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International Negotiation
by Ho-Won JeongNegotiation has always been an important alternative to the use of force in managing international disputes. This textbook provides students with the insight and knowledge needed to evaluate how negotiation can produce effective conflict settlement, political change and international policy making. Students are guided through the processes by which actors make decisions, communicate, develop bargaining strategies and explore compatibilities between different positions, while attempting to maximize their own interests. In examining the basic ingredients of negotiation, the book draws together major strands of negotiation theories and illustrates their relevance to particular negotiation contexts. Examples of well-known international conflicts and illustrations of everyday situations lead students to understand how theory is utilized to resolve real-world problems, and how negotiation is applied to diverse world events. The textbook is accompanied by a rich suite of online resources, including lecture notes, case studies, discussion questions and suggestions for further reading.
International News Agencies: A History
by Michael B. PalmerInternational news-agencies, such as Reuters, the Associated Press and Agence France-Presse, have long been ‘unsung heroes’ of the media sphere. From the mid-nineteenth century, in Britain, the US, France and, to a lesser extent, Germany, a small number of agencies have fed their respective countries with international news reports. They informed governments, businesses, media and, indirectly, the general public. They helped define ‘news’. Drawing on years of archival research and first-hand experience of major news agencies, this book provides a comprehensive history of the leading news agencies based in the UK, France and the USA, from the early 1800s to the present day. It retraces their relations with one another, with competitors and clients, and the types of news, information and data they collected, edited and transmitted, via a variety of means, from carrier-pigeons to artificial intelligence. It examines the sometimes colourful biographies of agency newsmen, and the rise and fall of news agencies as markets and methods shifted, concluding by looking to the future of the organisations.
International News in the Digital Age: East-West Perceptions of A New World Order (Routledge Research in Journalism)
by Judith Clarke Michael BromleyThe new research presented in this volume suggests that general perceptions (cultural, psychological, geographical), allied to the customs and values of journalism, and underpinned by the uses of technology, significantly shape international news. This gives rise to a blend of the old and the new; traditions of cultural centredness and innovative practices; anchorages of place and the rootlessness of globalization. Technology per se has not swept all before it. On the other hand, its uses have altered the means and methods of international news sourcing, construction and dissemination. Consequently, the uptake of technology has contributed to fundamental changes in style and form, and has greatly facilitated cross-cultural exchanges. The category ‘international news’ is now more of a hybrid, as recognized by the BBC and others. The chapters in this book demonstrate that this hybridity is unevenly distributed across geo-political domains, and often across time. Nevertheless, as the contributors to this volume show, the concept of ‘international news’ relies on tightly interwoven elements of orthodox journalism, social media, civic expression and public assembly.
International News Reporting: Frontlines and Deadlines
by John Owen Heather PurdeyA collection of essays by top international correspondants in print, broadcasting, and photojournalism, International News Reporting offers an introduction to journalism written by the people who have made the profession what it is today. Contributors identify the major areas of professional practice which students and young journalists need to know in order to work safely in, and understand fully, the field of international news gathering Looks at events from conflicts to humanitarian disasters Covers crucial topics such as how to report stories about the developing world, how to avoid stereotyping, the uses and abuses of blogging, and risk assessment for journalists in conflict zones
International Perspectives on Sign Language Translator and Interpreter Education (Interpreter Education #14)
by Jemina Napier; Stacey Webb; Robert AdamThe field of sign language translator and interpreter (SLTI) education gets a global treatment in this new volume helmed by editors Jemina Napier, Stacey Webb, and Robert Adam. This second edition updates the information from the 2009 volume and adds new contributions that expand the scope of the work to include additional countries and topic areas. SLTI scholars and educators will benefit from these international perspectives and gain an improved understanding of this rapidly evolving discipline. Each chapter, authored collaboratively by deaf and hearing educators, surveys general interpreter education and training, examines the status of the profession for both deaf and hearing practitioners, and addresses specific challenges faced within the different national frameworks. Contributors also discuss ongoing and future trends, including the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on educational practices. This volume disseminates extensive knowledge on sign language translator and interpreter education, covering established programs as well as ad hoc training, and highlighting effective teaching pedagogies and structured classroom strategies. Contributors emphasize a holistic approach to the field, integrating SLTI education, the current profession, future practitioners, and deaf communities. Although the state of the field varies widely around the world depending on the national context, this volume reveals a shared goal of advancing professional standards and improving the provision of service to deaf people worldwide.
International Perspectives on Voice Disorders
by Edwin M-L. YiuThis book provides a state-of-the-art account of voice research and issues in clinical voice practice. The contributors are all voice experts and bring a range of international perspectives to the volume, which includes chapters focusing on Australia, Belgium, Brazil, China, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, the UK and the USA. This is a pioneering work that brings together previously unpublished cutting-edge research and evaluations of clinical practice.
The International Photojournalism Industry: Cultural Production and the Making and Selling of News Pictures (Routledge Advances in Internationalizing Media Studies)
by Jonathan IlanHow are events turned into news pictures that define them for the audience? How do events become commodified into pictures that both capture them and reiterate the values of the agencies that sell them? This book looks at every stage of the production of news photographs as they move to and from the ground and are sold around the world. Based on extensive fieldwork at a leading international news agency that includes participant observation with photographers in the field, at the agency’s local and global picture desks in Israel, Singapore, and the UK, in-depth interviews with pictures professionals, and observations and in-depth interviews at The Guardian’s picture desk in London, the findings in this book point to a wide cultural production infrastructure hidden from – and yet also nurtured and thus very much determined by – the consumer’s eye.
International Public Relations: A Comparative Analysis (Routledge Communication Series)
by Hugh M. Culbertson Ni ChenAs a formal occupation, public relations grew primarily in the United States through much of the twentieth century. In recent years, however, it has spread rapidly throughout the world. Broad outlines on how public relations practices differ from country to country have only recently begun to take shape in scholarly writing about the field. The existing literature on international public relations tends to focus on how those working for western organizations --particularly multi-national corporations--can best practice abroad. Although useful, such writings tend to focus on adaptation of western approaches, not on development of new ones designed specifically for varied sociocultural settings around the world. The editors have produced this book for a number of reasons. There has been tremendous growth in the teaching of public relations around the world--enhancing practice in many countries outside North America. There has also been rapid growth in the number of professors who demand theoretical perspectives which might facilitate a unified comparative analysis across countries and regions. Only a few U.S. universities--six documented in this book--now teach courses formerly called "International Public Relations." However, many professors are going abroad to teach and do research. This suggests increased interest in and a need for courses dealing with international public relations. Furthermore, there is a dearth of literature dealing in depth with international PR, an important component of international communication. This appears to be the first book-length comparative analysis of public relations as practiced in various countries and regions around the world. Although existing books on international PR focus largely on ways in which western practitioners, employers, and clients can operate effectively in other countries, this volume views public relations in each country or region covered from the perspective of practitioners in that country. It contains six chapters designed to provide a theoretical anchor for the 14 country and region analyses. Given the intense interest in public relations education as a factor in professional enhancement, it also discusses issues and practices relating to education.
International Public Relations: Negotiating Culture, Identity, and Power
by Patricia A. Curtin Dr T. Kenn GaitherInternational Public Relations: Negotiating Culture, Identity, and Power offers the first critical-cultural approach to international public relations theory and practice. Authors Patricia A. Curtin and T. Kenn Gaither introduce students to a cultural-economic model and accompanying practice matrix that explain public relations techniques and practices in a variety of regulatory, political, and cultural climates. offers the first critical-cultural approach to international public relations theory and practice. Authors Patricia A. Curtin and T. Kenn Gaither introduce students to a cultural-economic model and accompanying practice matrix that explain public relations techniques and practices in a variety of regulatory, political, and cultural climates.
International Public Relations: Negotiating Culture, Identity, and Power
by Patricia A. Curtin T. Kenn GaitherInternational Public Relations: Negotiating Culture, Identity, and Power offers the first critical-cultural approach to international public relations theory and practice. Authors Patricia A. Curtin and T. Kenn Gaither introduce students to a cultural-economic model and accompanying practice matrix that explain public relations techniques and practices in a variety of regulatory, political, and cultural climates. offers the first critical-cultural approach to international public relations theory and practice. Authors Patricia A. Curtin and T. Kenn Gaither introduce students to a cultural-economic model and accompanying practice matrix that explain public relations techniques and practices in a variety of regulatory, political, and cultural climates.
International Public Relations: Perspectives from deeply divided societies (Routledge New Directions in PR & Communication Research)
by Ian Somerville, Owen Hargie, Maureen Taylor and Margalit ToledanoInternational Public Relations: Perspectives from deeply divided societies is positioned at the intersection of public relations (PR) practice with socio-political environments in divided, conflict and post-conflict societies. While most studies of PR focus on the activity as it is practiced within stable democratic societies, this book explores perspectives from contexts that have tended to be marginalized or uncharted. Presenting research from a diverse range of societies still deeply divided along racial, ethnic, religious or linguistic lines, this collection engages with a variety of questions including how PR practice in these societies may contribute to our understanding of PR theory building. Importantly, it highlights the role of communication strategies for actors that still deploy political violence to achieve their goals, as well as those that use it in building peace, resolving conflict, and assisting in the development of civil society. Featuring a uniquely wide range of original empirical research, including studies from Israel/Palestine, Mozambique, Northern Ireland, former Yugoslavia, former Czechoslovakia, Spain, Malaysia and Turkey, this groundbreaking book will be of interest not only to scholars of public relations, but also political communication, international relations, and peace and conflict studies. With a Foreword by Krishnamurthy Sriramesh, Editor of The Global Public Relations Handbook
International Review of Sign Linguistics: Volume 1
by William H. Edmondson Ronnie B. WilburThe International Review of Sign Linguistics -- which replaces the International Journal of Sign Linguistics -- is planned as an annual series publishing the most up-to-date scholarly work in all aspects of sign language linguistics. There is no other comparable publication. The international community of sign linguists needs an authoritative outlet for its research findings. IRSL provides this forum for sign linguists, and for those mainstream linguists increasingly interested in sign languages, by filling the void in linguistic analysis of sign language -- as opposed to other concerns, such as deaf education, teaching sign languages, training interpreters, etc. -- and by pulling together in one place linguistic dialogue on sign language structure. It provides a scholarly focus for all linguists who need to remain current with developments in sign linguistics. For the growing international community, IRSL provides a focus for developments within the field and for advancement of the field in scattered research communities. This review contains seven articles covering a wide range of linguistic areas, signed languages, and theoretical perspectives. Papers deal with the lexicon, morphology, phonology, syntax, pragmatics, prosody, metalinguistic issues, and socio-historical change. Five signed languages are represented including American, German, Australian, French, and Israeli.
International Sign: Linguistic, Usage, and Status Issues
by Jemina Napier Rachel RosenstockInternational Sign (IS) is widely used among deaf people and interpreters at international events, but what exactly is it, what are its linguistic features, where does its lexicon come from, and how is it used at interpreted events? This groundbreaking collection is the first volume to provide answers to these questions. Editors Rachel Rosenstock and Jemina Napier have assembled an international group of renowned linguists and interpreters to examine various aspects of International Sign. Their contributions are divided into three parts: International Sign as a Linguistic System; International Sign in Action—Interpreting, Translation, and Teaching; and International Sign Policy and Language Planning. The chapters cover a range of topics, including the morphosyntactic and discursive structures of interpreted IS, the interplay between conventional linguistic elements and nonconventional gestural elements in IS discourse, how deaf signers who use different signed languages establish communication, Deaf/hearing IS interpreting teams and how they sign depicting verbs, how best to teach foundation-level IS skills, strategies used by IS interpreters when interpreting from IS into English, and explorations of the best ways to prepare interpreters for international events. The work of the editors and contributors in this volume makes International Sign the most comprehensive, research-based analysis of a young but growing field in linguistics and interpretation.
International Symposium for Intelligent Transportation and Smart City: Branch of ISADS (The International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems) (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies #127)
by Xiaoqing Zeng Xiongyao Xie Jian Sun Limin Ma Yinong ChenThis book presents research advances in intelligent transportation and smart cities in detail, mainly focusing on green traffic and urban utility tunnels, presented at the 4th International Symposium for Intelligent Transportation and Smart City (ITASC) held at Tongji University, Shanghai, on May 8–10, 2019. It discusses a number of hot topics, such as the 2BMW system (Bus, Bike, Metro and Walking), transportation safety and environmental protection, urban utility design and application, as well as the application of BIM (Building Information Modeling) in city design. By connecting the theory and applications of intelligent transportation in smart cities, it enhances traffic efficiency and quality. The book gathers numerous selected papers and lectures, including contributions from respected scholars and the latest engineering advances, to provide guidance to researchers in the field of transportation and urban planning at universities and in related industries.The first conference in the ITASC series was held in 2013 as a workshop of the International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized System (ISADS) in Mexico City. The second and third were held in May 2015 and May 2017, respectively, in Tongji University, Shanghai.
International Telecommunications Conference: Proceedings of the ITelCon 2017, Istanbul (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #504)
by Ali Boyaci Ali Riza Ekti Muhammed Ali Aydin Serhan YarkanThis book collects one of the global premier scientific gatherings on telecommunications, signal processing, data networks, security, and optimization. It presents the proceedings of the International Telecommunications Conference 2017 (ITelCon 2017), held in Istanbul, Turkey from December 28 to 29, 2017. The proceedings include state-of-the-art studies that highlight major advances in the field of telecommunications and related branches. In addition, some of the contributions form the basis for 5G and beyond studies and standardization processes. The ITelCon conference brings together industry and academia participants from around the globe and promotes research, development, and applications in the field of telecommunications. It includes a far-reaching program supported by a variety of technical tracks on research, development, technology, design, services, and applications. The primary audience of ITelCon includes academics, experts and professionals from industry, as well as researchers in the field of telecommunications and relevant subfields.
International Youth Conference on Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technologies: Proceedings of the YETI 2021, St. Petersburg, Russia (Springer Proceedings in Physics #268)
by Pablo Angueira Sergey Andreev Elena Velichko Viktoria Kapralova Platon Karaseov Sergey ZavjalovThis book presents peer-reviewed and selected papers of the International Youth Conference on Electronics, Telecommunications, and Information Technologies (YETI-2021), held in Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, on April 22–23, 2021. For the third time around, the conference brings together students and early career scientists, serving to disseminate the current trends and advances in electronics, telecommunications, optical, and information technologies. A series of workshops and poster sessions focusing, in particular, on the theoretical and practical challenges in nanotechnologies, photonics, signal processing, and telecommunications allow to establish contacts between potential partners, share new ideas, and start new collaborations. The conference is held in an online format, thus considerably expanding its geographical reach and offering an even wider scope of discussion.
Internationalizing Internet Studies: Beyond Anglophone Paradigms (Routledge Advances in Internationalizing Media Studies)
by Gerard Goggin Mark McLellandThis timely book offers a mapping of the Internet as it has developed and is used internationally, providing a lively and challenging examination of the Internet and Internet studies. There is much interest among scholars and researchers in understanding the place of the Internet in cultural, social, national, and regional settings. This is the first book-length account that not only provides a range of perspectives on the international Internet, but also explores the implications of such new knowledge and accounts for concepts, methods, and themes in Internet studies. Of special interest will be the book’s fresh and up-to-date coverage of the Internet in perhaps the most dynamic region at present: Asia-Pacific.
Interne Kommunikation als Treiber in neuen Arbeitswelten: Digitalisierung, Mitarbeiter-Mitsprache, Führungsverantwortung, Nachhaltigkeit und Werte als Wirkungsraum (essentials)
by Kristin EngelhardtDieses essential gibt einen kompakten Überblick zu den aktuellen Herausforderungen der Internen Kommunikation und zu ihren Hebeln als Spiegelbild des unternehmerischen Wandels. Denn ihr Wirkungsraum ist mächtig: von Digitalisierungsstrategien und Reaktionen auf globale Krisen, über New-Work-Ansätze, modernes Leadership bis hin zur Vermittlung von Unternehmenswerten und Nachhaltigkeitszielen – all dies muss in der Internen Kommunikation ein Fundament haben, um auch nach außen glaubwürdig zu sein. Neue Strategien und Ziele der Internen Kommunikation mit zugehörigen Maßnahmen und Medien sind unabdingbar. Kristin Engelhardt zeigt in diesem Werk einführend auf, wie diese aussehen können und gibt zahlreiche Beispiele sowie Tipps zur vertiefenden Beschäftigung.
Interne Kommunikation in agilen Unternehmen: Eine Einführung (essentials)
by Susanne Knorre Ulrike BuchholzDas essential liefert eine Einf#65533;hrung in das Agilit#65533;tskonzept insbesondere als Organisations-, F#65533;hrungs- und Kommunikationskonzept und definiert den Beitrag der internen Kommunikation im Rahmen dieses Konzepts neu. Im Hinblick auf agile Organisationen legen die Autorinnen den Schwerpunkt der Ausf#65533;hrungen auf das Zusammenspiel von hierarchischen und heterarchischen Strukturen, wobei der Netzwerkorganisation besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wird. Dadurch er#65533;ffnen sich neue Perspektiven auf die Funktionen von gesteuerter Kommunikation als Teil des F#65533;hrungshandelns. Die Managementfunktion ,,Interne Unternehmenskommunikation" einschlie#65533;lich der F#65533;hrungskommunikation erf#65533;hrt in diesem Kontext der aktuellen Managementlehre damit eine substanzielle Weiterentwicklung.
Interne Kommunikation und Unternehmensführung
by Ulrike Buchholz Susanne KnorreDieses Buch zur Unternehmensführung vereint theoretisches Wissen mit PraxisbeispielenAgilität und interne Kommunikation sind zwei wichtige Kompetenzen für die moderne Unternehmensführung. Sie sollten bereits während des Studiums vermittelt werden, damit kommende Führungskräfte frühzeitig auf die Herausforderungen der Managementaufgaben vorbereitet werden. Dieses Buch über die Unternehmensführung stellt ein hervorragendes Instrument zur Vermittlung aktueller Führungskonzepte dar. Besonders die Verbindung von theoretischem Wissen mit praktischen Fallbeispielen macht es nicht nur als Prüfungsgrundlage für Studenten, sondern auch als Nachschlagewerk für Führungskräfte in Unternehmen interessant.Theoretisches Wissen, praktisch vermitteltEine große Stärke dieses Buchs über die Unternehmensführung ist seine Brücke zwischen theoretischem Wissen und den Tipps zur Umsetzung von praktischen Konzepten in Unternehmen. So profitieren nicht nur Studenten von dem vermittelten Wissen dieses Buchs, sondern auch Führungskräfte und Mitarbeiter aus den folgenden Abteilungen:UnternehmensentwicklungStrategisches ControllingRecht und ComplianceChange ManagementHuman RessourcesKommunikationsmanagementDabei werden aktuelle wissenschaftliche Diskussionen zur internen Kommunikation und der agilen Unternehmensführung aufgegriffen und anhand von praktischen Beispielen anschaulich erklärt. Dabei werden jüngste Entwicklungen dieses Berufsfeldes miteinbezogen.Diese Inhalte thematisiert das BuchDie Autorinnen beschäftigen sich in ihrem Buch über die Unternehmensführung unter anderem mit den folgenden Thematiken:Grundlagen der UnternehmensführungEinführung in die kommunikationsbasierte ManagementlehrePerspektiven der internen Kommunikation im Kontext agiler UnternehmensführungAufgabenfelder der UnternehmensführungFaktoren der Führungskommunikation, darunter normative Führung, strategisches Controlling und InnovationsmanagementAusblick auf künftige Entwicklungen der internen Kommunikation
Interne Unternehmenskommunikation in resilienten Organisationen
by Susanne Knorre Ulrike BuchholzAus der Psychologie entlehnt, erobert der Begriff der Resilienz derzeit die Diskussion um das Führungshandeln in Unternehmen. Resiliente Unternehmen zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass Rückschläge verarbeitet werden können, weil Strukturen und Prozesse flexibel anpassbar sind - ohne die organisatorische Einheit und kulturelle Identität zu gefährden. Verstanden als Teil der allgemeinen Managementlehre, erläutern die Autorinnen die interne Kommunikation in resilienten Organisationen und liefern fundierte Handlungsempfehlungen für deren Umsetzung.
Internet and Democracy in the Network Society (Routledge Studies in Global Information, Politics and Society)
by Jan A.G.M. van Dijk Kenneth L. HackerA seminal shift has taken place in the relationship between Internet usage and politics. At the turn of the century, it was presumed that digital communication would produce many positive political effects like improvements to political information retrieval, support for public debate and community formation or even enhancements in citizen participation in political decision-making. While there have been positive effects, negative effects have also occurred including fake news and other political disinformation, social media appropriation by terrorists and extremists, ‘echo-chambers’ and "filter bubbles", elections influenced by hostile hackers and campaign manipulation by micro-targeting marketing. It is time for critical re-evaluation. Designed to encourage critical thinking on the part of the student, internationally recognized experts, Jan A.G.M. van Dijk and Kenneth Hacker, chronicle the political significance of new communication technologies for the promotion of democracy over the last two decades. Drawing upon structuration theory and network theory and real-world case studies from across the globe, the book is logically structured around the following topics: Political Participation and Inclusion Habermas and the Reconstruction of Public Space Media and Democracy in Authoritarian States Democracy and the Internet in China E-government and democracy Views of democracy and Internet use Underpinned by up-to-date literature, this important textbook is aimed at students and scholars of communication studies, political science, sociology, political communication, and international relations.
The Internet and Health Care: Theory, Research, and Practice (Routledge Communication Series)
by Ronald E. Rice Monica MureroThe Internet and Health Care: Theory, Research, and Practice presents an in-depth introduction to the field of health care and the Internet, from international and interdisciplinary perspectives. It combines expertise in the areas of the social sciences, medicine, policy, and systems analysis. With an international collection of contributors, it provides a current examination of key issues and research projects in the area. Methods and data used in the chapters include personal interviews, focus groups, observations, regional and national surveys, online transcript analysis, and much more. Sections in the book cover:*e-Health trends and theory; *searching, discussing, and evaluating online health information at the individual level of analysis; *discussing health information at the group or community level; and *implementing health information systems at the regional and social level. The Internet and Health Care will prove useful for university educators and students in the social, public health, and medical disciplines, including Internet researchers. It is also oriented to professionals in many disciplines who will appreciate an integrative theoretical, empirical, and critical analysis of the subject matter, including developers and providers of online health information.
Internet and Surveillance: The Challenges of Web 2.0 and Social Media (Routledge Studies in Science, Technology and Society)
by Christian Fuchs Kees Boersma Marisol Sandoval Anders AlbrechtslundThe Internet has been transformed in the past years from a system primarily oriented on information provision into a medium for communication and community-building. The notion of “Web 2.0”, social software, and social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have emerged in this context. With such platforms comes the massive provision and storage of personal data that are systematically evaluated, marketed, and used for targeting users with advertising. In a world of global economic competition, economic crisis, and fear of terrorism after 9/11, both corporations and state institutions have a growing interest in accessing this personal data. Here, contributors explore this changing landscape by addressing topics such as commercial data collection by advertising, consumer sites and interactive media; self-disclosure in the social web; surveillance of file-sharers; privacy in the age of the internet; civil watch-surveillance on social networking sites; and networked interactive surveillance in transnational space. This book is a result of a research action launched by the intergovernmental network COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
The Internet and Telecommunications Policy: Selected Papers From the 1995 Telecommunications Policy Research Conference (Lea Telecommunications Ser.)
by Gerald W. Brock, Gregory L. RosstonThis book is based on the Telecommunications Policy Research Conference which reports on research into telecommunications policy issues. While the conference is now a respectable 23 years old, this is only the second printed edition of selected papers. A new law, the Telecommunications Act of 1996, accelerated the process of integration in the communication industry and made major revisions to the Communications Act of 1934 that increase the incentive for integration within the industry. Although the papers in this volume were written prior to the passage of the new law, their importance is merely enhanced by it. They deal with fundamental, complex policy problems that arise when previously separate segments of the telecommunications industry are integrated, rather than specific regulatory rules that are likely to be changed under the new law. With the passage of this law, the timeframe for developing appropriate policies for an integrated industry has been shortened. Changes expected to occur over a period of several years will now likely occur much more rapidly. These papers provide insights to help guide the transition in the industry. Divided into five parts, this volume: * deals with problems of transforming local exchange telephone service from a monopoly in each geographical area to an interconnected competitive network of networks, * considers the pricing problems that arise in an integrated network carrying traffic of different types across multiple service providers, * examines the problem of achieving interoperability in complex networks, * considers issues of intellectual property that arise in expected integrated networks of the future, and * discusses electronic publication of scholarly journals, copyright protection, and the applicability of copyright law in the digital age.