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Choose Your Own Disaster
by Dana SchwartzA hilarious, quirky, and unflinchingly honest memoir about one young woman's terrible and life-changing decisions while hoping (and sometimes failing) to find herself, in the style of Never Have I Ever and Adulting. Join Dana Schwartz on a journey revisiting all of the terrible decisions she made in her early twenties through the internet's favorite method of self-knowledge: the quiz. Part-memoir, part-VERY long personality test, CHOOSE YOUR OWN DISASTER is a manifesto about the millennial experience and modern feminism and how the easy advice of "you can be anything you want!" is actually pretty fucking difficult when there are so many possible versions of yourself it seems like you could be. Dana has no idea who she is, but at least she knows she's a Carrie, a Ravenclaw, a Raphael, a Belle, a former emo kid, a Twitter addict, and a millennial just trying her best.
El choque inevitable: Prensa, discurso y poder en el sexenio de López Obrador
by Raúl Cortés¿Por qué López Obrador se ha obsesionado con los medios (sobre todo con los "conservadores"), a quienes considera sus más fieros contrincantes? ¿Por qué miente y desinforma con tanta confianza incluso cuando se le presentan evidencias que anulan sus afirmaciones? ¿Qué consecuencias políticas tiene su actitud retadora y desdeñosa hacia la verdad y los hechos? Sea como un recurso para polarizar al país en su beneficio o como una genuina estrategia de cambio, el presidente de México ha logrado convertir la relación entre el poder y los medios de comunicación en uno de los aspectos centrales de su gestión. Esto ha generado confrontación, pero también dependencia, y ha marcado el ritmo de la discusión pública en México desde que el presidente estableció las conferencias "mañaneras" como la principal vía de comunicación de su gobierno. Este libro registra y analiza esa interdependencia. Mitad crónica de los primeros cuatro años de gobierno de AMLO, centrada en los bulos que se han lanzado día tras día desde el púlpito del presidente, y mitad ensayo sobre el uso político de las fake news y el papel de la ética periodística en un mundo dominado por la desinformación y la infodemia, es uno de los textos que mejor documentan un fenómeno tan complejo como preocupante: las implicaciones políticas de la posverdad.
The Christian Writer's Market Guide 2015-2016
by Jerry B. JenkinsFor more than 25 years, The Christian Writer's Market Guide has been the most comprehensive and highly recommended resource available for Christian writers, agents, editors, publishers, publicists, and writing teachers. Wherever an author is at on the spectrum of writing--from beginner to seasoned professional--this book will help them find what they are looking for. This is the must-have tool for getting noticed and published and the ultimate reference tool for the aspiring Christian writer. Detailed listings for more than 180 book publishers, subsidy publishers, and self-publishers Detailed listings for more than 170 periodicals by category with rates of pay Detailed listings for literary agencies, writing contests, conferences, workshops, editorial services, and writers' groups Extensive information on electronic and print-on-demand publishing 100 bonus pages filled with a wealth of how-to information, ideas, and tips
Christmas Books for Children (Elements in Publishing and Book Culture)
by Eugene GiddensThis Element traces the varied and magical history of Christmas publications for children. The Christmas book market has played an important role in the growth of children's literature, from well-loved classics to more ephemeral annuals and gift books. Starting with the eighteenth century and continuing to recent sales successes and picturebooks, Christmas Books for Children investigates continuities and new trends in this hugely significant part of the children's book market.
Christopher Hill: The Life of a Radical Historian
by Michael BraddickA luminous biography of one of the 20th century's most influential historiansChristopher Hill was one of the leading historians of his generation. His work across more than 15 books and dozens of articles fundamentally rewrote the way we understand the English Revolution and the development of the modern British state. While his career brought many of the trappings of establishment respectability - he was both a Fellow of the British Academy and the Master of Balliol College, Oxford - he was also seen as a threat to that very same establishment. Under surveillance by the security services for decades, in the 1980s Hill was publicly accused of having been a Soviet agent during the war. His was a Cold War life, as well as a scholarly one.In this brilliant work of biography, Michael Braddick charts Hill's development from his abandonment of the respectable provincial Methodism of his youth, through his embrace of Marxism, his membership and eventual break with the Communist Party, as well as his celebrated intellectual career. While many of his books - not least the thrilling work of historical resurrection, The World Turned Upside Down, and God's Englishman, his classic biography of Oliver Cromwell - are still widely read and admired, his intellectual reputation was damaged by sustained academic criticism in the politically-charged atmosphere of the 1980s.Braddick's judicious biography not only situates Hill's life and work in their historical context but seeks to rescue Hill for a new generation of readers.
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 3: The Years 589–629/1193–1231: The Ayyubids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace (Crusade Texts in Translation)
by D. S. RichardsThe Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir (1160-1233AD), entitled "al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh", is one of the outstanding sources for the history of the mediaeval world. It covers the whole sweep of Islamic history almost up to the death of its author and, with the sources available to him, he attempted to embrace the widest geographical spread; events in Iraq, Iran and further East run in counterpoint with those involving North Africa and Spain. From the time of the arrival of the Crusaders in the Levant, their activities and the Muslim response become the focus of the work. A significant portion of this third part deals with the internal rivalries of the Ayyubid successors of Saladin, their changing relations with the Crusader states and in particular the events of the Damietta Crusade. As always, these events are portrayed against the wider background, with considerable emphasis on events in the eastern Islamic world, the fortunes of the Khwarazm Shahs and the first incursions of the Mongols.
Chronicles Of Wasted Time: Part I: The Green Stick
by Malcolm MuggeridgeChronicles of Wasted Time Part I The Green Stick
Chronicles Of Wasted Time: An Autobiography
by Malcolm MuggeridgeBack in print for the first time since Muggeridge's death in 1990, both published volumes of his acclaimed biography-The Green Stick and The Infernal Grove, plus the previously unpublished start to an unfinished third volume entitled The Right Eye-all brought together in one unabridged volume. <P><P>Born in 1903, Malcolm Muggeridge started his career as a university lecturer in Cairo before taking up journalism. As a journalist he worked around the world on the Guardian, Calcutta Statesman, the Evening Standard and the Daily Telegraph. In 1953 became editor of Punch, where he remained for four years. In later years he became best known as a broadcaster both on television and radio for the BBC. His other books include Jesus Rediscovered, Christ and the Media, and A Third Testament.
Chronicling Trauma: Journalists and Writers on Violence and Loss
by Doug UnderwoodTo attract readers, journalists have long trafficked in the causes of trauma--crime, violence, warfare--as well as psychological profiling of deviance and aberrational personalities. Novelists, in turn, have explored these same subjects in developing their characters and by borrowing from their own traumatic life stories to shape the themes and psychological terrain of their fiction. In this book, Doug Underwood offers a conceptual and historical framework for comprehending the impact of trauma and violence in the careers and the writings of important journalist-literary figures in the United States and British Isles from the early 1700s to today. Grounded in the latest research in the fields of trauma studies, literary biography, and the history of journalism, this study draws upon the lively and sometimes breathtaking accounts of popular writers such as Charles Dickens, Ernest Hemingway, Dorothy Parker, Graham Greene, and Truman Capote, exploring the role that trauma has played in shaping their literary works. Underwood notes that the influence of traumatic experience upon journalistic literature is being reshaped by a number of factors, including news media trends, the advance of the Internet, the changing nature of the journalism profession, the proliferation of psychoactive drugs, and journalists' greater self-awareness of the impact of trauma in their work. The most extensive scholarly examination of the role that trauma has played in the shaping of our journalistic and literary heritage, Chronicling Trauma: Journalists and Writers on Violence and Loss discusses more than a hundred writers whose works have won them fame, even at the price of their health, their families, and their lives.
CIA Airlines: Cómo un periódico de provincias desveló la trama ilegal contra el terrorismo
by Felipe Armendáriz Marisa Goñi Matías VallésPREMIO DEBATE El 6 de septiembre de 2006 el presidente Bush admitía públicamente la existencia de una red de prisiones secretas organizadas por la CIA. Así culminaba en parte una odisea periodística que comenzó casi un año y medio antes, el 12 de marzo de 2005, cuando Diario de Mallorca titulaba a toda página «La CIA utiliza Son Sant Joan como base de su avión cárcel». Desde entonces las noticias sobre los vuelos de la CIA a través de territorio europeo, en los que presuntamente se trasladaron ilegalmente sospechosos de terrorismo islámico, no han abandonado las primeras páginas de los periódicos. Y detrás de las querellas ante la Audiencia Nacional, los informes del Parlamento Europeo y las portadas del New York Times, está el trabajo de tres periodistas de Diario de Mallorca, que desde un medio regional han llevado a cabo una sobresaliente investigación, merecedora del primer premio Debate de libro reportaje, que ha destapado las oscuras maniobras de los servicios de inteligencia estadounidenses en la «Guerra contra el Terror». En este fascinante libro, el equipo de Diario de Mallorca que sacó a la luz el asunto cuenta la historia de los aviones prisión de la CIA en España, con especial énfasis en el papel de Mallorca y con una mirada a las repercusiones mediáticas mundiales y a la aparición en la era de Internet de un nuevo periodismo no sólo en la difusión, sino sobre todo en la elaboración de las noticias.
Cien días en Ucrania: Diario de una corresponsal de guerra
by Elisabetta PiquéGestado sobre el terreno en medio de sirenas y explosiones, el libro desnuda las historias de desasosiego de la gente común detrás de una guerra que marcará un antes y un después en los equilibrios geopolíticos del mundo. El colega italiano me pregunta si quiero sumarme a una lista de personas a evacuar que está preparando el consulado de Italia.Le agradezco, pero no. No tengo ninguna duda de que voy a quedarme en Kiev. acabo de llegar y quiero contar esta historia. Elisabetta Piqué fue la primera periodista en llegar al lugar exacto donde comenzaron a llover las bombas y los misiles que iniciaron la invasión rusa a Ucrania. Durante los cien días que totalizaron sus tres estadías en la zona de conflicto, además de informar como corresponsal de La Nación, se dedicó a documentar su experiencia cotidiana y a recoger las voces de víctimas y testigos anónimos. Gestado en terreno, en medio de sirenas y explosiones, este libro desnuda las historias de desasosiego de la gente común detrás de la guerra que está marcando un antes y un después en los equilibrios geopolíticos del mundo y, al mismo tiempo, permite asomar a la experiencia personal y sensible de una periodista en el peligroso frente de batalla. Testimonio de primera mano tan crudo y original como reflexivo y bien narrado, Cien días en Ucrania pone al descubierto los aspectos más tangibles y concretos de la vida en medio de una guerra distinta que se libra en el corazón de Europa y en las redes sociales, involucra a todo el planeta y no tiene fin a la vista.
Cinco escritos morales
by Umberto EcoUmberto Eco reflexiona sobre la moral y la ética a través de una mirada crítica sobre nuestra historia reciente. Umberto Eco analiza con mirada lúcida y gran brillantez cinco temas de actualidad e importancia extremas: por qué la guerra ha pasado a ser hoy día inviable, las características y vigencia del fascismo, los cambios de la prensa ante la presencia de la televisión, los fundamentos y la posibilidad de una ética laica, así como la tolerancia e intolerancia ante la migración que hará de Europa en los próximos años un continente multirracial. La crítica opina...«Muy convincente y con la clase de destellos de inteligencia y conocimiento que los lectores esperan de una de las mentes más brillantes de Italia.»Library Journal
Cinema and Contact: The Withdrawal of Touch in Nancy, Bresson, Duras and Denis
by Laura McMahonDrawing on the work of contemporary French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy, Cinema and Contact investigates the aesthe-tics and politics of touch in the cinema of three of the most prominent and distinctive filmmakers to have emerged in France during the last fifty years: Robert Bresson, Marguerite Duras and Claire Denis. Countering the domi-nant critical account of touch elaborated by recent models of embodied spectatorship, this book argues that cinema offers a privileged space for understanding touch in terms of spacing and withdrawal rather than immediacy and continuity. Such a deconstructive configuration of touch is shown here to have far-reaching implications, inviting an innovative rethinking of politics, aesthetics and theology via the textures of cinema. The first study to bring the thought of Nancy into sustained dialogue with a series of detailed analyses of films, Cinema and Contact also forges new interpretative perspectives on Bresson, Duras and Denis, tracing a compelling two-way exchange between cinema and philosophy.
The Cinema of Bimal Roy: An ′Outsider′ Within
by Shoma A. ChatterjiAn analysis of Bimal Roy’s films and their depiction of people outside the ‘mainstream’ The Cinema of Bimal Roy: An ‘Outsider’ Within examines Roy’s adaptations of Bengali and Hindi literary classics while dwelling on his approach and treatment of women, a focal point of many of his films. It draws attention to his cinema of social relevance—untouchability (Sujata), woman deserted by society and family (Biraj Bou), child marriage (Parineeta) and the inhumanity of oppression and forced urbanization (Do Bigha Zameen). The book goes on to discuss Roy’s ability to bestow new screen identities to established actors such as Nutan, Meena Kumari and Dilip Kumar on one hand and discover new talents such as Sunil Dutt, Sadhana and Tarun Bose on the other. Apart from this, his tutelage introduced many new faces to the film industry—Salil Choudhury, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Nabendu Ghosh and Gulzar among others. Further, the book details the aesthetics of technique—cinematography, editing and sound—in Roy’s films; his movies had some of the best musical scores in Hindi cinema. It also analyses what made Madhumati his biggest commercial success.
CIOs and the Digital Transformation: A New Leadership Role
by Giorgio Bongiorno Daniele Rizzo Giovanni VaiaThis book describes how chief information officers (CIOs) can embrace and drive the digital transformation by providing innovative leadership that uses old skills in a novel way. The book explores ways in which new actors and factors will play a key role in this process and how new relations can be created among things, data, and people. In addition, the design of digital organizations and the implementation of digital technologies are carefully examined and it is explained how digital workspaces can be designed, organized, and used. A set of methods is provided for linking new digital tools in order to meet the goals and challenges of building a digital enterprise. The digital economy is disrupting the way of interaction within value chains, creating fresh spaces for competition and novel ecosystems. With the advent of social media networking, mobility, big data and cloud computing, 4. 0 manufacturing, etc. , we are witnessing the birth of new digital organizations. However, sharing of leadership of this change among different actors can create disorder and inefficiency. Against this background, the future role of the CIO will be crucial.
Circular Array-Based Radio Frequency OAM Communications (Wireless Networks)
by Rui Chen Wen-Xuan Long Nan ChengThis book presents the modeling and transmission theory of RF OAM communications. The book features the UCA-based RF point-to-point OAM communication system, the UCA-based RF point-to-multipoint OAM wireless backhaul network, the HCCL structure for long-distance OAM transmissions, and the UCA-based joint OAM RadCom scheme. For the UCA-based RF point-to-point OAM communication system, a 2-D ESPRIT-based distance and AoA estimation method is first introduced, followed by an OAM reception scheme including the hybrid mechanical and electronic beam steering with the estimated AoA and the amplitude detection with the estimated distance. The proposed RF OAM communication scheme is extended to the RF OAM-MIMO system equipped with UCCAs. For the UCA-based RF point-to-multipoint OAM wireless backhaul network, an OAM-based multi-user distance and AoA estimation method is introduced, followed by a multi-user OAM preprocessing scheme. At last, the proposed methods are extended to the downlink multi-user OAM-MIMO wireless backhaul system equipped with UCCAs. Moreover, a novel HCCL structure is introduced to realize long-distance OAM transmission. For the UCA-based joint OAM RadCom scheme, an OAM-based 3-D super-resolution position estimation and rotation velocity detection method is introduced, and then the PCRB of the OAM-based estimates and the transmission rate of the integrated system are derived and analyzed. To achieve the best performance trade-off, the transmitted integrated OAM beams is optimized by means of an exhaustive search method. Finally, this book discusses future research directions to inspire further investigation in the field of RF OAM communications from different perspectives.
Circulating Jim Crow: The Saturday Evening Post and the War Against Black Modernity (Modernist Latitudes)
by Adam McKibleIn the early twentieth century, the Saturday Evening Post was perhaps the most popular and influential magazine in the United States, establishing literary reputations and shaping American culture. In the popular imagination, it is best remembered for Norman Rockwell’s covers, which nostalgically depicted a wholesome and idyllic American way of life. But beneath those covers lurked a more troubling reality. Under the direction of its longtime editor, George Horace Lorimer, the magazine helped justify racism and white supremacy. It published works by white authors that made heavy use of paternalistic tropes and demeaning humor, portraying Jim Crow segregation and violence as simple common sense.Circulating Jim Crow demonstrates how the Post used stereotypical dialect fiction to promulgate white supremacist ideology and dismiss Black achievements, citizenship, and humanity. Adam McKible tells the story of Lorimer’s rise to prominence and examines the white authors who provided the editor and his readers with the caricatures they craved. He also explores how Black writers of the Harlem Renaissance pushed back against the Post and its commodified racism. McKible places the erstwhile household names who wrote for the magazine in conversation with figures such as Paul Laurence Dunbar, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ann Petry, W. E. B. Du Bois, and William Faulkner. Revealing the role of the Saturday Evening Post in normalizing racism for millions of readers, this book also offers a new understanding of how Black writers challenged Jim Crow ideology.
Cities in Translation: Intersections of Language and Memory (New Perspectives in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Sherry SimonAll cities are multilingual, but there are some where language relations have a special importance. These are cities where more than one historically rooted language community lays claim to the territory of the city. This book focuses on four such linguistically divided cities: Calcutta, Trieste, Barcelona, and Montreal. Though living with the ever-present threat of conflict, these cities offer the possibility of creative interaction across competing languages and this book examines the dynamics of translation in its many forms. By focusing on a category of cities which has received little attention, this study contributes to our understanding of the kinds of language relations that sustain the diversity of urban life. Illustrated with photos and maps, Cities in Translation is both an engaging read for a wide-ranging audience and an important text in advancing theory and methodology in translation studies.
The Citizen Journalist's Photography Handbook: Shooting the World As it Happens
by Carlos MillerWith dramatic and exciting stories, Carlos Miller reveals the secrets behind successful citizen journalism.Whether you're planning a publicity blitz for your cause, you're interested in the down-and-dirty practices of the police, or just want to be prepared for the moment you're the first on the scene, this book has everything you'll need to know to take newsworthy pictures and get them in front of a wide audience.You don't need a DSLR camera - though they can be useful - what is essential for citizen journalism is a cool head, an eye for a great angle, and the initiative to capture the moment: let Carlos Miller show you how.
Citizen Newhouse
by Carol FelsenthalAn acclaimed biographer takes on one of the world's most elusive media moguls in Citizen Newhouse. The harvest of four years and over 400 interviews, Carol Felsenthal's book is an unauthorized investigative biography that paints a tough yet even-handed portrait. Here is the father, Sam Newhouse, who developed a formula for creating newspaper monopolies in small metropolitan markets and turned it into a huge family fortune. And the sons: Si in the magazine business, with his crown jewels, The New Yorker, Vanity Fair, and Vogue, and Donald, who runs the family's newspaper and cable television companies. Focusing on Si's life and career, Citizen Newhouse takes the measure of one of America's most powerful yet unexamined figures. Felsenthal shows how Si's quirky behavior as a shy and awkward outsider has had a far-reaching impact on the properties he owns, affecting--and in the opinion of some, compromising--the quality of the Newhouse "product" across the country and the world. Felsenthal shines a light on the breathtaking changes that have taken place among Si's top editors, and the fabulous perks available to members of this elite. She also lays bare the role played by Roy Cohn in the affairs of both father and son. Citizen Newhouse provides a fascinating account of powerful and glamorous lives--and their impact on the newspapers and magazines we read every day.
Citizen Participation and Political Communication in a Digital World (Routledge Studies in New Media and Cyberculture #32)
by Alex Frame Gilles BrachotteThe arrival of the participatory web 2.0 has been hailed by many as a media revolution, bringing with it new tools and possibilities for direct political action. Through specialised online platforms, mainstream social media or blogs, citizens in many countries are increasingly seeking to have their voices heard online, whether it is to lobby, to support or to complain about their elected representatives. Politicians, too, are adopting "new media" in specific ways, though they are often criticised for failing to seize the full potential of online tools to enter into dialogue with their electorates. Bringing together perspectives from around the world, this volume examines emerging forms of citizen participation in the face of the evolving logics of political communication, and provides a unique and original focus on the gap which exists between political uses of digital media by the politicians and by the people they represent.
Citizen Publications in China Before the Internet
by Shao JiangThis book presents the first panoramic study of minkan (citizen publications) in China before the Internet, from the 1950s to the 1980s. Drawing on theories of civil society and the public sphere, this study explores the creative practice of minkan as a revival of the concept of 'moveable words' in the Chinese print tradition. When examined against the backdrop of a much older history of Chinese print culture and its renaissance, this recent history of citizen publications also contributesto the reclamation of a lost past of resistance. It is an exercise in remembering a past that has been marginalized and excluded by official history and recovering thoughts and practices obliterated by state power. This book attempts to reconstruct the narrative of modern Chinese history by analyzing the development of a civil society that is independent of both the state elite and the new apolitical bourgeoisie in mainland China.
Citizen Reporters: S.S. McClure, Ida Tarbell, and the Magazine That Rewrote America
by Stephanie GortonA fascinating history of the rise and fall of influential Gilded Age magazine McClure’s and the two unlikely outsiders at its helm—as well as a timely, full-throated defense of investigative journalism in AmericaThe president of the United States made headlines around the world when he publicly attacked the press, denouncing reporters who threatened his reputation as “muckrakers” and “forces for evil.” The year was 1906, the president was Theodore Roosevelt—and the publication that provoked his fury was McClure’s magazine.One of the most influential magazines in American history, McClure’s drew over 400,000 readers and published the groundbreaking stories that defined the Gilded Age, including the investigation of Standard Oil that toppled the Rockefeller monopoly. Driving this revolutionary publication were two improbable newcomers united by single-minded ambition. S. S. McClure was an Irish immigrant, who, despite bouts of mania, overthrew his impoverished upbringing and bent the New York media world to his will. His steadying hand and star reporter was Ida Tarbell, a woman who defied gender expectations and became a notoriously fearless journalist.The scrappy, bold McClure's group—Tarbell, McClure, and their reporters Ray Stannard Baker and Lincoln Steffens—cemented investigative journalism’s crucial role in democracy. From reporting on labor unrest and lynching, to their exposés of municipal corruption, their reporting brought their readers face to face with a nation mired in dysfunction. They also introduced Americans to the voices of Willa Cather, Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson, Joseph Conrad, and many others.Tracing McClure’s from its meteoric rise to its spectacularly swift and dramatic combustion, Citizen Reporters is a thrillingly told, deeply researched biography of a powerhouse magazine that forever changed American life. It’s also a timely case study that demonstrates the crucial importance of journalists who are unafraid to speak truth to power.
Citizens at the Gates: Twitter, Networked Publics, and the Transformation of American Journalism
by Stephen R. BarnardDrawing insights from nearly a decade of mixed-method research, Stephen R. Barnard analyzes Twitter’s role in the transformation of American journalism. As the work of media professionals grows increasingly hybrid, Twitter has become an essential space where information is shared, reporting methods tested, and power contested. In addition to spelling opportunity for citizen media activism, the normalization of digital communication adds new channels of influence for traditional thought leaders, posing notable challenges for the future of journalism and democracy. In his analyses of Twitter practices around newsworthy events—including the Boston Marathon bombing, protests in Ferguson, Missouri, and the election of Donald Trump—Barnard brings together conceptual and theoretical lenses from multiple academic disciplines, bridging sociology, journalism, communication, media studies, science and technology studies, and political science.
Citizens of Scandal: Journalism, Secrecy, and the Politics of Reckoning in Mexico
by Vanessa FreijeIn Citizens of Scandal, Vanessa Freije explores the causes and consequences of political scandals in Mexico from the 1960s through the 1980s. Tracing the process by which Mexico City reporters denounced official wrongdoing, she shows that by the 1980s political scandals were a common feature of the national media diet. News stories of state embezzlement, torture, police violence, and electoral fraud provided collective opportunities to voice dissent and offered an important, though unpredictable and inequitable, mechanism for political representation. The publicity of wrongdoing also disrupted top-down attempts by the ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional to manage public discourse, exposing divisions within the party and forcing government officials to grapple with popular discontent. While critical reporters denounced corruption, they also withheld many secrets from public discussion, sometimes out of concern for their safety. Freije highlights the tensions—between free speech and censorship, representation and exclusion, and transparency and secrecy—that defined the Mexican public sphere in the late twentieth century.