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Connected Medical Devices: Integrating Patient Care Data in Healthcare Systems (HIMSS Book Series)
by John ZaleskiThis book explores how medical device integration (MDI) supports quality patient care and better clinical outcomes by reducing clinical documentation transcription errors, improving data accuracy and density within clinical records and ensuring the complete capture of medical device information on patients. It begins with a comprehensive overview of the types of medical devices in use and the ways in which those devices interact, then examines factors such as interoperability standards, patient identification, clinical alerts and regulatory and security considerations.
Connected Play: Tweens in a Virtual World
by Yasmin B. Kafai Deborah A. FieldsMillions of children visit virtual worlds every day. In such virtual play spaces as Habbo Hotel, Toontown, and Whyville, kids chat with friends from school, meet new people, construct avatars, and earn and spend virtual currency. In "Connected Play," Yasmin Kafai and Deborah Fields investigate what happens when kids play in virtual worlds, how this matters for their offline lives, and what this means for the design of educational opportunities in digital worlds. Play is fundamentally important for kids development, but, Kafai and Fields argue, to understand play in virtual worlds, we need to connect concerns of development and culture with those of digital media and learning. Kafai and Fields do this through a detailed study of kids play in Whyville, a massive, informal virtual world with educational content for tween players. Combining ethnographic accounts with analysis of logfile data, they present rich portraits and overviews of how kids learn to play in a digital domain, developing certain technological competencies; how kids learn to play well -- responsibly, respectfully, and safely; and how kids learn to play creatively, creating content that becomes a part of the virtual world itself.
Connected Play: Tweens in a Virtual World (The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning)
by Yasmin B. Kafai Deborah A. FieldsHow kids play in virtual worlds, how it matters for their offline lives, and what this means for designing educational opportunities.Millions of children visit virtual worlds every day. In such virtual play spaces as Habbo Hotel, Toontown, and Whyville, kids chat with friends from school, meet new people, construct avatars, and earn and spend virtual currency. In Connected Play, Yasmin Kafai and Deborah Fields investigate what happens when kids play in virtual worlds, how this matters for their offline lives, and what this means for the design of educational opportunities in digital worlds. Play is fundamentally important for kids' development, but, Kafai and Fields argue, to understand play in virtual worlds, we need to connect concerns of development and culture with those of digital media and learning. Kafai and Fields do this through a detailed study of kids' play in Whyville, a massive, informal virtual world with educational content for tween players. Combining ethnographic accounts with analysis of logfile data, they present rich portraits and overviews of how kids learn to play in a digital domain, developing certain technological competencies; how kids learn to play well—responsibly, respectfully, and safely; and how kids learn to play creatively, creating content that becomes a part of the virtual world itself.
Connected Vehicle Systems: Communication, Data, and Control
by Zhengguo Sheng Yunpeng Wang Daxin Tian Wang JianConnected vehicles and intelligent vehicles have been identified as key technologies for increasing road safety and transport efficiency. This book presents and discusss the recent advances in theory and practice in connected vehicle systems. It covers emerging research that aims at dealing with the challenges in designing the essential functional components of connected vehicles. Major topics include intra- and inter-vehicle communications, mobility model of fleet and ramp merging, trace and position data analysis, security and privacy.
Connected Vehicles Traffic Prediction: Emerging GNN Methods (Wireless Networks)
by Quan Shi Yinxin Bao Qinqin Shen Zhenquan Shi Ruifeng GaoThis book delves into the problems and challenges faced in achieving improved performance in connected vehicles traffic flow prediction in intelligent connected transportation systems and provides an in-depth analysis of spatial-temporal feature extraction, global local spatial feature extraction, and fusion of external factors. The book is divided into ten chapters, and the introductory section presents the history of the development of artificial intelligence and graph neural networks in the context of connected vehicles, related work on prediction of connected traffic, and preliminary knowledge. Chapter 2 to 9 present eight prediction methods in the context of connected traffic, respectively. Each section includes an introduction to the problem definition, model architecture, experimental setup, and discussion of results, as well as references. The last section summarizes the contributions of the book and future challenges.
Connected Vehicles in the Internet of Things: Concepts, Technologies and Frameworks for the IoV
by Zaigham MahmoodThis book presents an overview of the latest smart transportation systems, IoV connectivity frameworks, issues of security and safety in VANETs, future developments in the IoV, technical solutions to address key challenges, and other related topics. A connected vehicle is a vehicle equipped with Internet access and wireless LAN, which allows the sharing of data through various devices, inside as well as outside the vehicle. The ad-hoc network of such vehicles, often referred to as VANET or the Internet of vehicles (IoV), is an application of IoT technology, and may be regarded as an integration of three types of networks: inter-vehicle, intra-vehicle, and vehicular mobile networks. VANET involves several varieties of vehicle connectivity mechanisms, including vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-cloud (V2C), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X). According to one survey, it is expected that there will be approximately 380 million connected cars on the roads by 2020. IoV is an important aspect of the new vision for smart transportation. The book is divided into three parts: examining the evolution of IoV (basic concepts, principles, technologies, and architectures), connectivity of vehicles in the IoT (protocols, frameworks, and methodologies), connected vehicle environments and advanced topics in VANETs (security and safety issues, autonomous operations, machine learning, sensor technology, and AI). By providing scientific contributions and workable suggestions from researchers and practitioners in the areas of IoT, IoV, and security, this valuable reference aims to extend the body of existing knowledge.
Connected Vehicles: Intelligent Transportation Systems (Wireless Networks)
by Radovan MiucicThis book introduces concepts and technologies of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It describes state of the art safety communication protocol called Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), currently being considered for adoption by the USDOT and automotive industry in the US. However, the principles of this book are applicable even if the underlying physical layer protocol of V2X changes in the future, e.g. V2X changes from DSRC to cellular-based connectivity. Fundamental ITS concepts include topics like global positioning system; Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P), and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications; human-machine interface; and security and privacy. Fundamental concepts are sometimes followed by the real-life test experimental results (such as in V2P Chapter) and description of the performance metrics used to evaluate the results. This book also describes equations and math used in the development of the individual parts of the system. This book surveys current and previous publications for trending research in the ITS domain. It also covers state of the art standards that are in place for the DSRC in the US, starting from the application layer defined in SAE J2735 all the way to physical layer defined in IEEE 802.11. The authors provide a detailed discussion on what is needed to extend the current standards to accommodate future needs of the vehicle communications, such as needs for future autonomous vehicles. Programs and code examples accompany appropriate chapters, for example, after describing remote vehicle target classification function a pseudo code and description is provided. In addition, the book discusses current topics of the technology such as spectrum sharing, simulation, security, and privacy. The intended audience for this book includes engineering graduate students, automotive professionals/engineers, researchers and technology enthusiasts.
Connected World: From Automated Work to Virtual Wars: The Future, By Those Who Are Shaping It
by Father Philip LarreyThe world as we know it is changing. Driverless cars, drone deliveries and autonomous weapon systems are no longer the stuff of science fiction.But what's next for technology and business, and how will it impact our society?In Connected World, Philip Larrey of the Pontifical Lateran University explores the consequences of the new digital age in conversation with leaders including Sir Martin Sorrell, CEO of WPP, Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google's parent company Alphabet, and Maurice Lévy, CEO of Publicis Groupe.Ranging from the death of privacy to the rise of artificial intelligence, Connected World asks the existential questions which will come to define our age.
Connected and Automated Vehicles: Integrating Engineering and Ethics (Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics #67)
by Federico Cheli Fabio FossaThis book reports on theoretical and practical analyses of the ethical challenges connected to driving automation. It also aims at discussing issues that have arisen from the European Commission 2020 report “Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles. Recommendations on Road Safety, Privacy, Fairness, Explainability and Responsibility”. Gathering contributions by philosophers, social scientists, mechanical engineers, and UI designers, the book discusses key ethical concerns relating to responsibility and personal autonomy, privacy, safety, and cybersecurity, as well as explainability and human-machine interaction. On the one hand, it examines these issues from a theoretical, normative point of view. On the other hand, it proposes practical strategies to face the most urgent ethical problems, showing how the integration of ethics and technology can be achieved through design practices. All in all, this book fosters a multidisciplinary approach where philosophy, ethics, and engineering are integrated, rather than just juxtaposed. It is meant to inform and inspire an audience of philosophers of technology, ethicists, engineers, developers, manufacturers, and regulators, among other interested readers.
Connected in Isolation: Digital Privilege in Unsettled Times
by Eszter HargittaiWhat life during lockdown reveals about digital inequality.The vast majority of people in wealthy, highly connected, or digitally privileged societies may have crossed the digital divide, but being online does not mean that everyone is equally connected—and digital inequality reflects experience both online and off. In Connected in Isolation Eszter Hargittai looks at how this digital disparity played out during the unprecedented isolation imposed in the early days of the coronavirus pandemic. During initial COVID-19 lockdowns the Internet, for many, became a lifeline, as everything from family get-togethers to doctor&’s visits moved online. Using survey data collected in April and May of 2020 in the United States, Italy, and Switzerland, Hargittai explores how people from varied backgrounds and differing skill levels were able to take advantage of digital media to find the crucial information they needed—to help loved ones, procure necessities, understand rules and risks. Her study reveals the extent to which long-standing social and digital inequalities played a critical role in this move toward computer-mediated communication—and were often exacerbated in the process. However, Hargittai notes, context matters: her findings reveal that some populations traditionally disadvantaged with technology, such as older people, actually did better than others, in part because of the continuing importance of traditional media, television in particular. The pandemic has permanently shifted how reliant we are upon online information, and the implications of Hargittai&’s groundbreaking comparative research go far beyond the pandemic. Connected in Isolation informs and expands our understanding of digital media, including how they might mitigate or worsen existing social disparities; whom they empower or disenfranchise; and how we can identify and expand the skills people bring to them.
Connecting Arduino to the Web: Front End Development Using JavaScript
by Indira KnightCreate physical interfaces that interact with the Internet and web pages. With Arduino and JavaScript you can create interactive physical displays and connected devices that send data to or receive data from the web. You'll take advantage of the processes needed to set up electronic components, collect data, and create web pages able to interact with electronic components.Through exercises, projects, and explanations, this book will give you the core front end web development and electronics skills needed to create connected physical interfaces and build compelling visualizations with a range of JavaScript libraries.By the end of the book you will have developed fully working interactive prototypes capable of sending data to and receiving data from a physical interface. Most importantly, Connecting Arduino to the Web will give you a taste of what is possible and the knowledge to create your own connected physical interfaces and bring the web into your electronics projects.What You'll LearnBuild an Internet of Things dashboard that updates with electronics attached to an ArduinoUse components to interact with online 3D displaysCreate web pages with HTML and CSSSet up a Node.js serverUse WebSockets to process live dataInteract with scalable vector graphics (SVG)Who This Book Is ForTechnologists, developers, and enthusiasts looking to extend their skills, be able to develop physical prototypes with connected devices, and with an interest in getting started with IoT. Also, those excited by the possibilities of connecting the physical and the web.
Connecting Canadians: Investigations in Community Informatics
by Andrew Clement Michael Gurstein Graham Longford Marita Moll Leslie Regan ShadeConnecting Canadians represents the work of the Community Research Alliance for Community Innovation and Networking (CRACIN), the largest national and international research effort to examine the burgeoning field of community informatics, a cross-disciplinary approach to the mobilization of information and communications technologies (ICT) for community change. Funded for four years by the SSHRC's Initiative for the New Economy, CRACIN systematically studied a wide variety of Canadian community ICT initiatives, bringing perspectives from sociology, computer science, critical theory, women's studies, library and information sciences, and management studies to bear on networking technologies. A comprehensive thematic account of this in-depth research, Connecting Canadians will be an essential resource for NGOs, governments, the private sector, and multilateral agencies across the globe.
Connecting Democracy
by Stephen Coleman Peter M. ShaneThe global explosion of online activity is steadily transforming the relationship between government and the public. The first wave of change, "e-government," enlisted the Internet to improve management and the delivery of services. More recently, "e-democracy" has aimed to enhance democracy itself using digital information and communication technology. One notable example of e-democratic practice is the government-sponsored (or government-authorized) online forum for public input on policymaking. This book investigates these "online consultations" and their effect on democratic practice in the United States and Europe, examining the potential of Internet-enabled policy forums to enrich democratic citizenship. The book first situates the online consultation phenomenon in a conceptual framework that takes into account the contemporary media environment and the flow of political communication; then offers a multifaceted look at the experience of online consultation participants in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France; and finally explores the legal architecture of U. S. and E. U. online consultation. As the contributors make clear, online consultations are not simply dialogues between citizens and government but constitute networked communications involving citizens, government, technicians, civil society organizations, and the media. The topics examined are especially relevant today, in light of the Obama administration's innovations in online citizen involvement.
Connecting Democracy: Online Consultation and the Flow of Political Communication (The\mit Press Ser.)
by Stephen Coleman Peter M. ShaneAn investigation of the effect of government online forums on democratic practices in the United States and Europe.The global explosion of online activity is steadily transforming the relationship between government and the public. The first wave of change, “e-government,” enlisted the Internet to improve management and the delivery of services. More recently, “e-democracy” has aimed to enhance democracy itself using digital information and communication technology. One notable example of e-democratic practice is the government-sponsored (or government-authorized) online forum for public input on policymaking. This book investigates these “online consultations” and their effect on democratic practice in the United States and Europe, examining the potential of Internet-enabled policy forums to enrich democratic citizenship.The book first situates the online consultation phenomenon in a conceptual framework that takes into account the contemporary media environment and the flow of political communication; then offers a multifaceted look at the experience of online consultation participants in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France; and finally explores the legal architecture of U.S. and E. U. online consultation. As the contributors make clear, online consultations are not simply dialogues between citizens and government but constitute networked communications involving citizens, government, technicians, civil society organizations, and the media. The topics examined are especially relevant today, in light of the Obama administration's innovations in online citizen involvement.
Connecting Families: The Impact of New Communication Technologies on Domestic Life (Computer Supported Cooperative Work Ser.)
by Carman Neustaedter Steve Harrison Abigail SellenNew technologies are radically changing the way that families connect with one another: we can text our teenagers from work, eat dinner with far-away parents via video link, and instantly upload and share photos after a family day out. Whether we are bridging time or distance, and whether we are enhancing our closest relationships or strengthening the bonds of extended family, as computer technologies alter the communication landscape, they in turn are changing the way we conduct and experience family life. This state of the art volume explores the impact of new communication systems on how families interact - how they share their lives and routines, engage in social touch, and negotiate being together or being apart - by considering a range of different family relationships that shape the nature of communication. Composed of three sections, the first looks at what is often the core of a 'family', the couple, to understand the impact of technology on couple relationships, communication, and feelings of closeness. The second section studies immediate families that have expanded beyond just the individual or couple to include children. Here, the emphasis is on connection for communication, coordination, and play. The third section moves beyond the immediate family to explore connections between extended, distributed family members. This includes connections between adult children and their parents, grandparents and grandchildren, and adult siblings. Here family members have grown older, moved away from 'home', and forged new families. Researchers, designers and developers of new communication technologies will find this volume invaluable. Connecting Families: The Impact of New Communication Technologies on Domestic Life brings together the most up-to-date studies to help in understanding how new communication technologies shape - and are shaped by - family life, and offers inspiration and guidance for design by making clear what families need and value from technological systems.
Connecting Networks Companion Guide
by Cisco Networking AcademyThis course discusses the WAN technologies and network services required by converged applications in a complex network. The course allows you to understand the selection criteria of network devices and WAN technologies to meet network requirements. You will learn how to configure and troubleshoot network devices and resolve common issues with data link protocols. You will also develop the knowledge and skills needed to implement IPSec and virtual private network (VPN) operations in a complex network.
Connecting Your Students with the Virtual World: Tools and Projects to Make Collaboration Come Alive
by Billy Krakower Jerry BlumengartenMake the most of today’s technology to give your students a more interactive, authentic, global learning experience! Connecting Your Students with the Virtual World shows you how to plan themed projects for every season, embark on virtual field trips, and get students in touch with other classrooms worldwide. This updated edition includes a key new chapter on taking video conferencing to the next level for optimal student engagement and collaboration, as well as new chapters on connecting through games and esports and connecting with parents. The book includes a wide variety of standards-based, step-by-step activities you can implement immediately.
Connecting Your Students with the World: Tools and Projects to Make Global Collaboration Come Alive, K-8
by Billy Krakower Paula Naugle Jerry BlumengartenMake the most of today’s technology to give your students a more interactive, authentic learning experience! Connecting Your Students with the World shows you how to use web tools to get K–8 students in touch with other classrooms worldwide. This book is a valuable resource to help you find and communicate with other teachers and classrooms and even design your own collaborative online projects. You’ll find out how to: Conduct videoconferencing calls to put your students in touch with classrooms around the world; Embark on Virtual Field Trips; Plan themed projects for every season, including fun holiday activities; And more! The book includes detailed instructions for each activity and connections to the Common Core, ISTE, and Next Generation Science Standards, so you can ensure that you are meeting your state’s requirements as you prepare your students to become engaged, informed, and global citizens. Additionally, a comprehensive list of online resources is available as a free download from the Routledge website at www.routledge.com/9781138902961.
Connecting in the Online Classroom: Building Rapport between Teachers and Students
by Rebecca A. GlazierBuilding rapport with students can revive the promise of online education, leading to greater success for students, more fulfilling teaching experiences for faculty, and improved enrollment for universities.More students than ever before are taking online classes, yet higher education is facing an online retention crisis; students are failing and dropping out of online classes at dramatically higher rates than face-to-face classes. Grounded in academic research, original surveys, and experimental studies, Connecting in the Online Classroom demonstrates how connecting with students in online classes through even simple rapport-building efforts can significantly improve retention rates and help students succeed. Drawing on more than a dozen years of experience teaching and researching online, Rebecca Glazier provides practical, easy-to-use techniques that online instructors can implement right away to begin building rapport with their students, including • proactively reaching out through personalized check-in emails;• creating opportunities for human connection before courses even begin through a short welcome survey;• communicating faculty investment in students' success by providing individualized and meaningful assignment feedback;• hosting non-content-based discussion threads where students and faculty can get to know one other; and• responding to students' questions with positivity and encouragement (and occasionally also cute animal pictures).She also presents case studies of universities that are already using these strategies, along with specific, data-driven recommendations for administrators, making the book valuable for faculty, instructional designers, support staff, and administrators alike. The science-backed strategies that Glazier provides will enable instructors to connect with their students and help those students thrive. Speaking to the paradox of online learning, the book also explains that, although the great promise of online education is expanded access and greater equity—especially for traditionally underserved and hard-to-reach populations, like lower-income students, working parents, first-generation students, and students of color—the current gap between online and face-to-face retention means universities are falling far short of this promise.
Connecting the Internet of Things: IoT Connectivity Standards and Solutions
by Anil Kumar Jafer Hussain Anthony ChunNavigating the fragmented IoT connectivity ecosystem of standards, protocols, and architectures can be a challenge. Not to mention scaling a solution to a viable product. This book guides you through this fractured landscape with real world examples and projects that can be leverage for an IoT product. Backed by an overview of IoT use cases and key connectivity elements of IoT solutions, you'll gain an understanding of the breadth of the IoT landscape and the fragmentation of connectivity standards and solutions and the challenge in navigating the many standards and technologies. You'll also be able to understand the essentials of connectivity including, hardware, software, and business models. IoT is essential for increasing productivity of many industries and quality of life (making the world smart and autonomous). Both wired and wireless connectivity technologies are essential ingredients in an IoT product. Written by Intel engineers and architects, Connecting the Internet of Things understands that connectivity is a key topic of IoT and comprehensively covers the topic from a system engineering and practical perspective.What You'll LearnUnderstand the trade offs between different wireless technologies and network topologiesUse wireless technologies in IoT productsExamine connectivity technologies and considerations on selecting it for the IoT use casesAssemble all of the components of a working solution Scale your solution to a productReview emerging connectivity technologies for addressing new use casesAdvance and optimize the performance of existing technologiesWho This Book Is ForResearchers, managers, strategists, technologists, makers, and students in the embedded and Internet of Things (IoT) space trying to understand and implement connectivity in the devices/platforms.
Connecting with Computability: 17th Conference on Computability in Europe, CiE 2021, Virtual Event, Ghent, July 5–9, 2021, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12813)
by Florin Manea Liesbeth De Mol Andreas Weiermann David Fernández-DuqueThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computability in Europe, CiE 2021, organized by the University of Ghent in July 2021. Due to COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held virtually.The 48 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 50 submissions. CiE promotes the development of computability-related science, ranging over mathematics, computer science and applications in various natural and engineering sciences, such as physics and biology, as well as related fields, such as philosophy and history of computing. CiE 2021 had as its motto Connecting with Computability, a clear acknowledgement of the connecting and interdisciplinary nature of the conference series which is all the more important in a time where people are more than ever disconnected from one another due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Connecting with Computing Science
by Greg Anderson David Ferro Robert HiltonWritten for the beginning computing student, this text engages readers by relating core computer science topics to their industry application. The book is written in a comfortable, informal manner, and light humor is used throughout the text to maintain interest and enhance learning. All chapters contain a multitude of exercises, quizzes, and other opportunities for skill application.
Connectivity Frameworks for Smart Devices: The Internet of Things from a Distributed Computing Perspective (Computer Communications and Networks)
by Zaigham MahmoodThis timely volume provides a review of the state-of-the-art frameworks and methodologies for connecting diverse objects and devices according to the vision for an Internet of Things (IoT). A specific focus is placed on the communication, security, and privacy aspects of device connectivity in distributed environments. Insights and case studies are provided by an authoritative selection of contributors of international repute into the latest research advances and practical approaches with respect to the connectivity of heterogeneous smart and sensory devices. Topics and features: Examines aspects of device connectivity within the IoT Presents a resource-based architecture for IoT, and proposes a resource management framework for corporate device clouds Reviews integration approaches for the IoT environment, and discusses performance optimization of intelligent home networks Introduces a novel solution for interoperable data management in multi-clouds, and suggests an approach that addresses the debate over network neutrality in the IoT Describes issues of data security, privacy, access control, and authentication in the distributed IoT environment Reviews the evolution of VANETs in relation to the Internet of Vehicles, and provides a perspective on developing smart sustainable cities This invaluable text/reference will be of great benefit to a broad audience, from students and researchers interested in the IoT vision, to practicing communication engineers and network security specialists.
Connectivity and Edge Computing in IoT: Customized Designs and AI-based Solutions (Wireless Networks)
by Weihua Zhuang Jie Gao Mushu LiThis book covers connectivity and edge computing solutions for representative Internet of Things (IoT) use cases, including industrial IoT, rural IoT, Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and mobile virtual reality (VR). Based on their unique characteristics and requirements, customized solutions are designed with targets such as supporting massive connections or seamless mobility and achieving low latency or high energy efficiency. Meanwhile, the book highlights the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in future IoT networks and showcases AI-based connectivity and edge computing solutions. The solutions presented in this book serve the overall purpose of facilitating an increasingly connected and intelligent world. The potential benefits of the solutions include increased productivity in factories, improved connectivity in rural areas, enhanced safety for vehicles, and enriched entertainment experiences for mobile users. Featuring state-of-the-art research in the IoT field, this book can help answer the question of how to connect billions of diverse devices and enable seamless data collection and processing in future IoT. The content also provides insights regarding the significance of customizing use case-specific solutions as well as approaches of using various AI methods to empower IoT. This book targets researchers and graduate students working in the areas of electrical engineering, computing engineering, and computer science as a secondary textbook or reference. Professionals in industry who work in the field of IoT will also find this book useful.
Connectivity of Communication Networks
by Guoqiang MaoThis book introduces a number of recent developments on connectivity of communication networks, ranging from connectivity of large static networks and connectivity of highly dynamic networks to connectivity of small to medium sized networks. This book also introduces some applications of connectivity studies in network optimization, in network localization, and in estimating distances between nodes. The book starts with an overview of the fundamental concepts, models, tools, and methodologies used for connectivity studies. The rest of the chapters are divided into four parts: connectivity of large static networks, connectivity of highly dynamic networks, connectivity of small to medium sized networks, and applications of connectivity studies.