D. SchneidSafety professionals must prepare every day to safeguard their employees in the workplace. Additionally, part of every safety professional’s responsibility is to safeguard their organization when a compliance inspection is conducted by federal, OSHA, or a state plan agency. Safety professionals are most organizations’ onsite safety and health "expert" and should be prepared far in advance of an inspection. They should be prepared during the inspection, and ready to defend the organization after the inspection. With the increase in the monetary penalties, the impact on an organization as a result of identified violations can be substantial. <P><P>This text prepares and educates safety professionals to address every phase from strategies, to compliance, to defenses, and provides a one stop location for information to address and prepare the safety professional if/when OSHA knocks at the door. Additionally, the safety function does not work in a vacuum. Other potential risks and potential liabilities from other laws, such as the ADA, which can impact the safety function, are also addressed. Safety professionals know that their organizations depend on their experience and expertise in their decision-making process. <li>Provides a legal prospective to prepare safety professionals for OSHA inspection and related potential risks <li>Case studies to enhance learning and state-by-state listing of applicable laws and regulations <li>Demonstrates an understanding of defense preparation and strategies for safety professionals <li>The safety professional’s "go to" book for compliance and inspections
Safety Management: A Comprehensive Approach to Developing a Sustainable System
by Chitram Lutchman Rohanie Maharaj Waddah GhanemWith annual cost in excess of $150 billion from workplace related illnesses and injuries, any knowledge that can reduce this burden contributes to the overall welfare of the work force and business performance. Yet, there are many key areas of opportunities that have not yet been discussed in the literature, such as approaches to improving contract
Safety Management in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (The Interface of Safety and Security)
by George Boustras Frank W. GuldenmundSafety is an important aspect of everyday business operations. It can have an impact on the operations of an enterprise as well as the wellbeing of the workers. Literature shows that SMEs face extra problems in this area due to limited resources and lack of knowledge. A potential accident on the premises, in many cases, has devastating consequences. SMEs make up the vast majority of private companies in the EU and beyond. Despite the importance of the issue, the information found in literature is scattered and often not aimed at SMEs. This book aims to gather the latest information and become the full reference point for designing and adopting an appropriate safety strategy for SMEs.
Safety Metrics for the Modern Safety Professional
by C. Gary LopezThis book investigates the world of leading indicators and explores how they can be used effectively, providing 21st-century safety professionals with alternative metrics and guidance, which will enable them to make a difference in managing risk within an organization. The safety and health profession has been hindered by ineffective metrics for decades, with the primary metrics of choice being the OSHA incident rate and lost time accident rate. This narrow focus on what constitutes loss is not in line with the new concepts of managing the total risk that an organization faces. The book looks at indicators on a tactical level where they can be very effective in providing management with clear direction and "manageable" items they can utilize to elevate the safety efforts of an organization. It also explores the limitations of leading indicators at the strategic level and how they’re tied into the management merit review system to determine bonus and salary increase structures. It features measurements of areas of loss not usually considered by safety managers, suggests ways to use leading indicators, and promotes a departure from traditional "body count" thinking. This book will be of interest to safety professionals involved in risk management in the modern workplace.
Safety Net
by James GlassmanHow can you construct a financial investment strategy to protect yourself ... yet still get the growth to ensure a solid financial future and comfortable retirement during these turbulent times? By building an investing safety net that gives you the gains needed for growth - though more modest than those of past years - but protection against the downside. So when turbulence strikes again - and it will - you won't re-live the financial nightmares of recent years when portfolios and 401Ks were devastated. Jim Glassman provides the specifics you need for shrewd asset allocation, specifically: Reduce stock ownership. For those stocks you do own, ensure they meet one of these criteria: pay dividends; are low-priced and from industries of the future; or companies based in aspiring nations such as India, Brazil and China. Make a substantial investment in bonds, especially US Treasury TIPS bonds and corporate bonds Hedge against decline by owning a bear fund that shorts the US economy. Own funds based on other currencies, thus protecting yourself against the potential declining value of the US dollar. And consider derivatives. Yes, derivatives! Specific stock, bond and fund recommendations and ample portfolios then provide the starter ideas for properly balancing a portfolio. And the 5 principles and 18 specific rules of "the new rule book" help keep "animal spirits" in check when fads and news flashes provide the temptation to make rash investing decisions that will be quickly regretted.From the Hardcover edition.
Safety Nets in Africa
by Carlo Del Ninno Bradford MillsThe need for safety nets in Sub-Saharan Africa is vast. In addition to being the world's poorest region, Sub-Saharan Africa is also one of the most unequal. In this context, redistribution must be seen as a legitimate way to fight poverty and ensure shared prosperity - and all the more so in countries where growth is driven by extractive industries that are not labor-intensive and often employ very few poor people. Given that most African countries face difficult decisions about how to allocate limited resources among a number of social programs, evidence is important. Do Safety Net programs actually benefit the poorest people? This book demonstrates with empirical evidence that it is possible to reach the poorest and most vulnerable people with safety net programs, and provides lessons for the effective use of targeting methods to achieve this outcome in the region.
The Safety of Elderly Drivers: Yesterday's Young in Today's Traffic
by J. Peter RotheBy the turn of the century, the elderly will comprise about 20 percent of the population in North America, and 28 percent of those who drive. Place this percentage in high-powered automobiles, and the need for planning and policy development becomes evident. Most standard research on elderly drivers has not gone beyond gathering data on specific situations or characteristics. This book rises beyond simple statistical presentation. It blends sociological insight with statistical detail to produce an absorbing description of the elderly drivers' daily lives, driving styles, experiences with accident and injury, social relationships, and life aspirations. It also describes areas of neglect: imagined and real health problems, driving exposure and traffic violations, accidents, and loss of self-esteem. It presents In-depth accounts of the trauma of loss of license and the Importance of the automobile for sustaining mental, physical, and social well being. The self-Imposed or self-defined rules elderly drivers use to navigate traffic or compensate for physical frailities are described in depth. The Safety of Elderly Drivers Includes penetrating comments from elderly drivers who have been involved in serious accidents, and from random elderly drivers speaking for their generation of drivers. Integrating statistical findings based on Motor Vehicle Department accident data and survey data with comprehensive interviews and discussions with elderly drivers. the book provides an emperically grounded. In-depth view of the elderly driver today. Rothe summarizes theories and models of aging. along with past research on elder[y drivers. projecting what the future may hold If present trends in medicine. housing. politics. migration. and mass transit continue. It closes with a series of recommendations for future traffic planning. This book will be of Interest to policymakers concerned with traffic safety, as well as social scientists and others Interested In gerontological issues.
Safety Performance in a Lean Environment: A Guide to Building Safety into a Process (Occupational Safety & Health Guide Series)
by Paul F. EnglishAs changing customer demands and shifting world markets continue to put a strain on businesses in all sectors, your business needs every advantage to stay competitive. Many people may think of Lean processes as suitable only for the manufacturing floor, but that couldn't be further from the truth. Safety Performance in a Lean Environment: A Guide t
Safety Professional's Reference and Study Guide, Fourth Edition
by W. David YatesFor safety professionals navigating the complexities of safety practices daily, the search for a single-source guide covering diverse topics has been an ongoing quest. Now, in its fourth edition, Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide has expanded its scope, incorporating crucial new chapters on legal aspects of the safety profession, recordkeeping, sustainability principles, and more, catering to the evolving needs of the Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) community.This title is every safety professional’s indispensable, market-leading resource, empowering the reader to tackle challenges with confidence and expertise. Exploring core aspects of occupational safety, this book offers a wealth of knowledge, each chapter offering practical insights and actionable advice. The title goes beyond conventional boundaries, addressing emerging topics such as electrical safety, risk assessment, and sustainability principles in brand-new chapters.A go-to guide for any practicing safety professional seeking a quick desk reference, a student supplementing their textbooks, or a candidate preparing for certification exams including ASP, CSP, OHST or CHST, it equips readers with the knowledge and skills needed to navigate the evolving landscape of occupational safety focusing on real-world applications and exam readiness.
Safety Protocols in the Food Industry and Emerging Concerns
by Giovanni GurnariThis brief reports about safety protocols in the food producing industry. Hygiene, i. e. , the prevention of contamination and microbial infections, is of greatest importance in the industry, as are disinfection techniques, to prevent or to fight microbial contaminations and infections, and practical emerging concerns are centered around these fundamental concerns. The first part focuses on the attempts and possibilities to prevent microbial spreading. Part II discusses disinfection techniques and their risks, advantages and disadvantages. Current industry trends, such as the attempts to substitute chlorine in disinfection, are critically reviewed. In all, this brief volume discusses decision procedures and strategies that are being applied to prevent, reduce and fight microbial spreading. In particular, material that comes into contact with the foods, has to fulfill strict requirements. This aspect is explained in detail, and how little details can have great effects. The brief deals with the important question: is disinfection more an ally or an enemy?
Safety Risk Assessment of Urban Underground Large Space Construction
by Sheng-Xiang Lei Zhong-Sheng Tan Ming-Li Huang Zheng-Quan Ding Ke LeiThis monograph aims to provide theoretical and technical support for construction safety risk assessment in the construction of urban underground large space, since high construction risks and safety accidents frequently occurs in the current development of complex underground spaces in urban areas. The author's team completes the statistical analysis on a large number of typical engineering instances and related accident cases, and proposes the definition of "urban underground large space" and corresponding risk analysis methods. This book starts with analyzing the safety risk characteristics during construction period of urban underground large spaces and establishes a coupling evolution analysis model, then proposes an index system and the quantitative criterion for construction safety risk assessment in urban underground large space, and lastly constructs a dynamic evaluation system on construction safety risk. The book will be an valuable reference for professional engineers, researchers, teachers, and students with an interest in the construction and management of underground spaces. The basis of English translation of this book, originally in Chinese, was facilitated by artificial intelligence. The content was later revised by the authors for accuracy.
Safety Standards and Infection Control for Dental Assistants
by Ellen Dietz-BourguignonInfection Control for Dental Assistants addresses the requirements set forth by the Dental Assisting National Board (DANB) Task Analysis to prepare students for the national Infection Control Examination (ICE). To facilitate instruction and learning the text is broken down into six major areas - Microbiology and Disease Prevention Specific to Dentistry; National Guidelines, Recommendations and Regulations; Infection Control Techniques; Environmental Health and Safety; and Office Communications Regarding Infection Control - according to their relevance to the dental assistant's role in infectious disease prevention. Numerous hands-on procedures and assessment questions are designed to help students track their comprehension and retention of presented material.
A Safety Valve Model of Equity as Anti-opportunism (Elements in Law, Economics and Politics)
by Kenneth Ayotte Ezra Friedman Henry E SmithEquity can be defined as the use of a more flexible, morally judgmental, and subjective mode of legal decision making that roughly corresponds with historical equity. This Element presents a simple contracting model that captures the role of equity as a safety valve, and shows how it can solve problems posed by opportunists–agents with unusual willingness and ability to take advantage of necessary imperfections in the law. In this model, a simple but imperfect formal legal regime is able to achieve first best in the absence of opportunists. But when opportunists are added, a more flexible regime (equity), can be preferred. However, equity is also vulnerable to being used opportunistically by the parties it intends to protect. Hence, the Element shows that it is often preferable to limit equity, reserving it for use only against those who appear sufficiently likely to be opportunists.
Safeway, Inc.'s Leveraged Buyout (A)
by Karen H. Wruck Steve-Anna StephensAfter years of deteriorating financial performance and eroding market position, Safeway, Inc., the largest public grocery store chain in the United States, found itself the target of a hostile takeover offer. Management decided to take the company private in a $4.3 billion leveraged buyout sponsored by Kohlberg Kravis and Roberts. This case begins with the controversy surrounding Safeway's sale of its Dallas division as a result of the LBO and retraces the events leading up to the LBO. Continues with a discussion of the challenges facing management in restructuring the company--including the renegotiation of uncompetitive labor contracts and the intense pressure from the capital markets (through hostile takeover offers) to relinquish control of the company.
Saffronart.com: Bidding for Success
by R. Daniel Wadhwani Mukti KhaireSaffronart, a five-year-old online art auction company, leads the market for modern Indian art and now faces competitors in the market it created. Established in 2000 by the wife-and-husband team of Minal and Dinesh Vazirani, Saffronart.com is an innovative online auction firm that specializes in modern and contemporary Indian art. Having been the first firm to offer Indian fine art with authenticity guarantees in an auction setting that increased the transparency of prices, Saffronart succeeded in establishing the genre of modern and contemporary Indian art in the art world, and in creating a market for it. This market, and Saffronart's revenues, grew rapidly from 2000 to 2005. Saffronart's estimate was that the Indian art auction market would be worth $125 million in 2006, with their revenues being $45 million. While this success was gratifying, the firm and its founders faced new internal and external pressures; particularly worrisome was the entry of auction giants Christie's and Sotheby's into the market. The Vaziranis' main challenge now is to consolidate their leading position in the market they created in the face of the unpredictable cyclicality of the secondary art market and increasingly strong competitors.
Saffronart.com: Bidding for Success
by Mukti Khaire R. Daniel WadhwaniSaffronart, a five-year-old online art auction company, leads the market for modern Indian art and now faces competitors in the market it created. Established in 2000 by the wife-and-husband team of Minal and Dinesh Vazirani, Saffronart.com is an innovative online auction firm that specializes in modern and contemporary Indian art. Having been the first firm to offer Indian fine art with authenticity guarantees in an auction setting that increased the transparency of prices, Saffronart succeeded in establishing the genre of modern and contemporary Indian art in the art world, and in creating a market for it. This market, and Saffronart's revenues, grew rapidly from 2000 to 2005. Saffronart's estimate was that the Indian art auction market would be worth $125 million in 2006, with their revenues being $45 million. While this success was gratifying, the firm and its founders faced new internal and external pressures; particularly worrisome was the entry of auction giants Christie's and Sotheby's into the market. The Vaziranis' main challenge now is to consolidate their leading position in the market they created in the face of the unpredictable cyclicality of the secondary art market and increasingly strong competitors.
The Saga of Dakota Territory's First Railroad: Confirming the Predictions of Madison and Tocqueville
by Patrick M. GarryThis book focuses on a key case study in the history of American territories, public works, transportation and the constitutional system of checks and balances. The saga of Yankton County’s attempt to bring the first railroad into Dakota Territory in 1873 covers 25 years of territorial history, leading up to statehood for South Dakota in 1889. Garry investigates the array of unusual facts and occurrences within the story of the Dakota Southern, which was the first railroad stretching into the Territory. Lawsuits worked themselves all the way up to the Supreme Court. The most notorious shooting in the territory occurred in connection with railroad disputes The failure of Yankton to pay interest on the bonds used to finance the railroad—a failure initially prompted by a court injunction against such payment—may have delayed statehood for the entire territory. But the primary focus of this railroad story revolves around the way it highlights the predictions and observations of two of America’s most noted thinkers: Alexis de Tocqueville and James Madison. It shows the tension between Tocqueville’s impressions of the enterprising, risk-taking, and association-minded nature of Americans and Madison’s warnings about a federal government exercising unprecedented powers and having expanded beyond adequate checks. It works through the abstract observations of Tocqueville and Madison with tangible examples that are still relevant today.
Sage 50 Accounts For Dummies
by Jane KellyGet to grips with Sage 50 Accounts in simple stepsThis comprehensive guide walks you through every aspect of setting up and using Sage 50 Accounts, from installing the software to running VAT returns and producing monthly and yearly accounts. Inside you'll discover the quickest way to complete tasks and how to customise Sage to suit your specific business needs. Packed with step-by-step instructions and fully illustrated with screenshots, this book is the easiest way to get the most from Sage 50 Accounts and take control of your business finances.Completely up-to-date for the 2014 edition of Sage 50 softwareSet up and start using Sage 50 Accounts with minimum fussFully illustrated with the latest screenshots to help you every step of the wayGuidance on going mobile - with the new Sage 50 appDetails on the new Sage Quicksearch feature