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Information Technologies and Social Orders (Communication And Social Order Ser.)
by Carl J. CouchAccording to Carl J. Couch, the history of human society is one of successive, sometimes overlapping, information technologies used to process the various symbolic representations that inform social contexts. Unlike earlier “media” theorists who ignored social context in order to concentrate on the information technologies themselves, Couch implements a consistent theory of interpersonal and intergroup relations to describe the essential interface between information technologies and the social contexts in which they are used. Couch emphasizes the formative capacities of information technologies across historical epochs and cultures, and places them within the major institutional relations of various societies. He views social orders as reflexively shaped by the information technologies that participants use, and as susceptible to mass brutality and oppression due to oligarchic control though he hopes technology will remain humane. The original edition of this manuscript was nearly complete at the time of Couch’s death and was brought to completion by two of his closest associates. Now after two decades, during which its impact is indisputable, it has been updated for a new generation of students and scholars. Additions include discussions on books in the digital age, social media, mobile telephones, recordings, participatory culture, and more.
Information Technology Convergence: Security, Robotics, Automations and Communication (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #253)
by James J. Jong Hyuk Park Leonard Barolli Fatos Xhafa Hwa Young JeongInformation technology and its convergence issue is emerging rapidly as an exciting new paradigm with user-centric environment to provide computing and communication services. This area will be the most comprehensive topics with various aspects of advances in information technology and its convergence services. This book covers all topics as computational science and applications, electronics engineering, manufacturing technology, services, technical skill to control the robot, automatic operation and application, simulation and testing communication and many more.
Information Technology Convergence: Security, Robotics, Automations and Communication
by Fatos Xhafa Hwa Young Jeong James J. Park Leonard BarolliInformation technology and its convergence issue is emerging rapidly as an exciting new paradigm with user-centric environment to provide computing and communication services. This area will be the most comprehensive topics with various aspects of advances in information technology and its convergence services. This book covers all topics as computational science and applications, electronics engineering, manufacturing technology, services, technical skill to control the robot, automatic operation and application, simulation and testing communication and many more.
Information Theory for Electrical Engineers (Signals And Communication Technology)
by Orhan GaziThis book explains the fundamental concepts of information theory, so as to help students better understand modern communication technologies. It was especially written for electrical and communication engineers working on communication subjects. The book especially focuses on the understandability of the topics, and accordingly uses simple and detailed mathematics, together with a wealth of solved examples.The book consists of four chapters, the first of which explains the entropy and mutual information concept for discrete random variables. Chapter 2 introduces the concepts of entropy and mutual information for continuous random variables, along with the channel capacity. In turn, Chapter 3 is devoted to the typical sequences and data compression. One of Shannon’s most important discoveries is the channel coding theorem, and it is critical for electrical and communication engineers to fully comprehend the theorem. As such, Chapter 4 solely focuses on it.To gain the most from the book, readers should have a fundamental grasp of probability and random variables; otherwise, they will find it nearly impossible to understand the topics discussed.
Information Theory, Mathematical Optimization, and Their Crossroads in 6G System Design (Springer Series in Wireless Technology)
by Shih-Chun Lin Tsung-Hui Chang Eduard Jorswieck Pin-Hsun LinThis book provides a broad understanding of the fundamental tools and methods from information theory and mathematical programming, as well as specific applications in 6G and beyond system designs. The contents focus on not only both theories but also their intersection in 6G. Motivations are from the multitude of new developments which will arise once 6G systems integrate new communication networks with AIoT (Artificial Intelligence plus Internet of Things). Design issues such as the intermittent connectivity, low latency, federated learning, IoT security, etc., are covered. This monograph provides a thorough picture of new results from information and optimization theories, as well as how their dialogues work to solve aforementioned 6G design issues.
Information Visualization in The Era of Innovative Journalism
by Carlos Toural-BranInformation Visualization in the Era of Innovative Journalism brings together over 30 authors from countries around the world to synthesize how recent technological innovations have impacted the development, practice and consumption of contemporary journalism. As technology rapidly progresses, shifts, and innovates, there have been immense changes in the way we communicate. This book collects research from around the world that takes an in-depth look at the primary transformations related to journalistic innovation in recent times. High-profile contributors provide cutting-edge scholarship on innovation in journalism as it relates to emergent topics such as virtual reality, podcasting, multimedia infographics, social media, mobile storytelling and others. The book pays special attention to the development of information visualization and the ability of recent innovations to meet audience needs and desires. Students and scholars studying contemporary journalism history and practice will find this a vital and up-to-date resource, as well as those studying communication technology as it relates to marketing, PR or mass media broadly.
Information Wars: How We Lost the Global Battle Against Disinformation and What We Can Do About It
by Richard StengelFrom former Time editor and Under Secretary of State Richard Stengel, this is the first and only insider account of how the U.S. tried--and failed--to combat the global rise of disinformation that eventually spilled into the 2016 election. In February of 2013, Richard Stengel, the former editor of Time, joined the Obama administration as Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Within days, two shocking events made worldwide headlines: ISIS executed American journalist James Foley in a graphic video seen by millions, and Vladimir Putin's "little green men"--Russian special forces--invaded Crimea, accompanied by a blizzard of Russian denials and false flags. What these events had in common besides their violent lawlessness is that they were the opening salvos in a new era of global information warfare, in which countries and non-state actors use social media and disinformation to create their own narratives and undermine anyone who opposes them. Stengel was thrust onto the front lines of this battle as he was tasked with responding to the relentless weaponizing of information by ISIS, Russia, China, and others. He saw the scale of what he was up against and found himself hopelessly outgunned. Then, in 2016, the wars Stengel was fighting abroad came home during the presidential election, as "fake news" became a rallying cry and the Russians used the techniques they learned in Ukraine to influence the election here. Rarely has an accomplished journalist been not only a close observer but also a principal participant in American foreign policy as events unfold, issues are debated, and decisions are made. Stengel takes you behind the scenes in the ritualized world of diplomacy, from the daily 8:30 morning huddle with a restless John Kerry to a midnight sit-down in Saudi Arabia with the prince of darkness, Mohammed bin Salman. The result is a compulsively readable account of how this new kind of warfare works and how difficult it is to fight. RICHARD STENGEL was the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs from 2013 to 2016. Before working at the State Department, he was the editor of Time for seven years, from 2006 to 2013. From 1992 to 1994, he collaborated with Nelson Mandela on the South African leader's autobiography Long Walk to Freedom. Stengel later wrote Mandela's Way, a New York Times bestseller, on his experience working with Mandela. He is the author of several other books, including January Sun, a book about life in a small South African town, as well as You're Too Kind: A Brief History of Flattery. He is an NBC/MSNBC analyst and lives in New York.
Information Wars: How We Lost the Global Battle Against Disinformation & What We Can Do About It
by Richard StengelA “well-told” insider account of the State Department’s twenty-first-century struggle to defend America against malicious propaganda and disinformation (The Washington Post).Disinformation is nothing new. When Satan told Eve nothing would happen if she bit the apple, that was disinformation. But today, social media has made disinformation even more pervasive and pernicious. In a disturbing turn of events, authoritarian governments are increasingly using it to create their own false narratives, and democracies are proving not to be very good at fighting it.During the final three years of the Obama administration, Richard Stengel, former editor of Time, was an Under Secretary of State on the front lines of this new global information war—tasked with unpacking, disproving, and combating both ISIS’s messaging and Russian disinformation. Then, during the 2016 election, Stengel watched as Donald Trump used disinformation himself. In fact, Stengel quickly came to see how all three had used the same playbook: ISIS sought to make Islam great again; Putin tried to make Russia great again; and we know the rest.In Information Wars, Stengel moves through Russia and Ukraine, Saudi Arabia and Iraq, and introduces characters from Putin to Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, and Mohamed bin Salman, to show how disinformation is impacting our global society. He illustrates how ISIS terrorized the world using social media, and how the Russians launched a tsunami of disinformation around the annexation of Crimea—a scheme that would became a model for future endeavors. An urgent book for our times, now with a new preface from the author, Information Wars challenges us to combat this ever-growing threat to democracy.“[A] refreshingly frank account . . . revealing.” —Kirkus Reviews“This sobering book is indeed needed to help individuals better understand how information can be massaged to produce any sort of message desired.” —Library Journal
El informe Chinochet: Historia secreta de Alberto Fujimori en Chile
by Carlos Meléndez"¿Cómo explicar esta decisión aparentemente irracional de Alberto Fujimori de abandonar la cómoda protección japonesa para asumir las consecuencias de un escenario incierto?". Luego de una investigación paciente y rigurosa, el politólogo Carlos Meléndez logró develar uno de los misterios de la política peruana reciente: ¿por qué Fujimori dejó Japón, donde gozaba de cierta comodidad y considerable protección legal, para partir a Chile, de dónde finalmente sería extraditado? A través de fuentes, documentos enéditos y entrevistas personales con implicados directos, Meléndez logra narrar los entresijos de una estrategia que, hasta hoy, sigue teniendo consecuencias en la vida política peruana, y que marcó no solo el detino del fujimorismo como familia, sino también como partido político. Reseñas "Una lectura obligada para todos los interesados en derechos humanos, política bilateral y política pura, este texto es además informativo, entretenido e iluminador". Patricio Navia "Más que comprender la forma en que Pinochet y Fujimori rompieron el cauce democrático e instititucional en sus países y debieron enfrentar el juicio crítico de sus sociedades por sus abusos y delitos, Meléndez nos invita a imaginar lo que sería ese grifo mitológico llamado "Chinochet" y sobre todo sus crías del siglo XXI. Lea este libro como una novela y quizás su disfrute le haga sentirse menos culpable. Y darse cuenta de que también en los intersticios de la historia el Perú y Chile comparten una tragedia que va más allá de la guerra". Alejandro Neyra
The Informed Company: How to Build Modern Agile Data Stacks that Drive Winning Insights
by Dave Fowler Matthew C. DavidLearn how to manage a modern data stack and get the most out of data in your organization! Thanks to the emergence of new technologies and the explosion of data in recent years, we need new practices for managing and getting value out of data. In the modern, data driven competitive landscape the "best guess" approach—reading blog posts here and there and patching together data practices without any real visibility—is no longer going to hack it. The Informed Company provides definitive direction on how best to leverage the modern data stack, including cloud computing, columnar storage, cloud ETL tools, and cloud BI tools. You'll learn how to work with Agile methods and set up processes that's right for your company to use your data as a key weapon for your success . . . You'll discover best practices for every stage, from querying production databases at a small startup all the way to setting up data marts for different business lines of an enterprise. In their work at Chartio, authors Fowler and David have learned that most businesspeople are almost completely self-taught when it comes to data. If they are using resources, those resources are outdated, so they're missing out on the latest cloud technologies and advances in data analytics. This book will firm up your understanding of data and bring you into the present with knowledge around what works and what doesn't. Discover the data stack strategies that are working for today's successful small, medium, and enterprise companies Learn the different Agile stages of data organization, and the right one for your team Learn how to maintain Data Lakes and Data Warehouses for effective, accessible data storage Gain the knowledge you need to architect Data Warehouses and Data Marts Understand your business's level of data sophistication and the steps you can take to get to "level up" your data The Informed Company is the definitive data book for anyone who wants to work faster and more nimbly, armed with actionable decision-making data.
Informing the Global Citizen: A Selection from The New Censorship: Inside the Global Battle for Media Freedom (To the Point)
by Joel SimonToday, anyone with an iPhone can provide firsthand accounts from the world's front lines. Despite our increased access to events around the world, journalists are more vital than ever as they bring context and perspective and help to set the humanitarian agenda. However, threats to journalists are mounting with record numbers killed and imprisoned each year. From the drug wars of Mexico to Iraq and Tahrir Square, Joel Simon explores the new challenges and dangers to the future of journalistic freedom.
Informing the Global Citizen: Inside the Global Battle for Media Freedom
by Joel SimonToday, anyone with an iPhone can provide firsthand accounts from the world's front lines. Despite our increased access to events around the world, journalists are more vital than ever as they bring context and perspective and help to set the humanitarian agenda. However, threats to journalists are mounting with record numbers killed and imprisoned each year. From the drug wars of Mexico to Iraq and Tahrir Square, Joel Simon explores the new challenges and dangers to the future of journalistic freedom.
Informing the Global Citizen: Inside the Global Battle for Media Freedom
by Joel SimonToday, anyone with an iPhone can provide firsthand accounts from the world's front lines. Despite our increased access to events around the world, journalists are more vital than ever as they bring context and perspective and help to set the humanitarian agenda. However, threats to journalists are mounting with record numbers killed and imprisoned each year. From the drug wars of Mexico to Iraq and Tahrir Square, Joel Simon explores the new challenges and dangers to the future of journalistic freedom.
Informing the News
by Thomas E. PattersonAs the journalist Walter Lippmann noted nearly a century ago, democracy falters "if there is no steady supply of trustworthy and relevant news." Today's journalists are not providing it. Too often, reporters give equal weight to facts and biased opinion, stir up small controversies, and substitute infotainment for real news. Even when they get the facts rights, they often misjudge the context in which they belong. Information is the lifeblood of a healthy democracy. Public opinion and debate suffer when citizens are misinformed about current affairs, as is increasingly the case. Though the failures of today's communication system cannot be blamed solely on the news media, they are part of the problem, and the best hope for something better. Patterson proposes "knowledge-based journalism" as a corrective. Unless journalists are more deeply informed about the subjects they cover, they will continue to misinterpret them and to be vulnerable to manipulation by their sources. In this book, derived from a multi-year initiative of the Carnegie Corporation and the Knight Foundation, Patterson calls for nothing less than a major overhaul of journalism practice and education. The book speaks not only to journalists but to all who are concerned about the integrity of the information on which America's democracy depends.
Infoselves: The Value of Online Identity
by Demetra GarbasevschiInfoselves delivers a multifaceted analysis of the commodification of self-identity online, from both a domination and a liberation perspective. Drawing on multiple resources, the book places its discussion of online identity within the larger context of self-identity evolution, arguing for the recognition of online identity as a legitimate component of the self-identity system. Advertising executive turned academic, Demetra Garbașevschi offers readers the means to understand the way our online identities are formed and used, to reflect on the future of self-identity, and to become more aware of the radical implications of our digital footprint. Readers will discover what it means to be an infoself in a deep digital context, from exploring the informational makeup of self-identity, to examining the various sources of identity information found online, to exposing the uses of this information through both latent and assertive self-commodification. Considering the many sources of information contributing to our identity narrative online, some beyond our direct control, managing the self is presented as one the greatest challenges of our digital present. The book includes illuminating discussions of a variety of topics within the subject of online identity, such as: Foundational concepts related to the idea of identity, including references to the works of Erik Erikson, symbolic interactionists, and social dramaturgy The evolution of online identity, with examinations of early and current viewpoints of the phenomenon Personal branding online as the epitome of self-commodification, with examples from online celebrity, micro-celebrity, and nano-celebrity Original research contributing to the larger discussion about how identities are constructed and performed through-the-line Perfect for graduate students in advertising, branding, and public relations, Infoselves also belongs on the bookshelves of those studying fields involving digital media. Working professionals in any of these areas will also benefit from this book’s insightful analyses of a variety of viewpoints on online identity.
Infrastructural Attachments: Austerity, Sovereignty, and Expertise in Kenya
by Emma ParkSet against critiques of neoliberal capitalism in the present, Infrastructural Attachments argues that the technopolitics of austerity have been the organizing logic of statecraft in Kenya since the late nineteenth century, calling into question the novelty of austerity as a mode of governance and a lived experience. Using infrastructures as a lens to explore state formation over the long twentieth century—roads in the early colonial period, radio broadcasting from the interwar through the postwar periods, and mobile phones and digital financial services in the present—historian Emma Park reveals that as the state drew on private capital to make up for limited budgets, it inaugurated a peculiar political-economic form: the corporate-state. For more than a century—in pursuit of minimizing costs and maximizing profits—the corporate-state crucially relied on the exploitation and expropriation of its subject-citizens. By foregrounding these workers, Park interrogates how Kenyans’ knowledge and expertise has been rescaled and subsumed, quietly underwriting the development of infrastructural expertise, the circuits of finance upon which (post)colonial infrastructural expansion has been premised, and the forms of profit-making it has enabled.
Infrastructure Communication in International Relations (Routledge Studies in Global Information, Politics and Society)
by Carolijn van NoortThis book demonstrates how infrastructure projects and the communications thereof are strategized by rising powers to envision progress, to enhance the actor’s international identity, and to substantiate and leverage the actor’s vision of international order. While the physical aspects of infrastructure are important, infrastructure communication in international relations demands more scholarly attention. Using a case-study approach, Carolijn van Noort examines how rising powers communicate about infrastructure internationally and discusses the significance of these communication practices. The four case studies include BRICS’s summit communications about infrastructure, Brazil’s infrastructure promises to Africa, China’s communication of the Belt and Road Initiative in East Africa, and Kazakhstan’s news media coverage of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Van Noort highlights the fact that the link between infrastructure, identity, and order-making is arbitrary and thus contested in practice, with rising powers operationalizing infrastructure communication in international relations in varied ways. She argues that both communication organization and the visuality of strategic narratives on infrastructure influence the international communication of infrastructure vision and action plans, with different levels of success. Infrastructure Communication in International Relations is a welcome and timely book of interest to students and scholars in the fields of international relations, global communications, and the politics of infrastructure.
Inheritance in Nineteenth-century French Culture: Wealth, Knowledge and the Family
by AndrewJ. CounterThe transmission of wealth between generations was not only a narrative commonplace in nineteenth-century France, but also a topic of considerable cultural anxiety and intense political debate. In this study, Andrew J. Counter draws on a wealth of previously unexplored material to show how the theme of inheritance in literature and beyond acquired ethical, historical and ideological connotations, and was vital to nineteenth-century French conceptions of the family and of the legacy of the Revolution. Weaving together fiction, drama, legal texts, historiographical thought and political writing, Inheritance in Nineteenth-Century French Culture teases out a complex leitmotiv that gives us a new understanding of nineteenth- century Frances sense of its own place in history. It also proposes innovative readings of writers as familiar as Honore de Balzac, George Sand, Guy de Maupassant and Emile Zola, while drawing attention to a range of neglected authors and works.
Inhumanities
by David B. DennisInhumanities is an unprecedented account of the ways Nazi Germany manipulated and mobilized European literature, philosophy, painting, sculpture and music in support of its ideological ends. David B. Dennis shows how, based on belief that the Third Reich represented the culmination of Western civilization, culture became a key propaganda tool in the regime's program of national renewal and its campaign against political, national and racial enemies. Focusing on the daily output of the Völkischer Beobachter, the party's official organ and the most widely circulating German newspaper of the day, he reveals how activists twisted history, biography and aesthetics to fit Nazism's authoritarian, militaristic and anti-Semitic world views. Ranging from National Socialist coverage of Germans such as Luther, Dürer, Goethe, Beethoven, Wagner and Nietzsche to 'great men of the Nordic West' such as Socrates, Leonardo and Michelangelo, Dennis reveals the true extent of the regime's ambitious attempt to reshape the 'German mind'.
Ink in My Veins: A Life in Journalism
by S. Nihal SinghA never-say-die journalist’s life story with an in-depth analysis of crucial historical events, fascinating anecdotes about the high and mighty, revealing behind-the-scenes events and a bouquet of delightful snippets . . .This book traces one man’s journey stretching from the time of Jawaharlal Nehru to the Manmohan Singh era. As a journalist, S. Nihal Singh had a ringside seat in observing and analysing important developments in India and the world: The 1969 split in the Congress, with Indira Gandhi emerging victorious; the Emergency imposed by her in June 1975, her downfall, her phoenix-like rise and her assassination; the game of musical chairs with the Congress as music master as prime ministers came and went in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s; the tempestuous relations between India and Pakistan; the 1991 Gulf war; and the litany of scams that have buffeted the Manmohan Singh Government. The scandals facing the government had been long in the making, but they illuminate features like the erosion of the country’s once-famed administrative structure, the rise of corruption in an increasingly consumer-oriented acquisitive society, the democratization of polity by the inclusion of hitherto excluded sections and the decline of the mother Congress Party. The Manmohan Singh–Sonia Gandhi harness in a two-horse tonga became necessary because Sonia’s so-called foreign birth turned into a major political controversy. The scandals, and the Bharatiya Janata Party’s desire to milk them, merely accentuated the problems of a prime minister without the politician’s ability to tame events while his co-ruler, the party president, became the recognized power centre. Over the decades, editing two major Indian newspapers (The Statesman and the Indian Express) and Dubai’s Khaleej Times ensured a varied and eventful life with never a dull moment. Outside his home country, Nihal Singh was a witness to dramatic events in South-east Asia, Eastern and Western Europe and the United States. His tour of duty also took him to Moscow, where he rubbed the Soviets the wrong way.
Inner Child: 10 ways to reparent and heal yourself
by Tiffany TrieuEmbrace your inner child.Empower your inner parent.Befriend your inner critic.Are you ready to heal all parts of yourself?Meet your inner child – the part of your subconscious still holding the child within – and learn how to honour and heal them. Through quick, constructive exercises, inspirational quotes, journaling activities and reflective practices, this ten-step programme is the perfect tool for embracing your past, accepting your present and improving your future.
Inner Child: 10 ways to reparent and heal yourself
by Tiffany TrieuEmbrace your inner child.Empower your inner parent.Befriend your inner critic.Are you ready to heal all parts of yourself?Meet your inner child – the part of your subconscious still holding the child within – and learn how to honour and heal them. Through quick, constructive exercises, inspirational quotes, journaling activities and reflective practices, this ten-step programme is the perfect tool for embracing your past, accepting your present and improving your future.
The Inner World of Gatekeeping in Scholarly Publication
by Pejman Habibie Anna Kristina HultgrenThis edited book focuses on the certifiers of scientific knowledge, bringing together experts in a variety of areas in Applied Linguistics to address the complex topic of editing and reviewing in writing for scholarly publication. Drawing on insider perspectives, the authors bring to the fore personal histories, narratives and first-hand accounts of editors and reviewers and help paint a richer and more nuanced picture of the discourses, practices, experiences, success stories, failures, and challenges that frame and shape trajectories of both Anglophone and English as an additional language (EAL) scholars in adjudicating and accrediting academic output. This book will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, supervisors, writing mentors, early-career scholars and graduate students in a variety of fields.
Innovating Innovation: Leadership Tools to Make Revolutionary Change Happen for You and Your Business
by David Morey#1 New Release in Industrial Management & Leadership - Breakthrough Innovation Tools for Successful LeadershipInnovation needs innovation: Innovation is broken. Business leadership is struggling to find ways to crack through corporate politics or bureaucratic silos, to move from defense to offense, to nurture real breakthrough, to drive visionary creativity in ways that add new value to everything they do. In Innovating Innovation, David Morey, one of America’s leading strategic consultants, teaches, coaches, and guides you across eleven concrete and pragmatic steps that unlock and drive day-to-day innovation in your business and help you gain a long-term competitive advantage.Make change and innovation happen: Innovating Innovation synergizes what is best in classic innovation theories with an insurgent strategic model inspired by one of Morey’s first corporate clients, Apple founder Steve Jobs. It shows how to lead innovation that creates the products of visionary genius without the necessity for actual genius. It provides practical tools and guidance on building and leading the teams, working conditions, organizational structures, and cultures of market-made and market-making innovation. It illustrates a roadmap to the disruptive periphery, the organizational margins at which real innovation actually takes place.Innovation can be taught: Innovating Innovation is a framework to counter failure. It directs you, the reader, to the consumer, the very person who will actually tell you how to innovate the benefits to create a future you can own. This book invites you to “think different,” to become a change leader, to go the “wrong” way to get to the right places.After reading this new battlefield manual for innovation, you will:Learn the Disruptive Periphery Concept and how it can give you the tools to help your businessDiscover a practical marketing-centric focus applied to innovationReap the benefits of lessons developed from thirty years of real-world global consulting and training experience
Innovation and Competitiveness in Industry 4.0 Based on Intelligent Systems (EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing)
by Luis Carlos Méndez-González Luis Alberto Rodríguez-Picón Iván Juan Carlos Pérez OlguínThis book presents a series of applications of different techniques found in Industry 4.0 with relation to productivity, continuous improvement, quality, decision systems, software development, and automation systems. The techniques used throughout this book allow the reader to replicate the results obtained towards different types of companies that wish to undertake in the new era of the digital industrial revolution. This book can also help students from different areas of engineering to understand how the use of new technologies is applied to solve current relevant problems and how they give the possibility of constant innovation in the different industrial sectors. This is accomplished through the analysis of illustrative case studies, descriptive methodologies and structured insights that are provided through the different considered techniques.