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Traffic: Genius, Rivalry, and Delusion in the Billion-Dollar Race to Go Viral
by Ben Smith&“Engrossing and suspenseful." —The New York Times&“Expertly pulls readers in.&” —The Guardian &“Smith sharply chronicles the revolutionary moment.&” — Financial TimesThe origin story of the post-truth age: the candid inside tale of two online media rivals, Nick Denton of Gawker Media and Jonah Peretti of HuffPost and BuzzFeed, whose delirious pursuit of attention at scale helped release the dark forces that would overtake the internet and American societyIf attention is the new oil, Traffic is the story of the time between the first gusher and the perceptible impact of climate change. The curtain opens in Soho in the early 2000s, after the first dot-com crash but before Google, Apple, and Facebook exploded, when it seemed that New York City, rather than Silicon Valley, might become tech&’s center of gravity. There, Nick Denton&’s merry band of nihilists at his growing Gawker empire and Jonah Peretti&’s sunnier team at HuffPost and BuzzFeed were building the foundations of viral internet media. Ben Smith, who would go on to earn a controversial reputation as BuzzFeed News&’s editor in chief, was there to see it, and he chronicles it all with marvelous lucidity underscored by dark wit. Traffic explores one of the great ironies of our time: The internet, which was going to help the left remake the world in its image, has become the motive force of right populism. People like Steve Bannon and Andrew Breitbart initially seemed like minor characters in the narrative in which Nick and Jonah were the stars. But today, anyone might wonder if the opposite wasn&’t the case. To understand how we got here, Traffic is essential and enthralling reading.
Traffic and Performance Engineering for Heterogeneous Networks (River Publishers Series In Information Science And Technology Ser.)
by Demetres D. KouvatsosThe diversity of methodologies and applications in the literature for the traffic engineering, performance modelling and analysis of convergent multiservice heterogeneous networks attests to the breath and richness of recent research and developments towards the design and dimensioning of the next and future generation Internets.Heterogeneous Networks: Traffic Engineering, Performance Evaluation Studies and Tools describes recent advances in networks of diverse technology reflecting the state-of-the-art technology and research achievements in traffic engineering, performance evaluation studies and tools worldwide. Technical topics presented in the book include:• Traffic Modelling and Characterisation• Queueing and Interconnection Networks• Performance Evaluation Studies• TCP Performance Analysis• Congestion Control• Application Layer Multicast• Numerical and Software Tools;This book contains recently extended research papers, which have their roots in the series of the HET-NETs International Working Conferences focusing on the 'Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks' under the auspices of the EU Networks of Excellence Euro-NGI and Euro-FGI. Heterogeneous Networks: Traffic Engineering, Performance Evaluation Studies and Tools is ideal for personnel in computer/communication industries as well as academic staff and master/research students in computer science, operational research, electrical engineering and telecommunication systems and the Internet.
Traffic and QoS Management in Wireless Multimedia Networks
by Yevgeni Koucheryavy Torsten Braun Vasilios Siris Dirk Staehle Giovanni Giambene Francisco Barcelo-Arroyo"Traffic and QoS Management in Wireless Multimedia Networks" presents the scientific contributions of the European COST 290 project. Traffic and QoS in wireless networks are addressed from a range of perspectives, including electrical engineering, software development, and networking. This book presents state-of-the-art information, reviews open issues, and suggests directions for future research.
Traffic Engineering: A Practical Approach (Textbooks in Telecommunication Engineering)
by Franco Callegati Walter Cerroni Carla RaffaelliThis textbook discusses the principles of queuing theory and teletraffic engineering in telecommunication networks. The book lays out the rigorous theoretical background while keeping strong links to practical applications and real-life scenarios. The overall goal of this textbook is to provide students with in-depth and broad understanding of the operational framework of teletraffic problems, and therefore the capability to select the most suitable and effective method to solve traffic engineering problems that may arise in real-life. The student will learn to pick and choose from a spectrum of tools, ranging from the simplest mathematical treatment to sophisticated models. The book features practical examples derived from real life, presented and discussed, establishing the links with the theoretical results. Pedagogical materials include end-of-chapter exercises and problems.
Traffic Measurement for Big Network Data
by Shigang Chen Min Chen Qingjun XiaoThis book presents several compact and fast methods for online traffic measurement of big network data. It describes challenges of online traffic measurement, discusses the state of the field, and provides an overview of the potential solutions to major problems. The authors introduce the problem of per-flow size measurement for big network data and present a fast and scalable counter architecture, called Counter Tree, which leverages a two-dimensional counter sharing scheme to achieve far better memory efficiency and significantly extend estimation range. Unlike traditional approaches to cardinality estimation problems that allocate a separated data structure (called estimator) for each flow, this book takes a different design path by viewing all the flows together as a whole: each flow is allocated with a virtual estimator, and these virtual estimators share a common memory space. A framework of virtual estimators is designed to apply the idea of sharing to an array of cardinality estimation solutions, achieving far better memory efficiency than the best existing work. To conclude, the authors discuss persistent spread estimation in high-speed networks. They offer a compact data structure called multi-virtual bitmap, which can estimate the cardinality of the intersection of an arbitrary number of sets. Using multi-virtual bitmaps, an implementation that can deliver high estimation accuracy under a very tight memory space is presented. The results of these experiments will surprise both professionals in the field and advanced-level students interested in the topic. By providing both an overview and the results of specific experiments, this book is useful for those new to online traffic measurement and experts on the topic.
Trager′s The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication
by Victoria Smith Ekstrand Caitlin Ring Carlson Erin Coyle Susan D. Ross Amy ReynoldsTrager′s The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication provides a clear and engaging introduction to media law with comprehensive coverage and analysis for future journalists and media professionals. Grounded in the traditions and rules of law, along with fresh facts and examples, the authors demonstrate how the law functions in everyday life. The Eighth Edition of this bestselling text offers students a new breadth and diversity of material and brings the law to life with cutting-edge research, the latest court and legislative rulings, and a wealth of new content. Included with this title: LMS Cartridge: Import this title′s instructor resources into your school′s learning management system (LMS) and save time. Don′t use an LMS? You can still access all of the same online resources for this title via the password-protected Instructor Resource Site. Learn more.
Trager′s The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication
by Victoria Smith Ekstrand Caitlin Ring Carlson Erin Coyle Susan D. Ross Amy ReynoldsTrager′s The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication provides a clear and engaging introduction to media law with comprehensive coverage and analysis for future journalists and media professionals. Grounded in the traditions and rules of law, along with fresh facts and examples, the authors demonstrate how the law functions in everyday life. The Eighth Edition of this bestselling text offers students a new breadth and diversity of material and brings the law to life with cutting-edge research, the latest court and legislative rulings, and a wealth of new content. Included with this title: LMS Cartridge: Import this title′s instructor resources into your school′s learning management system (LMS) and save time. Don′t use an LMS? You can still access all of the same online resources for this title via the password-protected Instructor Resource Site. Learn more.
Trailblazer: A Pioneering Journalist's Fight to Make the Media Look More Like America
by Dorothy Butler GilliamDorothy Butler Gilliam, whose 50-year-career as a journalist put her in the forefront of the fight for social justice, offers a comprehensive view of racial relations and the media in the U.S.Most civil rights victories are achieved behind the scenes, and this riveting, beautifully written memoir by a "black first" looks back with searing insight on the decades of struggle, friendship, courage, humor and savvy that secured what seems commonplace today-people of color working in mainstream media.Told with a pioneering newspaper writer's charm and skill, Gilliam's full, fascinating life weaves her personal and professional experiences and media history into an engrossing tapestry. When we read about the death of her father and other formative events of her life, we glimpse the crippling impact of the segregated South before the civil rights movement when slavery's legacy still felt astonishingly close. We root for her as a wife, mother, and ambitious professional as she seizes once-in-a-lifetime opportunities never meant for a "dark-skinned woman" and builds a distinguished career. We gain a comprehensive view of how the media, especially newspapers, affected the movement for equal rights in this country. And in this humble, moving memoir, we see how an innovative and respected journalist and working mother helped provide opportunities for others.With the distinct voice of one who has worked for and witnessed immense progress and overcome heart-wrenching setbacks, this book covers a wide swath of media history -- from the era of game-changing Negro newspapers like the Chicago Defender to the civil rights movement, feminism, and our current imperfect diversity. This timely memoir, which reflects the tradition of boot-strapping African American storytelling from the South, is a smart, contemporary consideration of the media.
Train Go Sorry: Inside a Deaf World
by Leah Hager CohenA &“remarkable and insightful&” look inside a New York City school for the deaf, blending memoir and history (The New York Times Book Review). Leah Hager Cohen is part of the hearing world, but grew up among the deaf community. Her Russian-born grandfather had been deaf—a fact hidden by his parents as they took him through Ellis Island—and her father served as superintendent at the Lexington School for the Deaf in Queens. Young Leah was in the minority, surrounded by deaf culture, and sometimes felt like she was missing the boat—or in the American Sign Language term, &“train go sorry.&” Here, the award-winning writer looks back on this experience and also explores a pivotal moment in deaf history, when scientific advances and cultural attitudes began to shift and collide—in a unique mix of journalistic reporting and personal memoir that is &“a must-read&” (Chicago Sun-Times). &“The history of the Lexington School for the Deaf, the oldest school of its kind in the nation, comes alive with Cohen&’s vivid descriptions of its students and administrators. The author, who grew up at the school, follows the real-life events of Sofia, a Russian immigrant, and James, a member of a poor family in the Bronx, as well as members of her own family both past and present who are intimately associated with the school. Cohen takes special pride in representing the views of the deaf community—which are sometimes strongly divided—in such issues as American Sign Language (ASL) vs. oralism, hearing aids vs. cochlear implants, and mainstreaming vs. special education. The author&’s lively narrative includes numerous conversations translated from ASL . . . a one-of-a-kind book.&” —Library Journal &“Throughout the book, Cohen focuses on two students whose Russian and African American roots exemplify the school&’s increasingly diverse population . . . beautifully written.&” —Booklist
Training in Interpersonal Skills: Tips for Managing People at Work
by Stephen P. Robbins Phillip L. HunsakerAn applied approach to developing and practicing interpersonal skills. By developing and practicing the material in Training in Interpersonal Skills, readers can learn how to build productive relationships in any situation. This text also helps readers master the skills necessary for personal and organizational effectiveness such as self-management, communication, teaming, and problem-solving. The sixth edition includes several new pedagogical tools such as self-assessment quizzes, exercises, cases, etc.-and information on the importance and usage of social networking.
La trampa de internet: Cómo la economía digital construye monopolios y destruye la democracia
by Matthew HindmanNos dijeron que Internet fragmentaría las audiencias y hacía que los monopolios de los medios fueran imposibles. En cambio, gigantes como Google y Facebook ahora dominan casi todo el tiempo que pasamos en línea y obtienen todos los beneficios de la economía de la atención. La trampa de la Internet explica cómo sucedió esto. Este libro provocativo y oportuno arroja luz sobre el sorprendente aumento de los gigantes digitales y las luchas en línea de casi todos los demás.Este libro revela el gran impacto de las fuentes de noticias en línea para la democracia y la economía de mercado. Utiliza datos nuevos y actualizados sobre el tráfico de la página web y la vida útil del sitio web. El argumento del libro atraerá a audiencias fuera del mundo académico, con aplicaciones prácticas sobre cómo puede la gente Entender el mundo de las noticias online.La información expuesta en el libro está debidamente sustentada con fuentes de información confiables. Está avalado por un gran trabajo de investigación y capacidad de análisis de datos, el texto se atiene principalmente a un análisis cuantitativo; sin embargo, cuando es preciso explicar fenómenos sociales, el autor no tiene problema para demostrar de forma cualitativa la relevancia de los datos expuestos. Presenta tablas que sintetizan la información y está redactado de forma sencilla y clara.
Trance Mediums and New Media: Spirit Possession in the Age of Technical Reproduction
by Martin Zillinger Heike Behrend Anja DreschkeOngoing debates about the “return of religion” have paid little attention to the orgiastic and enthusiastic qualities of religiosity, despite a significant increase in the use of techniques of trance and possession around the globe. Likewise, research on religion and media has neglected the fact that historically the rise of mediumship and spirit possession was closely linked to the development of new media of communication. This innovative volume brings together a wide range of ethnographic studies on local spiritual and media practices. Recognizing that processes of globalization are shaped by mass mediation, the volume raises questions such as: How are media like photography, cinema, video, the telephone, or television integrated in seances and healing rituals? How do spirit mediums connect with these media? Why are certain technical media shunned in these contexts?
Trancework: An Introduction to the Practice of Clinical Hypnosis
by Michael D Yapko Michael D. YapkoFor nearly four decades, Trancework has been the definitive textbook for thousands of professionals undergoing training in the art and science of clinical hypnosis. Now in its 5th edition, this classic text continues its legacy of encouraging sound clinical practice based in established scientific research. This latest edition incorporates new studies and emerging topics within the field of hypnosis, including new chapters on depression and the construction of process-oriented interventions. Readers can expect to receive a comprehensive overview of current developments in the domain of hypnosis, an in-depth consideration of the practical and ethical issues associated with its use, and a greater appreciation for its many therapeutic applications. This thorough, engaging text equips professionals with the essential skills to change clients’ lives by using hypnosis to enhance treatment of both medical and psychological issues.
Transcending: Reflections Of Crime Victims
by Howard ZehrAre victims of crime destined to have the rest of their lives shaped by the crimes they've experienced? ("What happened to the road map for living the rest of my life?" asks a woman whose mother was murdered.) Will victims of crime always be bystanders in the justice system? ("We're having a problem forgiving the judge and the system," says the father of a young man killed in prison.) Is it possible for anyone to transcend such a comprehensively destructive, identity altering occurrence? ("I thought, I'm going to run until I'm not angry anymore," expresses a woman who was assaulted.) Howard Zehr presents the portraits and the courageous stories of 39 victims of violent crime in Transcending: Reflections of Crime Victims. Many of these people were twice-wounded: once at the hands of an assailant; the second time by the courts, where there is no legal provision for a victim's participation. "My hope," says Zehr, "is that this book might hand down a rope to others who have experienced such tragedies and traumas, and that it might allow all who read it to live on the healing edge."
Transcending Equality, Diversity and Inclusion at Work: A Self-Critical Engagement (Routledge Studies in Management, Organizations and Society)
by Hugo Gaggiotti Marguerite L WeberThe book reflects on ways of transcending Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) by establishing a dialogue between the professional experience of the authors and experts from academia and practitioners from financial services and executive search. The book emphasises the link and impact between what is taught and what is learned about EDI and how this reflects on later choices in career and workplace status. The book offers a critical and global perspective, emphasizing the multilocality and intersectionality dimension of diversity and unpicks key insights from different conceptualizations, like class, gender and postcolonialism and their relationship with the current paradigm of diversity and how people identify and communicate. With an extensive collection of testimonies and invitations for reflection, the book doesn’t limit the analysis to the influences of historical power relations in the workplace, but investigates at what stage multicultural power structures start developing a compulsory inclination to create “differences” and how this can influence hiring decision making and management in the workplace. In the book, academics and practitioners provide illumination and insights gleaned from their own personal experiences and perspectives. Whilst the research targeted financial services and executive search, the book's findings will appeal globally to individuals of all age groups regardless of educational status, seniority or in which industry they are employed, particularly those who are aware of how each one expresses similarity and differences sometimes in not obvious ways.
Transcending Monolingualism: Linguistic Revitalization in Education
by Leena Huss Antoinette Camilleri Grima Kendall A. KingThis volume describes a wide range of educational situations where linguistic revitalization is currently taking place.
Transcribing Silence: Culture, Relationships, and Communication (Writing Lives: Ethnographic Narratives)
by Kristine L MuñozKristine Muñoz’s volume of short narrative works-- autoethnographies and fictional stories—explore many dimensions of silence, a crucial but often overlooked communication phenomenon, one that drives much of everyday talk and relationships. Framed by an introductory essay that synthesizes research on silence and the unsaid, guides for reflection and expansion after each narrative, and a conclusion that ponders ethnographic writing, this volume is an essential work for those who study and teach interpersonal communication.
Transcultural Communication Through Global Englishes: An Advanced Textbook for Students
by Will Baker Tomokazu IshikawaThis textbook introduces current thinking on English as a global language and explores its role in intercultural and transcultural communication. It covers how English functions as a lingua franca in multilingual scenarios alongside other languages in a wide variety of global settings, and the fluid and dynamic links between English, other languages, and cultural identities and references. The implications for English language teaching (ELT), academia, business, and digital communication are explored. Contemporary research and theory are presented in an accessible manner, illustrated with examples from current research, and supported with discussions and tasks to enable students to relate these ideas to their own experiences, needs, and interests. Each chapter contains activities to help students orientate towards the topic, reflect on personal experiences and opinions, and check their understanding; Additionally, a detailed glossary of key terminology in Global Englishes and Intercultural Communication is provided. Exploring in depth the links between Global Englishes, Intercultural Communication research, and Transcultural Communication reasearch, this is key reading for all advanced students and researchers in Global or World Englishes, English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and Intercultural Communication.
Transcultural Poetics: Chinese Literature in English Translation
by Yifeng Sun Dechao LiThis book examines many facets of transcultural poetics in the English translation of Chinese literature from 12 different expert contributors.Translating Chinese literature into English is a special challenge. There is a pressing need to overcome a slew of obstacles to the understanding and appreciation of Chinese literary works by readers in the English-speaking world. Hitherto only intermittent attempts have been made to theorize and explore the exact role of the translator as a cultural and aesthetic mediator informed by cross-cultural knowledge, awareness, and sensitivity. Given the complexity of literary translation, sophisticated poetics of translation in terms of literary value and aesthetic taste needs to be developed and elaborated more fully from a cross-cultural perspective. It is, therefore, necessary to examine attempts to reconcile the desire for authentic transmission of Chinese culture with the need for cultural mediation and appropriation in terms of the production and reception of texts, subject to the multiplicity of constraints, in order to shed new light on the longstanding conundrum of Chinese-English literary translation by addressing Chinese literature in the multiple contexts of nationalism, cross-cultural hybridity, literary untranslatability, the reception of translation, and also world literature. The book will be of great interest to students and scholars of translation studies, Chinese literature, and East Asian studies.
Transdisciplinarity in Financial Communication: Writing for Target Readers (New Perspectives in Organizational Communication)
by Marlies WhitehouseThis open access book identifies and analyses problems of text production in finance from three complementary perspectives: problem identification, problem analysis, and problem solution. By doing so, it explains why solving these problems in transdisciplinary collaboration benefits theory, practice, and society at large. Drawing on 25 years of ethnographic research, roughly 2100 text products, and more than 190 interviews with different stakeholders, it develops and evaluates measures to improve the communicative potential of financial texts and thereby make them accessible to professionals. The book will appeal to researchers and reflective practitioners in financial communication, organizational communication, financial analysis, investor relations, journalism, and applied linguistics.
Transformation der Nationen (AT)
by Reinhard SchneiderJahrzehntelang waren die technologisch fortgeschrittenen Länder des Westens die Nutznießer der Globalisierung auf Basis der von ihnen geschaffenen Wirtschaftsordnung. Jetzt ändern sich die geopolitischen und wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse mit Wucht. Gleichzeitig hat sich in den letzten Jahren die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, dass wir unsere Wirtschaft auf CO2-freies Wirtschaften umstellen müssen. Zudem altern viele Gesellschaften. Deutschland und Europa tun sich sichtlich dabei schwer, ihre Nationen zukunftsfähig zu gestalten. Gerade bei der passenden Wirtschaftspolitik hakt es. Reinhard Schneiders These ist: Es braucht in Deutschland und Europa dringend einen politischen, wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Wandel. Diesen schaffen wir aber nur, wenn wir die Grundlagen unseres Wohlstands verstehen. Leider ist das Verständnis der wirtschaftlichen Zusammenhänge in der Politik und der breiten Bevölkerung oft lückenhaft und es kommt zu Fehleinschätzungen. Dies beginnt schon bei der mangelnden Unterscheidung zwischen Tätigkeiten, die Kosten für eine Gesellschaft auslösen, und Tätigkeiten, die Einkommen für eine Gesellschaft generieren. Eine wesentliche Ursache ist die Art, wie wir Wertschöpfung und Einkommen von Nationen bzw. Staaten wie Deutschland definieren und messen. Fest steht: Wenn Nationen ihren Wohlstand halten wollen, müssen sie konkurrenzfähig sein. Attraktive und konkurrenzfähige Produkte werden mittlerweile überall angeboten; bei Amazon ist man nur einen Klick vom weltweiten Angebot entfernt. Während die USA und China verstehen, dass sie ihr Einkommen steigern müssen, wenn sie mehr Wohlstand haben wollen, rümpfen die Europäer die Nase über den Neoliberalismus. Sie rufen lieber nach Geld vom Staat oder der EU zur Steigerung der Nachfrage. Auf diesem Weg werden Deutschland und Europa Gefahr laufen, abgehängt zu werden. Das Buch liefert eine längst überfällige Darstellung der Realität der Wirtschaft. Es soll helfen, richtige Entscheidungen zu treffen. Nur so gelingt uns, vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen globalen Herausforderungen, der Wandel in eine erfolgreiche Zukunft - die Transformation der Nationen.
The Transformation of Television Sport: New Methods, New Rules (Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business)
by M. MilneThe Transformation of Television Sport: New Methods, New Rules examines how developments in technology, broadcasting rights and regulation combine to determine what sport we see on television, where we can see it and what the final output looks and sounds like.
Transformational Sales Leadership: Sales Leader Perspectives
by Christine A. Eastman Phill McGowan Beth RogersTransformational Sales Leadership: Sales Leader Perspectives offers viewpoints from 12 leaders across the global sales industry, all of which challenge conventional sales models and promote visionary ways of thinking about sales and leadership.The leaders who share their professional stories in the book are from organizations including SAP, Google, Nationwide US, and Royal Caribbean, as well as their own practices, and they represent a new breed of salespeople who are increasingly sought after by organizations which need to transform their practices. They run teams, drive analytics, and improve operational excellence, and their careers rise or fall on getting the right KPIs. Their stories address solutions to age-old sales problems, but they bring a new perspective to the sales function in the digital age. The book focuses on what sales leaders need in order to be innovative. Specifically, the book shows you how to:• Coach sales people through disruption;• Leverage the most valuable habits for success; and• Provide for meaning and purpose in the hyper-connected and volatile sales industry.If you are a sales professional looking to succeed in challenging scenarios, the journeys recounted in this book demonstrate how the landscape of sales has changed and how thinking about sales differently can help you transform your career.
Transformational Speaking: If You Want to Change the World, Tell a Better Story
by Gail LarsenYou can change the world--one audience at a time! Today's challenging times call for passionate visionaries who are authentic and articulate communicators. Speaking coach and consultant Gail Larsen presents a proven program that liberates the "speaker within" and transforms even the reluctant orator into an agent of change. While most books on public speaking focus on polishing your presentation and overcoming fear, Larsen's holistic blend of spirit and logic goes far beyond the standard format, making TRANSFORMATIONAL SPEAKING a must-read for even the most seasoned speechmakers. With her uniquely inspirational approach, Larsen reaches out to those who want to make a genuine difference in our world by changing minds through touching hearts. TRANSFORMATIONAL SPEAKING offers insightful advice on everything from defining your message and refining your delivery, to managing the dynamics of a room, handling logistics like a pro, and building a connection with an audience of any size. Larsen has helped business executives and entrepreneurs, community and social change leaders, and healers and life coaches become active movers and shakers through the power of effective communication.
Transformative Change in Western Thought: A History of Metamorphosis from Homer to Hollywood
by Ingo GildenhardThis groundbreaking volume maps the shifting place and function of marvelous transformations from antiquity to the present day. Shape-shifting, taking animal bodies, miracles, transubstantiation, alchemy, and mutation recur and echo throughout ancient and modern writing and thinking and continue in science fiction today as tales of gene-splicing and hybridisation. The idea of metamorphosis lies in uneasy coexistence with orderly world views and it is often cast out, or attributed to enemies. Augustine and the church fathers consider shape-shifting ungodly; Enlightenment thinkers suppress alchemy as unscientific; genetically-modified wheat and stem-cell research are stigmatised as unnatural. Yet the very possibility of radical transformation inspires hope just as it frightens. A provocative, theorising, trans-historical history, this book ranges across classics, literature, history, philosophy, theology and anthropology. From Homer and Ovid to Proust and H. P. Lovecraft and through figures from Proteus to Kafka's Fly and toSpiderman, four historical surveys are combined with nine case studies to show the malleable, yet persistent, presence of transformation throughout Western cultural history.