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Diffracting Digital Images: Archaeology, Art Practice and Cultural Heritage
by Ian Dawson Andrew Meirion Jones Paul Reilly Louisa MinkinDigital imaging techniques have been rapidly adopted within archaeology and cultural heritage practice for the accurate documentation of cultural artefacts. But what is a digital image, and how does it relate to digital photography? The authors of this book take a critical look at the practice and techniques of digital imaging from the stance of digital archaeologists, cultural heritage practitioners and digital artists. Borrowing from the feminist scholar Karen Barad, the authors ask what happens when we diffract the formal techniques of archaeological digital imaging through a different set of disciplinary concerns and practices. Diffracting exposes the differences between archaeologists, heritage practitioners and artists, and foregrounds how their differing practices and approaches enrich and inform each other. How might the digital imaging techniques used by archaeologists be adopted by digital artists, and what are the potentials associated with this adoption? Under the gaze of fine artists, what happens to the fidelity of the digital images made by archaeologists, and what new questions do we ask of the digital image? How can the critical approaches and practices of fine artists inform the future practice of digital imaging in archaeology and cultural heritage? Diffracting Digital Images will be of interest to students and scholars in archaeology, cultural heritage studies, anthropology, fine art, digital humanities, and media theory.
Diffusion Under Confinement: A Journey Through Counterintuition
by Leonardo Dagdug Jason Peña Ivan Pompa-GarcíaThis book offers the reader a journey through the counterintuitive nature of Brownian motion under confinement. Diffusion is a universal phenomenon that controls a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological processes. The transport of spatially-constrained molecules and small particles is ubiquitous in nature and technology and plays an essential role in different processes. Understanding the physics of diffusion under conditions of confinement is essential for a number of biological phenomena and potential technological applications in micro- and nanofluidics, among others. Studies on diffusion under confinement are typically difficult to understand for young scientists and students because of the extensive background on diffusion processes, physics, and mathematics that is required. All of this information is provided in this book, which is essentially self-contained as a result of the authors’ efforts to make it accessible to an audience of students from a variety of different backgrounds. The book also provides the necessary mathematical details so students can follow the technical process required to solve each problem. Readers will also find detailed explanations of the main results based on the last 30 years of research devoted to studying diffusion under confinement. The authors approach the physical problem from various angles and discuss the role of geometries and boundary conditions in diffusion. This textbook serves as a comprehensive and modern overview of Brownian motion under confinement and is intended for young scientists, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates in physics, physical chemistry, biology, chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemistry, bioengineering, and polymer and material sciences.
Diffusion of Innovations, 5th Edition
by Everett M. RogersNow in its fifth edition, Diffusion of Innovations is a classic work on the spread of new ideas.In this renowned book, Everett M. Rogers, professor and chair of the Department of Communication & Journalism at the University of New Mexico, explains how new ideas spread via communication channels over time. Such innovations are initially perceived as uncertain and even risky. To overcome this uncertainty, most people seek out others like themselves who have already adopted the new idea. Thus the diffusion process consists of a few individuals who first adopt an innovation, then spread the word among their circle of acquaintances--a process which typically takes months or years. But there are exceptions: use of the Internet in the 1990s, for example, may have spread more rapidly than any other innovation in the history of humankind. Furthermore, the Internet is changing the very nature of diffusion by decreasing the importance of physical distance between people. The fifth edition addresses the spread of the Internet, and how it has transformed the way human beings communicate and adopt new ideas.
Diffusion-Driven Wavelet Design for Shape Analysis
by Hong Qin Tingbo HouFrom Design Methods and Generation Schemes to State-of-the-Art ApplicationsWavelets are powerful tools for functional analysis and geometry processing, enabling researchers to determine the structure of data and analyze 3D shapes. Suitable for researchers in computer graphics, computer vision, visualization, medical imaging, and geometric modeling
DigiTools: Technology Application Tools
by Jack P. Hoggatt Jon A. Shank Karl BarksdaleDIGITOOLS is a one-semester course that reflects a new direction being taken in keyboarding. It not only includes the standard teaching methods for learning to type and format documents, but also covers computer applications such as word processing, presentations, speech recognition, database and spreadsheet, and the Internet.
DigiTwin: An Approach for Production Process Optimization in a Built Environment (Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing)
by Berend Denkena Josip Stjepandić Markus SommerThe focus of this book is an application of Digital Twin as a concept and an approach, based on the most accurate view on a physical production system and its digital representation of complex engineering products and systems. It describes a methodology to create and use Digital Twin in a built environment for the improvement and optimization of factory processes such as factory planning, investment planning, bottleneck analysis, and in-house material transport. The book provides a practical response based on achievements of engineering informatics in solving challenges related to the optimization of factory layout and corresponding processes. This book introduces the topic, providing a foundation of knowledge on process planning, before discussing the acquisition of objects in a factory and the methods for object recognition. It presents process simulation techniques, explores challenges in process planning, and concludes by looking at future areas of progression. By providing a holistic, trans-disciplinary perspective, this book will showcase Digital Twin technology as state-of-the-art both in research and practice.
Digimon Power: The Ultimate Guide to the Coolest New Monster Game!
by Hank SchlesingerThe hottest new craze in monster games is DigiMon--short for Digital Monsters. Players must hatch, raise, and train their DigiMons in order to battle with other DigiMon--and that's where the fun begins. The ultimate guide to this awesome game, DIGIMON POWER, in detailed, kid-friendly language, gives readers:*All the fun facts about the DigiMon phenomenon, including the video game, trading cards, action figures, and the DigiMon TV show. *In-depth monster facts, plus the coolest hints, tips, tricks, and secrets from kids just like you*An exciting look at Japanese cartoon-anime, and television shows we might see in the future*Hot info about other monster games, trading cards, and shows, like Tamagotchi, Pokemon, and Monster Rancher*And much, much more!
Digineering: Business Process Management im digitalen Zeitalter
by Arno Müller Hinrich Schröder Lars von ThienenAls Folge der zunehmenden Verfügbarkeit neuer Informationstechnologien entstehen völlig neue Kundenerwartungen, Geschäftsmodelle und Prozesse. Die umfassende Neugestaltung digitaler Prozesse ist mit Konzepten der Vergangenheit nicht zu bewältigen. Business Process Management benötigt angepasste Methoden, Fähigkeiten, Technologien und Strukturen.„Digineering“ steht für die Kombination der Aspekte einer zunehmenden Digitalisierung mit den Methoden und Vorgehensweisen des Re-Engineering und überträgt damit Ansätze aus dem Business Process Management, dem Management der digitalen Transformation und dem Software-Engineering auf die aktuellen Herausforderungen der Prozessdigitalisierung. „Digineering“ liefert einen agilen Lösungsansatz, der alle Phasen der Prozessdigitalisierung von der Analyse der Kundenanforderungen über die Prozessgestaltung bis zur Implementierung neuer IT-Anwendungen umfasst. In allen Phasen werden die Potenziale innovativer IT einbezogen, um so ganzheitliche Prozesse mit einzigartigem Kundenerlebnis und hoher Effizienz zu schaffen.
Diginomics Research Perspectives: The Role of Digitalization in Business and Society (Advanced Studies in Diginomics and Digitalization)
by Lars HornufThis book focuses on traditional fields of business studies and economics and how digitalization has affected them. It provides an overview about the lessons learned from academic research and highlights implications for practitioners. Digitalization has not only changed the ways business administration and economics are taught, but also the substance at the core of the two disciplines. Chapters from expert contributors define and carefully evaluate the developments that have occurred over the last decades. The authors further provide an assessment of how industry branches have adapted and in which form regulators have engaged. Attention is given to the theoretical and empirical findings from recent scholarly literature. Furthermore, the authors provide some novel insights from their own research at the University of Bremen. This book appeals to business administration, economics, and entrepreneurship scholars and practitioners alike.
Digital @ Scale: The Playbook You Need to Transform Your Company
by Anand Swaminathan Jürgen MeffertA blueprint for reinventing the core of your business Value in the next phase of the digital era will go to those companies that don't just try digital but also scale it. Digital@Scale examines what it takes for companies to break through the gravitational pull of their legacy organizations and capture the full value of digital. Digging into more than fifty detailed case studies and years of McKinsey experience and data, the authors, along with a group of expert contributors, show how companies can move beyond incremental change to transform the business where the greatest value is generated—at its core. The authors provide practical insights into the three pillars of digital transformations that successfully scale: reinventing the business model, building out a business architecture from the customer back into the organization, and establishing an 'amoeba' IT and organizational foundation that learns and evolves. This is the ideal guide for all leaders who recognize the power and promise of a digital transformation.
Digital Academe: New Media in Higher Education and Learning
by Brian D. Loader William H. DuttonThis book responds to an ever-increasing call from educators, policy makers, journalists, parents and the public at large for analysis that cuts through the hype surrounding the information revolution to address key issues associated with new media in higher education and learning. This collection is of value to those who are seeking a critical, non-commercial exposition of both the enormous opportunities and challenges for higher education that are tied to the use of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the development of distance education and distributed learning.The chapters are written by leading exponents, practitioners and researchers from a variety of disciplinary perspectives and the collection as a whole spans national boundaries and reaches beyond the research community to relate to issues of policy and practice.
Digital Access and Museums as Platforms (Museums in Focus)
by Caroline Wilson-BarnaoDigital Access and Museums as Platforms draws on interviews with museum practitioners, along with a range of case studies from public and private institutions, in order to investigate the tensions and benefits involved in making cultural collections available using digital technologies. Taking a media and critical studies approach to the museum and raising questions about the role of privately owned search engines in facilitating museum experiences, the book questions who collects what, for whom objects are collected and what purpose these objects and collections serve. Connecting fieldwork undertaken in Australia and New Zealand with the global practices of technology companies, Wilson-Barnao brings attention to an emerging new model of digital ownership and moderation. Considering the synergising of these institutions with media systems, which are now playing a more prominent role in facilitating access to culture, the book also explores the motivations of different cultural workers for constructing the museum as a mediatised location. Digital Access and Museums as Platforms will be of interest to academics and students working in the fields of museum studies, art, culture, media studies and digital humanities. Weighing in on conversations about how technologies are being incorporated into museums, the book should also be useful to practitioners working in museums and galleries around the world.
Digital Activism in Zimbabwe: Dissent and Hegemony in the Information Age (Routledge African Media, Culture and Communication Studies)
by Tenford ChitananaThis book investigates the role of the internet and social media in political processes in non-western and non-democratic contexts. Using Zimbabwe as a case study, the book demonstrates how activists and ordinary people deploy social media, particularly Facebook, to subvert an enduring hegemonic state. However, the book also highlights how authoritarian regimes are in turn learning and adapting to the information age, challenging the impact of digital activism. Studies of digital activism in the Global South are often centred around democracy, but this book paints a more complex picture, examining the role and effect of digital activism in challenging state hegemony in authoritarian contexts. The book notes that while communication technologies help mediate activism, they are also simultaneously constrained by pre-existing and emergent challenges tied to the social and political context and the inherent limitations of those technologies. The book investigates the tactics used by digital activists, the contextual factors and restrictive political environment they operate in, including the role of pro-government activists, and ultimately, the impact of digital activism given these constraints. From the case of Zimbabwe, the book builds out a broader theoretical analysis of the evolution of ‘third world protest’ in the digital age, examining the limitations of activists’ actions and the ideological deficit in online activism to ferment a virulent counter hegemony.
Digital Advertising in the Post-cookie Era: Strategic Campaign Planning Across the Customer Journey (Business Guides on the Go)
by Alexander Schwarz-Musch Alexander Tauchhammer Bernhard GuetzThis book explains how companies can successfully plan and implement their online campaigns – even after the end of third-party cookies. Campaigns on social media platforms, in search engines, and through display advertising can still be effective if potential customers are targeted accurately. The authors demonstrate how this can work without cookies: developing a "Minimum Viable Persona" and defining campaign groups along the customer journey play central roles. For each touchpoint on the path to purchase, milestones must be tracked, allowing the effectiveness and efficiency of the measures to be easily verified. A resource for marketing professionals seeking solutions in the post-cookie era to continue reaching their target audiences without waste coverage.
Digital Aesthetics (Published in association with Theory, Culture & Society)
by Sean CubittThis book investigates the aesthetic nature and purpose of computer culture in the contemporary world. It casts a cool eye on the claims of cybertopians, tracing the globalization of the new medium and enquiring into its effects on subjectivity and sociality. Drawing on historical scholarship, philosophical aesthetics, and the literature of cyberculture, the author argues for a genuine democracy beyond the limitations of the free market and the global corporation. Digital arts are identified as having a vital part to play in this process. Written in a balanced and penetrating style, the book both conveniently summarizes a huge literature and sets a new agenda for research and theory. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.
Digital Afterlife and the Spiritual Realm (Chapman & Hall/CRC Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Series)
by Maggi Savin-BadenFew religious leaders have examined the potential for the positive impact of digital media and digital immortality creation in religious contexts. It is evident that there have been recent moves away from traditional funeral services focusing on the transition of the deceased into the future world beyond, towards a rise of memorial content within funerals and commemorative events. This has heralded shifts in afterlife beliefs by replacing them, to all intents and purposes, by attitudes to this life. Digital Afterlife and the Spiritual Realm explores the ways in which digital media and digital afterlife creation affects social and religious understandings of death and the afterlife. Features Understands the impact of digital media on those living and those working with the bereaved Explores the impact of digital memorialisation post death Examines the ways in which digital media may be changing conceptions and theologies of death For many people, digital afterlife and the spiritual realm largely remains an area that is both inchoate and confusing. This book will begin to unravel some of this bafflement.
Digital Afterlife: Death Matters in a Digital Age (Chapman & Hall/CRC Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Series)
by Maggi Savin-Baden Victoria Mason-RobbieDespite the range of studies into grief and mourning in relation to the digital, research to date largely focuses on the cultural practices and meanings that are played out in and through digital environments. Digital Afterlife brings together experts from diverse fields who share an interest in Digital Afterlife and the wide-ranging issues that relate to this. The book covers a variety of matters that have been neglected in other research texts, for example: The legal, ethical, and philosophical conundrums of Digital Afterlife The ways digital media are currently being used to expand the possibilities of commemorating the dead and managing the grief of those left behind Our lives are shaped by and shape the creation of our Digital Afterlife as the digital has become a taken for granted aspect of human experience. This book will be of interest to undergraduates from computing, theology, business studies, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and education from all types of institutions. Secondary audiences include researchers and postgraduate researchers with an interest in the digital. At a practical level, the cost of data storage and changing data storage systems mitigate the likelihood of our digital presence existing in perpetuity. Whether we create accidental or intentional digital memories, this has psychological consequences for ourselves and for society. Essentially, the foreverness of forever is in question. Maggi Savin-Baden is Professor of Higher Education Research at the University of Worcester. She has a strong publication record of over 50 research publications and 17 books. Victoria Mason-Robbie is a Chartered Psychologist and an experienced lecturer having worked in the Higher Education sector for over 15 years. Her current research focuses on evaluating web-based avatars, pedagogical agents, and virtual humans.
Digital Age: Chances, Challenges and Future (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #84)
by Marek Vochozka Svetlana Igorevna Ashmarina Valentina Vyacheslavovna MantulenkoThis proceedings book presents the outcomes of the VII International Scientific Conference “Digital Transformation of the Economy: Challenges, Trends, New Opportunities”, which took place in Samara, Russian Federation, on April 26–27, 2019. Organized by the Samara State University of Economics, the conference chiefly focused on digital economy issues, such as theoretical preconditions for the development of economic systems in the digital age and specific practical issues related to real-world business practice. Consisting of six chapters corresponding to the thematic areas of the conference, and written by scientists and practitioners from different regions of Russia, Kazakhstan, the Czech Republic and Germany, the book offers answers to the most pressing questions for today’s business community: - How is our world changing under the influence of digital technology? - Is sustainable economic development a myth or reality in the context of digitalization? - What threats and opportunities does digitalization bring? - What are realities and prospects of digitalization in the context of business practice? - How do we create a digital infrastructure for the economy? - How should the legal environment of the economy be transformed in the context of digitalization? The conclusions and recommendations presented are not recipes for solving the existing economic problems, but instead are intended for use in further research on transformation processes in the economy and in the development of state economic policies in various countries and regions.
Digital Agricultural Ecosystem: Revolutionary Advancements in Agriculture
by Kuldeep Singh Prasanna KolarDigital Agricultural Ecosystem The book comprehensively explores the dynamic synergy between modern technology and agriculture, showcasing how advancements such as artificial intelligence, data analytics, and smart farming practices are reshaping the landscape to ensure food security in the era of climate change, as well as bridging the gap between cutting-edge research and practical implementation. Agriculture has historically been the foundation of human civilization and benefits communities all around the world. Agriculture has a creative, adaptable, and innovative history, and as the digital age draws closer, agriculture is once again poised for change. Each of the 20 chapters explores the connection between agricultural and technological advancements, and are divided into four key areas. Part 1 covers knowledge sharing in the digital agricultural ecosystem. In the context of modern agriculture, the chapters underscore the importance of information flow. Through comprehensive reviews of literature and assessments of farmer participation on social media platforms, these chapters illustrate the value of information sharing for sustainable agriculture. Part 2 explores the adoption and impact of digital technologies in agriculture. The use of cutting-edge digital technologies in agriculture is examined thoroughly in this section. The chapters included here outline how precision, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology have the potential to transform methods of agriculture and improve food systems. Part 3 addresses smart farming and sustainable agriculture. This section focuses on sustainability and offers details on eco-friendly production methods, the significance of smart farming in many nations, including India and the UK, and cost-effective fertilizer sprayer technologies. Part 4 examines the modeling and analysis of agricultural systems. This last section explores how mathematical modeling and data analytics are used in agricultural systems, with insights on everything from the study of credit access constraints in rural regions to water resource management in irrigation systems. Audience The diverse readership includes farmers, agronomists, agricultural researchers, policymakers, environmentalists, information technologists, and students from academic and professional fields who are eager to learn more about how digital innovation and sustainable agriculture can be used to address global issues such as climate change, food security, and smart farming.
Digital Agriculture
by Aluízio Borém Daniel Marçal de Queiroz Domingos Sárvio M. Valente Francisco de Assis de Carvalho Pinto John K. SchuellerThis textbook addresses the most recent advances and main digital technologies used in farming. The reader will be able to understand the main concepts and techniques currently used to efficiently manage agricultural production systems. The book covers topics in a general and intuitive way, with examples and good illustrations.
Digital Agriculture: A Solution for Sustainable Food and Nutritional Security
by P. M. Priyadarshan Shri Mohan Jain Jameel M. Al-Khayri Suprasanna PennaThe world population is increasing while arable land is decreasing at an alarming rate. About one-quarter of arable land is degraded and needs significant restoration before it can sustain crops again. By 2030, the water supply will fall 40% short of meeting global demand. Moreover, looming climate change poses additional challenge to increasing food production to feed 10 billion people by 2050. Current major agricultural systems are on a largely unsustainable trajectory because of their contributions to greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and biodiversity loss.For these reasons, innovative technologies are being introduced in modern agriculture to sustain food production. They include digital and geospatial technologies to manage soil, climate and plant genetic resources. With the development of tools and sensors integrated into the internet of things (IoT) environment, physically collected information is converted into computer-readable language. Digital innovations thus allow real-time analysis, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI) that manage massive amount of data, also known as big data. Accordingly, digital agriculture affords greater potential for sustainable farming and economic benefits. This book summarizes the latest advances in AI-integration of agriculture practices. Specific focus includes but not limited to, big data, yield mapping, pests management, and optimal fertigation. As such, it presents a forward-looking approach to meet multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals, specifically, SDG 2, 6, 13 and 15.
Digital Agriculture: An Introduction (SpringerBriefs in Agriculture)
by Muhammad Azhar IqbalThe success of modern-day agriculture lies in the digitalization of agricultural systems. The primary aim of this book is to provide a starting point to understand the fundamentals and design of digital agriculture systems with reference to the enabling technologies that deal with the production, improvement, and protection of crops/plants and livestock. The other associated objectives of this book include the explanation of the design and deployment of IoT-based digital agriculture systems in such a simple way that agriculture students understand straightforwardly. Therefore, this book is an effort to partially fill the gap associated with the understanding of the development and deployment of digital agriculture systems (including both precision and smart farming). We believe that with the provided details of enabling technologies and their usage in digital agriculture systems, agriculture students will find it easier to comprehend the designing of small-/large-scale IoT-based digital agriculture systems. This book provides insight into different technologies, architectures, and case studies that will ultimately help students to understand the concept of Digital Agriculture and its related applications. It enables students to realize the importance of open issues and future challenges of digital agriculture systems.
Digital Allergology: From Theory to Practice (Health Informatics)
by Paolo Maria Matricardi Stephanie DramburgSeveral hundred million citizens suffer from allergic diseases, ranging from watery eyes to life-threatening anaphylactic shock. In addition to the individual reduction of quality of life, allergies have an impact on workplace efficiency and healthcare budgets. Although new developments of diagnostic assays are advancing quickly, their implementation in clinical routine is challenged by several barriers. This is very evident in the EU, where the gap between technological progress and modern diagnosis is rapidly growing. Digital Health tackles this challenge by providing novel tools, supporting allergy diagnosis and treatment through internet platforms, medical devices, smart-phone apps, telemedicine tools, etc. The integration of Digital Health procedures and tools in the management of allergic diseases will allow personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches with 24/7 interactivity between patients and professional healthcare. It will enable the delivery of faster, relevant healthcare support via real-time accessibility of key information for specialists, at primary health care centers, pharmacies and the patient´s home. "Digital Allergology: From Theory to Practice" is unique in comprehensively approaching "Digital Allergology", starting with the general frame to more specific parts on specific allergic diseases, public health as well as research and perspectives from several countries. Allergology being transversal, and covering dozen sub-specialty areas, the list of authors, each one with specific expertise in Digital Health applied to his/her sub-area of interest, is heterogeneous: same sub-areas will be seen from different perspectives. Built for allergists and other clinicians with a strong interest in allergic diseases, it will be a stimulating read for allied health professionals, insurance companies, public health administrators, manufacturers in allergen immunotherapy, IT developers, and clinical scientists.
Digital Analysis of Vaults in English Medieval Architecture
by Nicholas Webb Alexandrina Buchanan James HillsonMedieval churches are one of the most remarkable creative and technical achievements in architectural history. The complex vaults spanning their vast interiors have fascinated both visitors and worshippers alike for over 900 years, prompting many to ask: ‘How did they do that?’ Yet very few original texts or drawings survive to explain the processes behind their design or construction. This book presents a ground-breaking new approach for analysing medieval vaulting using advanced digital technologies. Focusing on the intricately patterned rib vaulting of thirteenth and fourteenth century England, the authors re-examine a series of key sites within the history of Romanesque and Gothic Architecture, using extensive digital surveys to examine the geometries of the vaults and provide new insights into the design and construction practices of medieval masons. From the simple surfaces of eleventh-century groin vaults to the gravity-defying pendant vaults of the sixteenth century, they explore a wide range of questions including: How were medieval vaults conceived and constructed? How were ideas transferred between sites? What factors led to innovations? How can digital methods be used to enhance our understanding of medieval architectural design? Featuring over 200 high quality illustrations that bring the material and the methods used to life, Digital Analysis of Vaults in English Medieval Architecture is ideal reading for students, researchers and anyone with an interest in medieval architecture, construction history, architectural history and design, medieval geometry or digital heritage.
Digital Analytics for Marketing (Mastering Business Analytics)
by Gohar F. Khan Marshall Sponder A. Karim FerozThis second edition of Digital Analytics for Marketing provides students with a comprehensive overview of the tools needed to measure digital activity and implement best practices when using data to inform marketing strategy. It is the first text of its kind to introduce students to analytics platforms from a practical marketing perspective. Demonstrating how to integrate large amounts of data from web, digital, social, and search platforms, this helpful guide offers actionable insights into data analysis, explaining how to "connect the dots" and "humanize" information to make effective marketing decisions. The authors cover timely topics, such as social media, web analytics, marketing analytics challenges, and dashboards, helping students to make sense of business measurement challenges, extract insights, and take effective actions. The book’s experiential approach, combined with chapter objectives, summaries, and review questions, will engage readers, deepening their learning by helping them to think outside the box. Filled with engaging, interactive exercises and interesting insights from industry experts, this book will appeal to undergraduate and postgraduate students of digital marketing, online marketing, and analytics. Online support materials for this book include an instructor’s manual, test bank, and PowerPoint slides.