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Crisis Communications: A Casebook Approach (Routledge Communication Series)
by Kathleen Fearn-BanksCrisis Communications: A Casebook Approach presents case studies of organizational, corporate, and individual crises, and analyzes the communication responses to these situations. Demonstrating how professionals prepare for and respond to crises, as well as how they develop communications plans, this essential text explores crucial issues concerning communication with the news media, employees, and consumers in times of crisis. Author Kathleen Fearn-Banks addresses how to choose the best possible words to convey a message, the best method for delivering the message, and the precise and most appropriate audience, in addition to illustrating how to avoid potential mismanagement. The fifth edition of Crisis Communications includes updated cases that provide wider coverage of international crises and media technologies. It includes a new section on social media in crisis communication scenarios and includes additional comments from social media experts throughout various chapters. New case studies include "Police Departments and Community Trust," "The Oso Mudslide in Washington," "School Shootings: Communications To and For Children," and two additional international case studies - "Ebola Strikes Liberia: Firestone Strikes Ebola" and "Nut Rage and Korean Airlines." Previous case studies no longer in this edition can be found on the book’s companion website, which also includes the Instructor’s Manual with exercises in crisis responses, guidelines for crisis manual preparation, and other teaching tools: www.routledge.com/cw/fearn-banks. Looking at both classic and modern cases in real-world situations, Crisis Communications provides students with real-world perspectives and insights for professional responses to crises. It is intended for use in crisis communications, crisis management, and PR case studies courses. Also available for use with this text is the Student Workbook to Accompany Crisis Communications, providing additional discussion questions, activities, key terms, case exercises, and further content for each chapter.
Crisis Communications: and the Art of Making Nothing Happen
by Joseph J. DiorioCrises happen. But how they are handled makes all the difference in the world.It's 2019. A gunman enters Trask International, a suburban Washington, D.C. office, leaving three people dead and dozens injured. One of the biggest differences between this tragedy and \the many others that have unfortunately occurred recently? They were ready for this. Trask International had a comprehensive Crisis Communications plan.No, the plan didn't deploy bulletproof shields, nor did it call upon a secret superhero to fight off the gunman. But the plan did spell out how the business should respond in public to what happened, keep the focus on the true victims and not position the business as one, and how the business could—and would—get things back to normal as quickly as possible.Crisis Communications and the Art of Making Nothing Happen is a fast-paced story told in two parts—the first tells the tale of the shooting itself, while the second presents a deep dive into how a business prepares for a crisis. It takes a close look at the teamwork involved with crisis communication planning, and, ultimately, how preparation helps keep a bad situation from getting worse.
Crisis Leadership in Higher Education: Theory and Practice
by Ralph A GigliottiThere was a time when crises on college and university campuses were relatively rare. Much has changed, and it has changed quite rapidly. Rather than being isolated incidents requiring the sole attention of presidents, chancellors, or communication professionals, the proliferation of crises across campuses means that crisis leadership has now become fundamental to the work of university personnel across levels, disciplines, and institutions. Drawing upon the findings of forty interviews with senior leaders from ten major research universities across the United States and a content analysis of over one thousand articles from a variety of news outlets, Crisis Leadership in Higher Education presents a theory-informed framework for academic and administrative leaders who must navigate the institutional and environmental crises that are most germane to institutions of higher education. The perspectives offered in this book remind us that it is in the chaos and uncertainty of crisis that leadership becomes most visible and most critical.
Crisis Management By Apology: Corporate Response to Allegations of Wrongdoing (Routledge Communication Series)
by Keith Michael HearitThis volume examines the role of apologia and apology in response to public attack. Author Keith Michael Hearit provides an introduction to these common components of public life, and considers a diverse list of subjects, from public figures and individuals to corporations and institutions. He explores the motivations and rationales behind apologies, and considers the ethics and legal liabilities of these actions. Hearit provides case studies throughout the volume, with many familiar examples from recent events in the United States, as well as an international apology-making case from Japan.The broad-perspective approach of this volume makes the content relevant and appealing to practitioners and scholars in public relations, business communications, and management. It is a valuable text for courses that take a discursive approach to public relations, and it also appeals to readers in business management, examining apology as a response strategy to corporate crises.
Crisis Management and Sports: Global Perspectives (World Association for Sport Management Series)
by James J. Zhang Brian E. Menaker Dale SheptakIn an increasingly turbulent, insecure and fast-changing world, this book presents case studies of crisis management that help the reader to understand what best practice looks like and how to guide sport organizations through the crises that are an inevitable aspect of commercial life.Featuring the work of leading researchers from ten different countries, and drawing on work in sport management, sport communication and socio-cultural sport studies, the book includes cases from around the world. It explores important themes in contemporary sport management, including resilience in sport organizations; the use of technology in crisis communication; the socio-cultural dimensions of crisis management; reputation and image management; policing and security; and the management of sports events. It also offers examples from a wide range of different sports, including tennis, golf, soccer, gymnastics, mountaineering, rugby, distance running, and the Olympic Games.This book is an essential addition to the library of anybody with an interest in sport business and management, event management, crisis communication, or public relations.
Crisis Reporters, Emotions, and Technology: An Ethnography
by Johana KotišováThis open access book explores the emotional labour of crisis reporters in an original style that combines fictional and factual narrative. Exploring how journalists make sense of their emotional experience and development in relation to their professional ideology, it illustrates how media professionals learn to think and act within crisis situations. Drawing on in-depth interviews with journalists reporting on wars, terror attacks and natural disasters, the book rethinks traditional concepts in journalistic thought. Finally, it reflects on the specific, contemporary vulnerabilities of industry professionals, including the impact of new technologies, specific forms of precarity, and a particular strain of cynicism central to the industry. Combining comprehensive, empirical research with the fictional narrative of a journalist protagonist, Crisis Reporters, Emotions and Technology establishes an innovative approach to academic storytelling.
Crisis Response Advertising: Insights and Implications from COVID-19
by Frauke HachtmannThis book examines the effects of COVID-19 on the advertising industry to better understand crisis response advertising.The book tells the story of three distinct phases in which the pandemic unfolded, the way a wide range of brands and agencies responded, and how the consumer landscape changed during the first 15 months of the crisis. Advertising professionals from a broad range of award-winning advertising agencies across the United States who experienced the crisis first-hand reflect on how COVID-19 disrupted the industry and what they learned along the way. Each case contains themes that emerged through data analysis, along with examples of advertising practice at various stages of the pandemic. Importantly, the new theoretical model and best practices covered in the book extend beyond application to the global pandemic, giving readers solid theoretical and practical tools to use in future crises.Suited for upper-level undergraduate and post-graduate courses in advertising and marketing, this book will be useful as a reference for researchers and is practical enough for practitioner use as well.
Crisis Tales
by Lanny J. DavisTELL IT ALL, TELL IT EARLY, TELL IT YOURSELF Nobody ever calls Lanny Davis to give him good news. As a legal crisis manager, he's the man public figures such as Bill Clinton, Martha Stewart, U.S. representative Charlie Rangel, and companies such as Whole Foods, among many others, rely on to pull them through public scandal with their reputations intact. Winning your case in a courtroom instead of the media is no longer a viable option. These days, every scandal is tried in the court of public opinion. Refusing to dignify allegations with an answer is grounds for flagellation by the press. Political insider Davis has spent years helping politicians, sports figures, business executives, and corporations through the biggest reputation crises of our times, and each case has aided him in the creation of five invaluable rules that absolutely anyone can use to protect himself from damaging hearsay-- online and off. In this fascinating and practical resource, Davis tells the real stories behind his famous clients' very public scandals as he explains what he and his team did right, what they did wrong, and how they learned from their mistakes and successes. As impossible as it is to believe, many public relations experts still rely on the faulty Nixon model--deny, deny, deny. This tactic was detrimental not only to Nixon's presidency but, for example, to Exxon and BP (not Davis's clients) following major oil spills. Instead, Davis believes, it is important to tell the full story yourself, even if it means sharing unflattering details before they leak on their own. By getting ahead of the story, you have more control over how the information is reported and perceived in the media. Damaging falsehoods can go viral in an instant, but the nation's premier political spin doctor will teach you how to fight back.
Crisis Tales: Five Rules for Coping with Crises in Business, Politics, and Life
by Lanny J. DavisTELL IT ALL, TELL IT EARLY, TELL IT YOURSELF Nobody ever calls Lanny Davis to give him good news. As a legal crisis manager, he's the man public figures such as Bill Clinton, Martha Stewart, U.S. representative Charlie Rangel, and companies such as Whole Foods, among many others, rely on to pull them through public scandal with their reputations intact. Winning your case in a courtroom instead of the media is no longer a viable option. These days, every scandal is tried in the court of public opinion. Refusing to dignify allegations with an answer is grounds for flagellation by the press. Political insider Davis has spent years helping politicians, sports figures, business executives, and corporations through the biggest reputation crises of our times, and each case has aided him in the creation of five invaluable rules that absolutely anyone can use to protect himself from damaging hearsay-- online and off. In this fascinating and practical resource, Davis tells the real stories behind his famous clients' very public scandals as he explains what he and his team did right, what they did wrong, and how they learned from their mistakes and successes. As impossible as it is to believe, many public relations experts still rely on the faulty Nixon model--deny, deny, deny. This tactic was detrimental not only to Nixon's presidency but, for example, to Exxon and BP (not Davis's clients) following major oil spills. Instead, Davis believes, it is important to tell the full story yourself, even if it means sharing unflattering details before they leak on their own. By getting ahead of the story, you have more control over how the information is reported and perceived in the media. Damaging falsehoods can go viral in an instant, but the nation's premier political spin doctor will teach you how to fight back.
Crisis, Catastrophe, and Disaster in Organizations: Managing Threats to Operations, Architecture, Brand, and Stakeholders
by Dennis W. TafoyaThis book explores how and why an event is a precursor to the emergence of a crisis and how a given crisis affects an organization and its stakeholders. Using existing systems theory blended with innovative use of wave, epidemiological, immunological and psycho-social theories, the author discusses ways to understand the effects of different types of crises while showing how to document and/or quantitatively measure those effects. The book offers new models illustrating how events trigger crises and how they subsequently morph into catastrophes and disasters. Using theories and tools tested in organizational settings to identify contributors to a traumatic event, this book makes a valuable contribution to organizational and crisis management literature.
Crisis, Issues and Reputation Management
by Andrew GriffinThe reputation of an organisation influences who we buy from, work for, supply to and invest in. In today's complex environment, organizations have to understand and respond rapidly to shifting public values, rising expectations, demands for public consultation and increasingly intrusive news media. This is particularly important when things go wrong. Crisis, Issues and Reputation Management outlines a comprehensive approach to managing situations that may turn into crises; handling crises once they occur; and features a wide range of case studies of brands who have had to respond to a variety of crises including Nestle, Unilever, General Electric, McDonald's, Coca-cola, Cadbury, Tesco, Pan Am, RBS and more. Crisis, Issues and Reputation Management defines reputation, explores how to value it and provides practical guidelines for effective reputation management, including advising companies on how to approach issues of Corporate Social Responsibility.
Crisscrossing Communication Research: Historical Context and Global Perspective
by Chin-Chuan LeeDrawing on studies of international communication and late Qing and Republican newspapers, this book examines the intellectual and practical development of communication from a global and historical perspective.The book is organized in two parts. The first part explores the “domestication” and fragmentation of communication studies, examining how domestic communication paradigms have been transformed into “refined mediocrity” and how international communication is now included in discussions of “modern theory”. Focusing on the newspapers of China’s Republican era, the second part explores the history of journalism from a variety of perspectives and addresses several key research issues. By exploring ways to connect theories in the humanities and social sciences, bridging the gap between Eastern and Western cultures, and interweaving case studies and macro-level theorizing, the author shows that communication analysis is necessarily dialectical, specific, complementary, and conditional. The book sheds important light on how acting locally while thinking globally can help us reconstruct the epistemological and methodological foundations of international communication.The title will appeal to scholars and students in communication studies, journalism, and the social sciences, especially those interested in international communication.
Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods (Software Studies)
by Mark C. MarinoAn argument that we must read code for more than what it does—we must consider what it means.Computer source code has become part of popular discourse. Code is read not only by programmers but by lawyers, artists, pundits, reporters, political activists, and literary scholars; it is used in political debate, works of art, popular entertainment, and historical accounts. In this book, Mark Marino argues that code means more than merely what it does; we must also consider what it means. We need to learn to read code critically. Marino presents a series of case studies—ranging from the Climategate scandal to a hactivist art project on the US-Mexico border—as lessons in critical code reading.Marino shows how, in the process of its circulation, the meaning of code changes beyond its functional role to include connotations and implications, opening it up to interpretation and inference—and misinterpretation and reappropriation. The Climategate controversy, for example, stemmed from a misreading of a bit of placeholder code as a “smoking gun” that supposedly proved fabrication of climate data. A poetry generator created by Nick Montfort was remixed and reimagined by other poets, and subject to literary interpretation.Each case study begins by presenting a small and self-contained passage of code—by coders as disparate as programming pioneer Grace Hopper and philosopher Friedrich Kittler—and an accessible explanation of its context and functioning. Marino then explores its extra-functional significance, demonstrating a variety of interpretive approaches.
Critical Communication Pedagogy
by Dr Deanna L. Fassett Dr John T. WarrenIn this autoethnographic work, authors Deanna L. Fassett and John T. Warren illustrate a synthesis of critical pedagogy and instructional communication, as both a field of study and a teaching philosophy. Critical Communication Pedagogy is a poetic work that charts paradigmatic tensions in instructional communication research, articulates commitments underpinning critical communication pedagogy, and invites readers into self-reflection on their experiences as researchers, students, and teachers.
Critical Conversations For Dummies
by Christina Tangora SchlachterThe easy way to communicate best when it matters mostMost people are aware of the importance of handling critical conversations well. However, when it comes down to actually being in a difficult situation that calls for key communication skills, many do not know how to practically apply their own thoughts.Critical Conversations For Dummies is a step-by-step reference for the variety of crucial conversations life presents in the workforce. It's packed with strategies for preparing for high-stakes situations; being persuasive (not abrasive); knowing the value of assertive communication; resolving failed promises and missed deadlines; maintaining morale when firing staff; getting new employees off on the right foot; managing staff relations and strengthening team relationships; understanding audience needs and motivations to get positive results; altering confrontational language to cooperative language during difficult conversations; and building relationships in the face of conflict.Improve communication skills in crucial conversationsAvoid common pitfalls and emotional tendenciesDiscover the benefits of success in crucial conversations This book is especially relevant to the hundreds of thousands of leaders who are tasked with multiple duties, whether addressing complex problems from stakeholders or achieving exceptional results from staff.
Critical Discourse Analysis in Translation Studies: An Introductory Textbook
by Kyung Hye KimCritical Discourse Analysis in Translation Studies is the first textbook to provide a systematic treatment of how CDA may be applied to the analysis of translated and interpreted texts.Kyung Hye Kim provides in-depth explanations about how various strands of CDA, from the M.A.K. Hallidayan analytical framework to Norman Fairclough’s dialectical relationship model and Teu van Dijk’s ideological square, can be employed in translation studies to deliver rich analyses of translated text. She demonstrates the ability of CDA to address complex translation practices, in both traditional and digital media, using various examples in different languages. With numerous exercises using authentic texts, this textbook empowers readers to apply a CDA framework in their own work.This accessible textbook is essential reading for all students of discourse and text analysis within translation and interpreting studies.
Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics, and Performance
by D. Soyini Madison"Critical Ethnography is a rare and beautiful synthesis of deft theorizing and principled pragmatics. The complexities of ethnography demand a grasp of both theory and practice, but rarely have they come together so clearly and completely as in this passionately written text. I especially appreciate the thoughtful attention to the intellectual roots of the critical tradition in ethnography, and to the way students are rigorously led through the methodological consequences of critical epistemology." —Judith Hamera, Texas A&M University "I would strongly recommend this book for use in any course that explores the role of critical analysis in research. This book thoughtfully discusses and teaches about trying to understand the meanings attributed by others in regard to their expertise." —Amy Paul-Ward, Florida International University What is critical ethnography? How do we use theory to interpret research data? What is performance ethnography? Readers can find answers to these fundamental questions in D. Soyini Madison′s engaging and highly multidisciplinary Third Edition of Critical Ethnography: Methods, Ethics, and Performance. The book presents a fresh new look at critical ethnography by emphasizing the significance of ethics and performance in the art and politics of fieldwork. The productive links between theory and method are celebrated in this title. Theoretical concepts range from queer theory, feminist theory, and critical race theory to Marxism and phenomenology. The methodological techniques range from designing and asking in-depth interview questions and developing rapport to coding and interpreting data. The various theories and methods culminate in three fictional ethnographic case studies that "enact" the interdependence between theory and method and the significance of social theory, ethics, and performance.
Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics, and Performance
by D. Soyini Madison"Critical Ethnography is a rare and beautiful synthesis of deft theorizing and principled pragmatics. The complexities of ethnography demand a grasp of both theory and practice, but rarely have they come together so clearly and completely as in this passionately written text. I especially appreciate the thoughtful attention to the intellectual roots of the critical tradition in ethnography, and to the way students are rigorously led through the methodological consequences of critical epistemology." —Judith Hamera, Texas A&M University "I would strongly recommend this book for use in any course that explores the role of critical analysis in research. This book thoughtfully discusses and teaches about trying to understand the meanings attributed by others in regard to their expertise." —Amy Paul-Ward, Florida International University What is critical ethnography? How do we use theory to interpret research data? What is performance ethnography? Readers can find answers to these fundamental questions in D. Soyini Madison′s engaging and highly multidisciplinary Third Edition of Critical Ethnography: Methods, Ethics, and Performance. The book presents a fresh new look at critical ethnography by emphasizing the significance of ethics and performance in the art and politics of fieldwork. The productive links between theory and method are celebrated in this title. Theoretical concepts range from queer theory, feminist theory, and critical race theory to Marxism and phenomenology. The methodological techniques range from designing and asking in-depth interview questions and developing rapport to coding and interpreting data. The various theories and methods culminate in three fictional ethnographic case studies that "enact" the interdependence between theory and method and the significance of social theory, ethics, and performance.
Critical Genre Analysis: Investigating interdiscursive performance in professional practice
by Vijay K. BhatiaGenre theory has focused primarily on the analysis of generic constructs, with increasing attention to and emphasis on the contexts in which such genres are produced, interpreted, and used to achieve objectives, often giving the impression as if producing genres is an end in itself, rather than a means to an end. The result of this focus is that there has been very little attention paid to the ultimate outcomes of these genre-based discursive activities, which are more appropriately viewed as academic, institutional, organizational, and professional actions and practices, which are invariably non-discursive, though often achieved through discursive means. It was this objective in mind that the book develops an approach to a more critical and deeper understanding of interdiscursive professional voices and actions. Critical Genre Analysis as a theory of discursive performance is thus an attempt to be as objective as possible, rigorous in analytical endeavour, using a multiperspective and multidimensional methodological framework taking into account interdiscursive aspects of genre construction to make it increasingly explanatory to demystify discursive performance in a range of professional contexts.
Critical Incidents in Journalism: Pivotal Moments Reshaping Journalism around the World
by Oscar Westlund Edson C. Tandoc Jr. Joy Jenkins Ryan J. ThomasThis edited collection examines critical incidents journalists have faced across different media contexts, exploring how journalists and other key actors negotiate various aspects of their work. Ranging from the Rwandan genocide to the News of the World hacking scandal in the UK, this book defines a critical incident as an event that has led journalists to reconsider their routines, roles, and rules. Combining theoretical and practical analysis, the contributors offer a discussion of the key events that journalists cover, such as political turmoil or natural disasters, as well as events that directly involve and affect journalists. Featuring case studies from countries including Australia, Germany, Brazil, Kenya, and the Philippines, the book explores the discourses that critical events have generated, how journalists and other stakeholders have responded to them, and how they have reshaped (or are reshaping) journalistic norms and practices. The book also proposes a roadmap for studying such pivotal moments in journalism. This one-of-a-kind collection is a valuable resource for students and scholars across journalism studies disciplines, from journalism history, to sociology of news, to digital journalism and political communication.
Critical Interpersonal and Family Communication Pedagogy: Charting New Futurities (Routledge Research in Communication Studies)
by Sandra L. Faulkner Mick B. BrewerThis volume establishes critical interpersonal and family communication pedagogy (CIFCP) as a distinct academic area of inquiry, highlighting the intersections of identity, power, culture, pedagogy, and interpersonal and family communication concepts, theories, and methods.This practical, theoretical, and aspirational collection by interpersonal and family communication (IPFC) scholars and teachers shines a spotlight on, through a diversity of methods, some of the ways that power both emanates within the classroom and informs intellectual instruction. Providing examples that connect critical theories and concepts with topics common in IPFC classrooms, such as conflict, relational tension, disclosure, listening, and family dynamics, the book illustrates how critical concepts can be uniquely addressed and unpacked in IPFC classrooms through a variety of assignments, teaching activities, and discussion prompts, and promotes and normalizes the ongoing reflexive practices of IPFC instructors.This book will interest academics and upper-level students working in the areas of Critical Methodology, Interpersonal Communication, Family Communication, and Relationship Science.
Critical Issues in Photojournalism: Lessons From the Past and Solutions for the Future
by Adrian HadlandDrawing on original research and industry experience, this book studies the historical debates and controversies underpinning photojournalism and those practising it today.Beginning with the origins of photography and the close-knit relationship between journalism and the image, this book goes on to consider the theories that have sought to unpick photography and photojournalism and how these translate to contemporary practice. Hadland examines the present and potential roles of photojournalism in society and reflects on how technological advances such as Artificial Intelligence may impact the profession. Ethical considerations and certain immeasurable dimensions of photography, including concepts of power, truth, and meaning, are brought into question alongside ongoing issues of exclusion and homogeneity amongst professional photojournalists.Critical Issues in Photojournalism is an ideal primer for students seeking a solid historical, ethical, and reflective understanding of the discipline.
Critical Literacy in A Digital Era: Technology, Rhetoric, and the Public interest
by Barbara WarnickCritical Literacy in a Digital Era offers an examination of the persuasive approaches used in discussions on and about the Internet. Its aim is to increase awareness of what is assumed, unquestioned, and naturalized in our media experience. Using a critical literacy framework for her analysis, author Barbara Warnick argues that new media technologies become accepted not only through their use, but also through the rhetorical use of discourse on and about them. She analyzes texts that discuss new media and technology, including articles from a major technology-oriented periodical; women's magazines and Web sites; and Internet-based political parody in the 2000 presidential campaign. These case studies bring to light the persuasive strategies used by writers to influence public discourse about technology. The book includes analyses of narrative structures, speech genres, intertextuality, argument forms, writing formulae, and patterns of emphasis and neglect used in traditional and new media outlets. As a result, this distinctive work identifies the features of online speech that bring people and ideas together and enable communities to form in new media environments. As a unique study of the ways in which ideology is embedded in rhetorical texts, this volume will play a significant role in the development of critical literacy about writing and speech concerning new communication technology. It will be of interest to readers concerned about how our talk about communication affects how we think about it, in particular those interested in communication and social change, public persuasion, and rhetorical criticism of new media content.
Critical Making in the Age of AI
by Anastasia Salter Emily JohnsonCritical Making in the Age of AI invites students, teachers, learners, and digital humanists to explore making as scholarship. Inspired by the craft traditions of textile arts, this book combines a survey of forms of alternative scholarly communication—such as comics, GIFs, maps, games, and generative AI—and a pattern book, where patterns serve as starting points that makers can reimagine and remix. Firmly grounded in the humanities and utilizing free tools and platforms (including Twine, Voyant, and Tracery) wherever possible, this engaging and accessible guide to digital methods introduces and puts into practice concepts that are essential to preparing students to navigate a changing landscape of media and information without investing in proprietary software, dedicated lab space, or expensive creative tools. The book’s eight patterns are especially appropriate for those just beginning to explore digital scholarly methods, and one goal of Critical Making in the Age of AI is to provide structure for work that is both meaningful and achievable with limited resources and time. By centering critical making through a design-justice and feminist lens, the coauthors model how inclusive and expansive approaches to making in research and teaching are vital to shaping the humanities of the future.
Critical News Literacy
by Jeffrey Dvorkin<p>In an era of "fake news" and a seemingly insurmountable influx of data on the Internet, it is critical for both journalists and citizens to understand the digital media we consume daily. This introductory textbook gives students the tools they need to think critically about the news, and to see reliable news as an essential aspect of what it means to be an informed citizen in a democracy. <p>After reading this text, students will be able to: <p> <li>Analyze key elements of news reports by weighing evidence, evaluating sources, noting context and transparency to judge reliability. <li>Distinguish among journalism, informed opinion and unsupported opinions. <li>Identify and distinguish between news media bias and audience bias. <li>Use examples from the daily news media to show critical thinking about civic engagement. <li>Develop a skeptical and engaged approach to social media and digital technology.</li>