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The Functional Role of Critical Dynamics in Neural Systems (Springer Series on Bio- and Neurosystems #11)
by Nergis Tomen J. Michael Herrmann Udo ErnstThis book offers a timely overview of theories and methods developed by an authoritative group of researchers to understand the link between criticality and brain functioning. Cortical information processing in particular and brain function in general rely heavily on the collective dynamics of neurons and networks distributed over many brain areas. A key concept for characterizing and understanding brain dynamics is the idea that networks operate near a critical state, which offers several potential benefits for computation and information processing. However, there is still a large gap between research on criticality and understanding brain function. For example, cortical networks are not homogeneous but highly structured, they are not in a state of spontaneous activation but strongly driven by changing external stimuli, and they process information with respect to behavioral goals. So far the questions relating to how critical dynamics may support computation in this complex setting, and whether they can outperform other information processing schemes remain open. Based on the workshop “Dynamical Network States, Criticality and Cortical Function", held in March 2017 at the Hanse Institute for Advanced Studies (HWK) in Delmenhorst, Germany, the book provides readers with extensive information on these topics, as well as tools and ideas to answer the above-mentioned questions. It is meant for physicists, computational and systems neuroscientists, and biologists.
Functional Safety and Proof of Compliance
by Thor Myklebust Tor StålhaneThis book aims to facilitate and improve development work related to all documents and information required by functional safety standards. Proof of Compliance (PoC) is important for the assessor and certification bodies when called up to confirm that the manufacturer has developed a software system according to the required safety standards. While PoC documents add functionality to the product neither for the developer nor for the customer, they do add confidence and trust to the product and ease certification, and as such are important for the product’s value. In spite of this added value, the documentation needed for PoC is often developed late in the project and in a haphazard manner. This book aims at developers, assessors, certification bodies, and purchasers of safety instrumented systems and informs the reader about the most important PoC documents. A typical PoC documentation encompasses 50 to 200 documents, several of which are named in the safety standards (e.g., 82 documents in IEC 61508:2010 series, 101 documents in EN 5012X series and 106 work products in ISO 26262:2018 series). These documents also include further references, typically one to twenty of them, and the total number of pages developed by the manufacturer varies between 2000 and 10000 pages. The book provides guidance and examples what to include in the relevant plans and documents.
Functional Safety for Embedded Systems
by Guoqi Xie Yawen Zhang Renfa Li Kenli Li Keqin LiThis book uses automotive embedded systems as an example to introduce functional safety assurance and safety-aware cost optimization. The book explores functional safety assurance from the perspectives of verification, enhancement, and validation. The functional safety assurance methods implement a safe and efficient assurance system that integrates safety verification, enhancement, and validation. The assurance methods offered in this book could provide a reasonable and scientific theoretical basis for the subsequent formulation of automotive functional safety standards. The safety-aware cost optimization methods divide cost types according to the essential differences of various costs in system design and establish reasonable models based on different costs. The cost optimization methods provided in this book could give appropriate cost optimization solutions for the cost-sensitive automotive industry, thereby achieving effective cost management and control. Functional safety assurance methods and safety-aware cost optimization support each other and jointly build the architecture of functional safety design methodologies for automotive embedded systems. The work aspires to provide a relevant reference for students, researchers, engineers, and professionals working in this area or those interested in hardware cost optimization and development cost optimization design methods based on ensuring functional safety in general.
Functional Software Size Measurement Methodology with Effort Estimation and Performance Indication
by Jasveer SinghPresents a new, effective methodology in software size measurement Software size measurement is an extremely important and highly specialized aspect of the software life cycle. It is used for determining the effort and cost estimations for project planning purposes of a software project’s execution, and/or for other costing, charging, and productivity analysis purposes. Many software projects exceed their allocated budget limits because the methodologies currently available lack accuracy. The new software size measurement methodology presented in this book offers a complete procedure that overcomes the deficiencies of the current methodologies, allowing businesses to estimate the size and required effort correctly for all their software projects developed in high level languages. The Functional Software Size Measurement Methodology with Effort Estimation and Performance Indication (FSSM) allows for projects to be completed within the defined budget limits by obtaining accurate estimations. The methodology provides comprehensive and precise measurements of the complete software whereby factual software size determination, development effort estimation, and performance indications are obtained. The approach is elaborate, effective and accurate for software size measurement and development effort estimation, avoiding inaccurate project planning of software projects. Key features: Pinpoints one of the major, originating root causes of erroneous planning by disclosing hidden errors made in software size measurement, and consequently in effort estimates and project planning All the major relevant and important aspects of software size measurement are taken into consideration and clearly presented to the reader Functional Software Size Measurement Methodology with Effort Estimation and Performance Indication is a vital reference for software professionals and Master level students in software engineering. For further information and materials relating to this book, such as FSSM 1.0 Calculations Template for Results Tables and Graphs, containing Calculations, and Results Tables/Graphs for the Mini FSSM Example, please visit the following two accompanying websites: http://booksupport.wiley.com www.fssm.software
A Functional Start to Computing with Python (Chapman & Hall/CRC Textbooks in Computing)
by null Ted HermanA Functional Start to Computing with Python enables students to quickly learn computing without having to use loops, variables, and object abstractions at the start. Requiring no prior programming experience, the book draws on Python's flexible data types and operations as well as its capacity for defining new functions. Along with the specifics of
Functional Thinking: Paradigm Over Syntax
by Neal FordIf you’re familiar with functional programming basics and want to gain a much deeper understanding, this in-depth guide takes you beyond syntax and demonstrates how you need to think in a new way. Software architect Neal Ford shows intermediate to advanced developers how functional coding allows you to step back a level of abstraction so you can see your programming problem with greater clarity.Each chapter shows you various examples of functional thinking, using numerous code examples from Java 8 and other JVM languages that include functional capabilities. This book may bend your mind, but you’ll come away with a much better grasp of functional programming concepts.Understand why many imperative languages are adding functional capabilitiesCompare functional and imperative solutions to common problemsExamine ways to cede control of routine chores to the runtimeLearn how memoization and laziness eliminate hand-crafted solutionsExplore functional approaches to design patterns and code reuseView real-world examples of functional thinking with Java 8, and in functional architectures and web frameworksLearn the pros and cons of living in a paradigmatically richer worldIf you’re new to functional programming, check out Josh Backfield’s book Becoming Functional.
Functional Verification of Dynamically Reconfigurable FPGA-based Systems
by Lingkan Gong Oliver DiesselThis book analyzes the challenges in verifying Dynamically Reconfigurable Systems (DRS) with respect to the user design and the physical implementation of such systems. The authors describe the use of a simulation-only layer to emulate the behavior of target FPGAs and accurately model the characteristic features of reconfiguration. Readers are enabled with this simulation-only layer to maintain verification productivity by abstracting away the physical details of the FPGA fabric. Two implementations of the simulation-only layer are included: Extended Re Channel is a System C library that can be used to check DRS designs at a high level; ReSim is a library to support RTL simulation of a DRS reconfiguring both its logic and state. Through a number of case studies, the authors demonstrate how their approach integrates seamlessly with existing, mainstream DRS design flows and with well-established verification methodologies such as top-down modeling and coverage-driven verification.
Functional Web Development with Elixir, OTP, and Phoenix: Rethink the Modern Web App
by Lance HalvorsenElixir and Phoenix are generating tremendous excitement as an unbeatable platform for building modern web applications. For decades OTP has helped developers create incredibly robust, scalable applications with unparalleled uptime. Make the most of them as you build a stateful web app with Elixir, OTP, and Phoenix. Model domain entities without an ORM or a database. Manage server state and keep your code clean with OTP Behaviours. Layer on a Phoenix web interface without coupling it to the business logic. Open doors to powerful new techniques that will get you thinking about web development in fundamentally new ways. Elixir and OTP provide exceptional tools to build rock-solid back-end applications that scale. In this book, you'll build a web application in a radically different way, with a back end that holds application state. You'll use persistent Phoenix Channel connections instead of HTTP's request-response, and create the full application in distinct, decoupled layers. In Part 1, start by building the business logic as a separate application, without Phoenix. Model the application domain with Elixir functions and simple data structures. By keeping state in memory instead of a database, you can reduce latency and simplify your code. In Part 2, add in the GenServer Behaviour to make managing in-memory state a breeze. Create a supervision tree to boost fault tolerance while separating error handling from business logic. Phoenix is a modern web framework you can layer on top of business logic while keeping the two completely decoupled. In Part 3, you'll do exactly that as you build a web interface with Phoenix. Bring in the application from Part 2 as a dependency to a new Phoenix project. Then use ultra-scalable Phoenix Channels to establish persistent connections between the stateful server and a stateful front-end client. You're going to love this way of building web apps! What You Need: You'll need a computer that can run Elixir version 1.5 or higher and Phoenix 1.3 or higher. Some familiarity with Elixir and Phoenix is recommended.
Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering: 27th International Conference, FASE 2024, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2024, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, April 6–11, 2024, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14573)
by Dirk Beyer Ana CavalcantiThis open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, FASE 2024, held in conjunction with ETAPS 2024 which took place in Luxembourg in April 2024. The 14 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 41 submission. The proceedings also include 5 short papers from the Test-Comp 2024 event that was hosted by FASE. They deal with the broad field of software engineering, focusing on requirements, design, architecture, modeling, applications of AI to software engineering and software engineering for AI-based systems, quality, model-driven engineering, processes, and software evolution.
Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering: 22nd International Conference, FASE 2019, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2019, Prague, Czech Republic, April 6–11, 2019, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11424)
by Reiner Hähnle Wil van der AalstThis book is Open Access under a CC BY licence.This book constitutes the proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, FASE 2019, which took place in Prague, Czech Republic in April 2019, held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2019.The 24 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 94 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections named: software verification; model-driven development and model transformation; software evolution and requirements engineering; specification, design, and implementation of particular classes of systems; and software testing.
Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering: 26th International Conference, FASE 2023, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2023, Paris, France, April 22–27, 2023, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13991)
by Leen Lambers Sebastián UchitelThis open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, FASE 2023, which was held during April 22-27, 2023, in Paris, France, as part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2023. The 12 regular papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 50 submissions. The proceedings also contain 2 tool papers, 2 NIER papers, and 2 competition papers from the Test-Comp Competition. The papers deal with the foundations on which software engineering is built, including topics like software engineering as an engineering discipline, requirements engineering, software architectures, software quality, model-driven development, software processes, software evolution, AI-based software engineering, and the specification, design, and implementation of particular classes of systems, such as (self-)adaptive, collaborative, AI, embedded, distributed, mobile, pervasive, cyber-physical, or service-oriented applications. .
Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering: 21st International Conference, Fase 2018, Held As Part Of The European Joint Conferences On Theory And Practice Of Software, Etaps 2018, Thessaloniki, Greece, April 14-20, 2018, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #10802)
by Andy Schürr Alessandra RussoThis book is Open Access under a CC BY licence.This book constitutes the proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, FASE 2018, which took place in Thessaloniki, Greece in April 2018, held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2018.The 19 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 63 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections named: model-based software development; distributed program and system analysis; software design and verification; specification and program testing; family-based software development.
Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering
by Andrzej Wąsowski Perdita StevensThis bookconstitutes the proceedings of the 19th International Conference on FundamentalApproaches to Software Engineering, FASE 2016, which took place in Eindhoven,The Netherlands, in April 2016, held as Part of the European Joint Conferenceson Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2016. The 23 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selectedfrom 90 submissions. They were organized in topical sections named: concurrentand distributed systems; model-driven development; analysis and bug triaging;probabilistic and stochastic systems; proof and theorem proving; andverification.
Fundamental Computing Forensics for Africa: A Case Study of the Science in Nigeria (SpringerBriefs in Computer Science)
by Aamo IorliamThis book presents a general introduction to the computational aspects of forensic science, covering the different tools needed for forensic investigations, the importance of forensics and biometrics, and the use of Benford’s law for biometrics and network traffic analysis. It specifically focuses on the application of these techniques in Africa, and how they can be of benefit in the investigation of crime in Nigeria in particular.
Fundamental Considerations in Technology Mediated Language Assessment
by Karim Sadeghi and Dan DouglasFundamental Considerations in Technology Mediated Language Assessment aims to address issues such as how the forced integration of technology into second language assessment has shaped our understanding of key traditional concepts like validity, reliability, washback, authenticity, ethics, fairness, test security, and more. Although computer assisted language testing has been around for more than two decades in the context of high-stakes proficiency testing, much of language testing worldwide has shifted to 'at home' mode, and relies heavily on the mediation of digital technology, making its widespread application in classroom settings in response to the COVID-19 outbreak as unprecedented. Integration of technology into language assessment has brought with it countless affordances and at the same time challenges, both theoretically and practically. One major theoretical consideration requiring attention is the way technology has contributed to a re-conceptualisation of major assessment concepts/constructs. There is very limited literature available on theoretical underpinnings of technology mediated language assessment. This book aims to fill this gap. This book will appeal to academic specialists, practitioners or professionals in the field of language assessment, advanced and/or graduate students, and a range of scholars or professionals in disciplines like educational technology, applied linguistics and TESOL.
Fundamental Issues in Defense Training and Simulation (Human Factors in Defence)
by George Galanis Robert SottilareDefense forces have always invested a great deal of their resources in training. In recent times, changes in the complexity and intensity of operations have reaffirmed the importance of ensuring that warfighters are adequately prepared for the environments in which they are required to work. The emergence of new operational drivers such as asymmetric threats, urban operations, joint and coalition operations and the widespread use of military communications and information technology networks has highlighted the importance of providing warfighters with the competencies required to act in a coordinated, adaptable fashion, and to make effective decisions in environments characterized by large amounts of sometimes ambiguous information. While investment in new technologies can make available new opportunities for action, it is only through effective training that personnel can be made ready to apply their tools in the most decisive and discriminating fashion. There are many factors which can have an impact on the efficacy of training and many issues to consider when designing and implementing training strategies. These issues are often complex and nuanced, and in order to grasp them fully a significant investment of time and energy is required. However, the requirement to respond quickly to ever-changing technology, a high operational tempo and minimal staffing may preclude many in today's defense forces from seeking out all such resources on their own. This edited collection provides brief, easy-to-understand summaries of the key issues in defense training and simulation, as well as guidance for further reading. It consists of a collection of short essays, each of which addresses a fundamental issue in defense training and simulation, and features an up-to-date reference list to enable the reader to undertake further investigation of the issues addressed. In essence, this book provides the optimum starting point, or first resource, for readers to come to terms with the important issues associated with defense training and simulation. The contributions are written by leading scholars from military research institutions in the US, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, as well as selected researchers from academic and private sector research institutions.
Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence
by Vincent C. MüllerThis volume offers a look at the fundamentalissues of present and future AI, especially from cognitive science, computerscience, neuroscience and philosophy. This work examines the conditionsfor artificial intelligence, how these relate to the conditions for intelligencein humans and other natural agents, as well as ethical and societal problemsthat artificial intelligence raises or will raise. The key issues this volume investigates include the relation of AI andcognitive science, ethics of AI and robotics, brain emulation andsimulation, hybrid systems and cyborgs, intelligence and intelligence testing,interactive systems, multi-agent systems, and super intelligence. Based on the 2nd conference on "Theory and Philosophy of ArtificialIntelligence" held in Oxford, the volume includes prominentresearchers within the field from around the world.
Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence (Synthese Library #376)
by Vincent C. MüllerThis volume offers a look at the fundamental issues of present and future AI, especially from cognitive science, computer science, neuroscience and philosophy. This work examines the conditions for artificial intelligence, how these relate to the conditions for intelligence in humans and other natural agents, as well as ethical and societal problems that artificial intelligence raises or will raise. The key issues this volume investigates include the relation of AI and cognitive science, ethics of AI and robotics, brain emulation and simulation, hybrid systems and cyborgs, intelligence and intelligence testing, interactive systems, multi-agent systems, and super intelligence. Based on the 2nd conference on “Theory and Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence” held in Oxford, the volume includes prominent researchers within the field from around the world.
Fundamental Level Design and Analysis: A to B
by Michael BeardwoodThis book provides a starting point for anyone interested in level and game design with zero prior knowledge. By analysing existing games and levels, it introduces good design ideas and works towards communicating them in either design or practical methods. The book covers a multitude of design standards and showcases relatively easy methods of communicating ideas to an industry standard.This book uses step-by-step discussion to show how and why certain methodologies work, and covers the key topics needed to understand level design, including mapping, blockouts, flow maps, critical paths, and affordance.This book will be suitable for undergraduate students studying game design courses, as well as those looking to learn the basics of level design.
Fundamental Number Theory with Applications
by null Richard A. MollinAn update of the most accessible introductory number theory text available, Fundamental Number Theory with Applications, Second Edition presents a mathematically rigorous yet easy-to-follow treatment of the fundamentals and applications of the subject. The substantial amount of reorganizing makes this edition clearer and more elementary in i
The Fundamental Research for Trustworthy Software (Reports of China’s Basic Research)
by Jifeng HeThis book mainly introduces the research overview, results, and achievements of “The Fundamental Research for Trustworthy Software”, a major research plan of NSFC. The Plan focuses on four key scientific issues:(i) measurement and modeling of software trustworthiness;(ii) construction and verification of trustworthy software;(iii) evolution and control of trustworthy software;(iv) trusted environment construction and evaluation.This book aims to establish a research framework for fundamental research on trustworthy software by focusing on the trustworthiness of embedded software and network application software, as well as the trustworthiness of software in key application fields in China. This book is intended for researchers who have been following the evolution of and trends in the trustworthy software; the book is also a valuable reference resource for practitioners and scholars at various levels and in various fields.
Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering (Wiley Series in Display Technology)
by Phil GreenFUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS OF COLOUR ENGINEERING EXPERT OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD OF COLOUR ENGINEERING IN THE 21ST CENTURY, WITH NEW, UPDATED TECHNOLOGIES AND A MATLAB TOOLBOX Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering provides important coverage on topics that hold the power to extend our knowledge of colour reproduction, such as colour measurement and appearance and the methods used, with additional discussion of the technologies responsible for reproducing colour across a wide range of devices, together with the colour management systems that are used to connect devices and exchange information. Composed of 20 chapters, the Editor and his team of expert contributors consider the new ICC.2 architecture, an approach that introduces an evolutionary step in colour engineering, ensuring wider possibilities for technology. The text also considers the emerging applications for advanced colour management, such as processing spectral data, handling HDR images, and the capture and reproduction of material appearance. The text is supported by a MATLAB toolbox of relevant functions and data. Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering is a useful reference for anyone involved in the reproduction of colour and a strong supplementary course potential for master???s degrees with a colour science component. Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering includes information on: Instruments and methods of colour measurement, colorimetry, and colour difference, and colour appearance Colour spaces and colour encodings, and characterizing input devices, displays and printers Colour gamut communication and imaging standards, high dynamic range imaging, and HDR Sensor adjustment in colour management, open source tools for colour engineering, and colour transform evaluation Supporting active learning with the inclusion of a toolbox of relevant functions and data, Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering is an essential resource for students in relevant programs of study, and for professionals within colour engineering and reproduction looking to maximize their skill set and keep their skills updated.
Fundamentals and Applications of Hardcopy Communication: Conveying Side Information By Printed Media
by Joceli Mayer Steven J. Simske Paulo V.K. BorgesThis book presents covert, semi-covert and overt techniques for communication over printed media by modifying images, texts or barcodes within the document. Basic and advanced techniques are discussed aimed to modulate information into images, texts and barcodes.Conveying information over printed media can be useful for content authentication, author copyright, information and piracy product deterrent, side information for marketing, among other applications. Practical issues are discussed and experiments are provided to evaluate competitive approaches for hard-copy communication.This book is a useful resource for researchers, practitioners and graduate students in the field of hard-copy communication by providing the fundamentals, basic and advanced techniques as examples of approaches to address the hard-copy media distortions and particularities.
Fundamentals and Frontiers of the Josephson Effect (Springer Series in Materials Science #286)
by Francesco TafuriThis book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date description of the Josephson effect, a topic of never-ending interest in both fundamental and applied physics. In this volume, world-renowned experts present the unique aspects of the physics of the Josephson effect, resulting from the use of new materials, of hybrid architectures and from the possibility of realizing nanoscale junctions. These new experimental capabilities lead to systems where novel coherent phenomena and transport processes emerge. All this is of great relevance and impact, especially when combined with the didactic approach of the book. The reader will benefit from a general and modern view of coherent phenomena in weakly-coupled superconductors on a macroscopic scale. Topics that have been only recently discussed in specialized papers and in short reviews are described here for the first time and organized in a general framework. An important section of the book is also devoted to applications, with focus on long-term, future applications. In addition to a significant number of illustrations, the book includes numerous tables for comparative studies on technical aspects.
Fundamentals and Methods of Machine and Deep Learning: Algorithms, Tools, and Applications
by Pradeep SinghFUNDAMENTALS AND METHODS OF MACHINE AND DEEP LEARNING The book provides a practical approach by explaining the concepts of machine learning and deep learning algorithms, evaluation of methodology advances, and algorithm demonstrations with applications. Over the past two decades, the field of machine learning and its subfield deep learning have played a main role in software applications development. Also, in recent research studies, they are regarded as one of the disruptive technologies that will transform our future life, business, and the global economy. The recent explosion of digital data in a wide variety of domains, including science, engineering, Internet of Things, biomedical, healthcare, and many business sectors, has declared the era of big data, which cannot be analysed by classical statistics but by the more modern, robust machine learning and deep learning techniques. Since machine learning learns from data rather than by programming hard-coded decision rules, an attempt is being made to use machine learning to make computers that are able to solve problems like human experts in the field. The goal of this book is to present a??practical approach by explaining the concepts of machine learning and deep learning algorithms with applications. Supervised machine learning algorithms, ensemble machine learning algorithms, feature selection, deep learning techniques, and their applications are discussed. Also included in the eighteen chapters is unique information which provides a clear understanding of concepts by using algorithms and case studies illustrated with applications of machine learning and deep learning in different domains, including disease prediction, software defect prediction, online television analysis, medical image processing, etc. Each of the chapters briefly described below provides both a chosen approach and its implementation. Audience Researchers and engineers in artificial intelligence, computer scientists as well as software developers.