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Python for Algorithmic Trading
by Yves HilpischAlgorithmic trading, once the exclusive domain of institutional players, is now open to small organizations and individual traders using online platforms. The tool of choice for many traders today is Python and its ecosystem of powerful packages. In this practical book, author Yves Hilpisch shows students, academics, and practitioners how to use Python in the fascinating field of algorithmic trading.You'll learn several ways to apply Python to different aspects of algorithmic trading, such as backtesting trading strategies and interacting with online trading platforms. Some of the biggest buy- and sell-side institutions make heavy use of Python. By exploring options for systematically building and deploying automated algorithmic trading strategies, this book will help you level the playing field.Set up a proper Python environment for algorithmic tradingLearn how to retrieve financial data from public and proprietary data sourcesExplore vectorization for financial analytics with NumPy and pandasMaster vectorized backtesting of different algorithmic trading strategiesGenerate market predictions by using machine learning and deep learningTackle real-time processing of streaming data with socket programming toolsImplement automated algorithmic trading strategies with the OANDA and FXCM trading platforms
Python For ArcGIS
by Laura TateosianThis book introduces Python scripting for geographic information science (GIS) workflow optimization using ArcGIS. It builds essential programming skills for automating GIS analysis. Over 200 sample Python scripts and 175 classroom-tested exercises reinforce the learning objectives. Readers will learn to: * Write and run Python in the ArcGIS Python Window, the PythonWin IDE, and the PyScripter IDE * Work with Python syntax and data types * Call ArcToolbox tools, batch process GIS datasets, and manipulate map documents using the arcpy package * Read and modify proprietary and ASCII text GIS data * Parse HTML web pages and KML datasets * Create Web pages and fetch GIS data from Web sources. * Build user-interfaces with the native Python file dialog toolkit or the ArcGIS Script tools and PyToolboxes Python for ArcGIS is designed as a primary textbook for advanced-level students in GIS. Researchers, government specialists and professionals working in GIS will also find this book useful as a reference.
Python for ArcGIS Pro: Automate cartography and data analysis using ArcPy, ArcGIS API for Python, Notebooks, and pandas
by Silas Toms Bill Parker Dr. Christopher Tucker Rene RubalcavaExtend your ArcGIS expertise by unlocking the world of Python programming. A fully hands-on guide that takes you through exercise after exercise using real data and real problems.Key FeaturesLearn the core components of the two Python modules for ArcGIS: ArcPy and ArcGIS API for PythonUse ArcPy, pandas, NumPy, and ArcGIS in ArcGIS Pro Notebooks to manage and analyze geospatial data at scaleIntegrate with ArcGIS Online using Python to publish and manage dataBook DescriptionIntegrating Python into your day-to-day ArcGIS work is highly recommended when dealing with large amounts of geospatial data. Python for ArcGIS Pro aims to help you get your work done faster, with greater repeatability and higher confidence in your results. Starting from programming basics and building in complexity, two experienced ArcGIS professionals-turned-Python programmers teach you how to incorporate scripting at each step: automating the production of maps for print, managing data between ArcGIS Pro and ArcGIS Online, creating custom script tools for sharing, and then running data analysis and visualization on top of the ArcGIS geospatial library, all using Python. You'll use ArcGIS Pro Notebooks to explore and analyze geospatial data, and write data engineering scripts to manage ongoing data processing and data transfers. This exercise-based book also includes three rich real-world case studies, giving you an opportunity to apply and extend the concepts you studied earlier. Irrespective of your expertise level with Esri software or the Python language, you'll benefit from this book's hands-on approach, which takes you through the major uses of Python for ArcGIS Pro to boost your ArcGIS productivity.What you will learnAutomate map production to make and edit maps at scale, cutting down on repetitive tasksPublish map layer data to ArcGIS OnlineAutomate data updates using the ArcPy Data Access module and cursorsTurn your scripts into script tools for ArcGIS ProLearn how to manage data on ArcGIS OnlineQuery, edit, and append to feature layers and create symbology with renderers and colorizersApply pandas and NumPy to raster and vector analysisLearn new tricks to manage data for entire cities or large companiesWho this book is forThis book is ideal for anyone looking to add Python to their ArcGIS Pro workflows, even if you have no prior experience with programming. This includes ArcGIS professionals, intermediate ArcGIS Pro users, ArcGIS Pro power users, students, and people who want to move from being a GIS Technician to GIS Analyst; GIS Analyst to GIS Programmer; or GIS Developer/Programmer to a GIS Architect. Basic familiarity with geospatial/GIS syntax, ArcGIS, and data science (pandas) is helpful, though not necessary.
Python for Beginners
by Kuldeep Singh Kaswan Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal B BalamuruganPython is an amazing programming language. It can be applied to almost any programming task. It allows for rapid development and debugging. Getting started with Python is like learning any new skill: it’s important to find a resource you connect with to guide your learning. Luckily, there’s no shortage of excellent books that can help you learn both the basic concepts of programming and the specifics of programming in Python. With the abundance of resources, it can be difficult to identify which book would be best for your situation. Python for Beginners is a concise single point of reference for all material on python. • Provides concise, need-to-know information on Python types and statements, special method names, built-in functions and exceptions, commonly used standard library modules, and other prominent Python tools • Offers practical advice for each major area of development with both Python 3.x and Python 2.x • Based on the latest research in cognitive science and learning theory • Helps the reader learn how to write effective, idiomatic Python code by leveraging its best—and possibly most neglected—features This book focuses on enthusiastic research aspirants who work on scripting languages for automating the modules and tools, development of web applications, handling big data, complex calculations, workflow creation, rapid prototyping, and other software development purposes. It also targets graduates, postgraduates in computer science, information technology, academicians, practitioners, and research scholars.
Python for Cybersecurity: Using Python for Cyber Offense and Defense
by Howard E. Poston IIIDiscover an up-to-date and authoritative exploration of Python cybersecurity strategies Python For Cybersecurity: Using Python for Cyber Offense and Defense delivers an intuitive and hands-on explanation of using Python for cybersecurity. It relies on the MITRE ATT&CK framework to structure its exploration of cyberattack techniques, attack defenses, and the key cybersecurity challenges facing network administrators and other stakeholders today. Offering downloadable sample code, the book is written to help you discover how to use Python in a wide variety of cybersecurity situations, including: Reconnaissance, resource development, initial access, and execution Persistence, privilege escalation, defense evasion, and credential access Discovery, lateral movement, collection, and command and control Exfiltration and impact Each chapter includes discussions of several techniques and sub-techniques that could be used to achieve an attacker's objectives in any of these use cases. The ideal resource for anyone with a professional or personal interest in cybersecurity, Python For Cybersecurity offers in-depth information about a wide variety of attacks and effective, Python-based defenses against them.
Python for Data Analysis
by Wes Mckinney<p>Despite the explosive growth of data in industry after industry, learning and accessing data analysis tools has remained a challenge. This pragmatic guide demonstrates the nuts and bolts of manipulating, processing, cleaning, and crunching data with Python. It also serves as a modern introduction to scientific computing in Python for data-intensive applications.</p>
Python for Data Analysis: Data Wrangling with Pandas, NumPy, and IPython (Oreilly And Associate Ser.)
by Wes MckinneyGet complete instructions for manipulating, processing, cleaning, and crunching datasets in Python. Updated for Python 3.6, the second edition of this hands-on guide is packed with practical case studies that show you how to solve a broad set of data analysis problems effectively. You’ll learn the latest versions of pandas, NumPy, IPython, and Jupyter in the process.Written by Wes McKinney, the creator of the Python pandas project, this book is a practical, modern introduction to data science tools in Python. It’s ideal for analysts new to Python and for Python programmers new to data science and scientific computing. Data files and related material are available on GitHub.Use the IPython shell and Jupyter notebook for exploratory computingLearn basic and advanced features in NumPy (Numerical Python)Get started with data analysis tools in the pandas libraryUse flexible tools to load, clean, transform, merge, and reshape dataCreate informative visualizations with matplotlibApply the pandas groupby facility to slice, dice, and summarize datasetsAnalyze and manipulate regular and irregular time series dataLearn how to solve real-world data analysis problems with thorough, detailed examples
Python for Data Analysis: Data Wrangling with pandas, NumPy, and Jupyter
by Wes McKinneyGet the definitive handbook for manipulating, processing, cleaning, and crunching datasets in Python. Updated for Python 3.10 and pandas 1.4, the third edition of this hands-on guide is packed with practical case studies that show you how to solve a broad set of data analysis problems effectively. You'll learn the latest versions of pandas, NumPy, and Jupyter in the process.Written by Wes McKinney, the creator of the Python pandas project, this book is a practical, modern introduction to data science tools in Python. It's ideal for analysts new to Python and for Python programmers new to data science and scientific computing. Data files and related material are available on GitHub.Use the Jupyter notebook and IPython shell for exploratory computingLearn basic and advanced features in NumPyGet started with data analysis tools in the pandas libraryUse flexible tools to load, clean, transform, merge, and reshape dataCreate informative visualizations with matplotlibApply the pandas groupby facility to slice, dice, and summarize datasetsAnalyze and manipulate regular and irregular time series dataLearn how to solve real-world data analysis problems with thorough, detailed examples
Python for Data Mining Quick Syntax Reference
by Valentina PorcuLearn how to use Python and its structures, how to install Python, and which tools are best suited for data analyst work. This book provides you with a handy reference and tutorial on topics ranging from basic Python concepts through to data mining, manipulating and importing datasets, and data analysis.Python for Data Mining Quick Syntax Reference covers each concept concisely, with many illustrative examples. You'll be introduced to several data mining packages, with examples of how to use each of them. The first part covers core Python including objects, lists, functions, modules, and error handling. The second part covers Python's most important data mining packages: NumPy and SciPy for mathematical functions and random data generation, pandas for dataframe management and data import, Matplotlib for drawing charts, and scikitlearn for machine learning. What You'll LearnInstall Python and choose a development environmentUnderstand the basic concepts of object-oriented programmingImport, open, and edit filesReview the differences between Python 2.x and 3.xWho This Book Is ForProgrammers new to Python's data mining packages or with experience in other languages, who want a quick guide to Pythonic tools and techniques.
Python for Data Science
by A. Lakshmi Muddana Sandhya VinayakamThe book is designed to serve as a textbook for courses offered to undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in data science. This book aims to help the readers understand the basic and advanced concepts for developing simple programs and the fundamentals required for building machine learning models. The book covers basic concepts like data types, operators, and statements that enable the reader to solve simple problems. As functions are the core of any programming, a detailed illustration of defining & invoking functions and recursive functions is covered. Built-in data structures of Python, such as strings, lists, tuples, sets, and dictionary structures, are discussed in detail with examples and exercise problems. Files are an integrated part of programming when dealing with large data. File handling operations are illustrated with examples and a case study at the end of the chapter. Widely used Python packages for data science, such as Pandas, Data Visualization libraries, and regular expressions, are discussed with examples and case studies at the end of the chapters. The book also contains a chapter on SQLite3, a small relational database management system of Python, to understand how to create and manage databases. As AI applications are becoming popular for developing intelligent solutions to various problems, the book includes chapters on Machine Learning and Deep Learning. They cover the basic concepts, example applications, and case studies using popular frameworks such as SKLearn and Keras on public datasets
Python for Data Science: A Hands-On Introduction
by Yuli VasilievA hands-on, real-world introduction to data analysis with the Python programming language, loaded with wide-ranging examples.Python is an ideal choice for accessing, manipulating, and gaining insights from data of all kinds. Python for Data Science introduces you to the Pythonic world of data analysis with a learn-by-doing approach rooted in practical examples and hands-on activities. You&’ll learn how to write Python code to obtain, transform, and analyze data, practicing state-of-the-art data processing techniques for use cases in business management, marketing, and decision support.You will discover Python&’s rich set of built-in data structures for basic operations, as well as its robust ecosystem of open-source libraries for data science, including NumPy, pandas, scikit-learn, matplotlib, and more. Examples show how to load data in various formats, how to streamline, group, and aggregate data sets, and how to create charts, maps, and other visualizations. Later chapters go in-depth with demonstrations of real-world data applications, including using location data to power a taxi service, market basket analysis to identify items commonly purchased together, and machine learning to predict stock prices.
Python for Data Science For Dummies
by John Paul Mueller Luca Massaronof the most widely-used libraries, including NumPy, SciPy, BeautifulSoup, Pandas, and MatPlobLibWhether you're new to data analysis or just new to Python, Python for Data Science For Dummies is your practical guide to getting a grip on data overload and doing interesting things with the oodles of information you uncover.
Python for Data Science For Dummies
by John Paul Mueller Luca MassaronThe fast and easy way to learn Python programming and statistics Python is a general-purpose programming language created in the late 1980s—and named after Monty Python—that's used by thousands of people to do things from testing microchips at Intel, to powering Instagram, to building video games with the PyGame library. Python For Data Science For Dummies is written for people who are new to data analysis, and discusses the basics of Python data analysis programming and statistics. The book also discusses Google Colab, which makes it possible to write Python code in the cloud. Get started with data science and Python Visualize information Wrangle data Learn from data The book provides the statistical background needed to get started in data science programming, including probability, random distributions, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and building regression models for prediction.
Python for Data Science For Dummies
by John Paul Mueller Luca MassaronLet Python do the heavy lifting for you as you analyze large datasets Python for Data Science For Dummies lets you get your hands dirty with data using one of the top programming languages. This beginner’s guide takes you step by step through getting started, performing data analysis, understanding datasets and example code, working with Google Colab, sampling data, and beyond. Coding your data analysis tasks will make your life easier, make you more in-demand as an employee, and open the door to valuable knowledge and insights. This new edition is updated for the latest version of Python and includes current, relevant data examples. Get a firm background in the basics of Python coding for data analysis Learn about data science careers you can pursue with Python coding skills Integrate data analysis with multimedia and graphics Manage and organize data with cloud-based relational databasesPython careers are on the rise. Grab this user-friendly Dummies guide and gain the programming skills you need to become a data pro.
Python for DevOps: Learn Ruthlessly Effective Automation
by Noah Gift Kennedy Behrman Alfredo Deza Grig GheorghiuMuch has changed in technology over the past decade. Data is hot, the cloud is ubiquitous, and many organizations need some form of automation. Throughout these transformations, Python has become one of the most popular languages in the world. This practical resource shows you how to use Python for everyday Linux systems administration tasks with today’s most useful DevOps tools, including Docker, Kubernetes, and Terraform.Learning how to interact and automate with Linux is essential for millions of professionals. Python makes it much easier. With this book, you’ll learn how to develop software and solve problems using containers, as well as how to monitor, instrument, load-test, and operationalize your software. Looking for effective ways to "get stuff done" in Python? This is your guide.Python foundations, including a brief introduction to the languageHow to automate text, write command-line tools, and automate the filesystemLinux utilities, package management, build systems, monitoring and instrumentation, and automated testingCloud computing, infrastructure as code, Kubernetes, and serverlessMachine learning operations and data engineering from a DevOps perspectiveBuilding, deploying, and operationalizing a machine learning project
Python For Dummies
by Aahz Maruch Stef MaruchPython is one of the most powerful, easy-to-read programming languages around, but it does have its limitations. This general purpose, high-level language that can be extended and embedded is a smart option for many programming problems, but a poor solution to others.Python For Dummies is the quick-and-easy guide to getting the most out of this robust program. This hands-on book will show you everything you need to know about building programs, debugging code, and simplifying development, as well as defining what actions it can perform. You'll wrap yourself around all of its advanced features and become an expert Python user in no time. This guide gives you the tools you need to:Master basic elements and syntaxDocument, design, and debug programsWork with strings like a proDirect a program with control structuresIntegrate integers, complex numbers, and modulesBuild lists, stacks, and queuesCreate an organized dictionaryHandle functions, data, and namespaceConstruct applications with modules and packagesCall, create, extend, and override classesAccess the Internet to enhance your libraryUnderstand the new features of Python 2.5Packed with critical idioms and great resources to maximize your productivity, Python For Dummies is the ultimate one-stop information guide. In a matter of minutes you'll be familiar with Python's building blocks, strings, dictionaries, and sets; and be on your way to writing the program that you've dreamed about!
Python for Engineers and Scientists: Concepts and Applications
by Rakesh Nayak Nishu GuptaThe text focuses on the basics of Python programming fundamentals and introduction to present-day applications in technology and the upcoming state-of-art trends in a comprehensive manner. The text is based on Python 3.x and it covers the fundamentals of Python with object-oriented concepts having numerous worked-out examples. It provides a learning tool for the students of beginner level as well as for researchers of advanced level. Each chapter contains additional examples that explain the usage of methods/functions discussed in the chapter. It provides numerous programming examples along with their outputs. The book: Includes programming tips to highlight the important concepts and help readers avoid common programming errors Provides programming examples along with their outputs to ensure the correctness and help readers in mastering the art of writing efficient Python programs Contains MCQs with their answers; conceptual questions and programming questions; and solutions to some selected programming questions, for every chapter Discusses applications like time zone converter and password generators at the end Covers fundamental of Python up to object oriented concepts including regular expression The book offers a simple and lucid treatment of concepts supported with illustrations for easy understanding, provides numerous programming examples along with their outputs, and includes programming tips to highlight the important concepts. It will be a valuable resource for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and professionals in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, and computer engineering.
Python for Everybody: Exploring Data Using Python 3
by Dr Charles R. SeverancePython for Everybody: Exploring Data Using Python 3
Python for Excel: A Modern Environment For Automation And Data Analysis
by Felix ZumsteinWhile Excel remains ubiquitous in the business world, recent Microsoft feedback forums are full of requests to include Python as an Excel scripting language. In fact, it's the top feature requested. What makes this combination so compelling? In this hands-on guide, Felix Zumstein--creator of xlwings, a popular open source package for automating Excel with Python--shows experienced Excel users how to integrate these two worlds efficiently.Excel has added quite a few new capabilities over the past couple of years, but its automation language, VBA, stopped evolving a long time ago. Many Excel power users have already adopted Python for daily automation tasks. This guide gets you started.Use Python without extensive programming knowledgeGet started with modern tools, including Jupyter notebooks and Visual Studio codeUse pandas to acquire, clean, and analyze data and replace typical Excel calculationsAutomate tedious tasks like consolidation of Excel workbooks and production of Excel reportsUse xlwings to build interactive Excel tools that use Python as a calculation engineConnect Excel to databases and CSV files and fetch data from the internet using Python codeUse Python as a single tool to replace VBA, Power Query, and Power Pivot
Python for Experimental Psychologists
by Edwin DalmaijerProgramming is an important part of experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience, and Python is an ideal language for novices. It sports a very readable syntax, intuitive variable management, and a very large body of functionality that ranges from simple arithmetic to complex computing. Python for Experimental Psychologists provides researchers without prior programming experience with the knowledge they need to independently script experiments and analyses in Python. The skills it offers include: how to display stimuli on a computer screen; how to get input from peripherals (e.g. keyboard, mouse) and specialised equipment (e.g. eye trackers); how to log data; and how to control timing. In addition, it shows readers the basic principles of data analysis applied to behavioural data, and the more advanced techniques required to analyse trace data (e.g. pupil size) and gaze data. Written informally and accessibly, the book deliberately focuses on the parts of Python that are relevant to experimental psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists. It is also supported by a companion website where you will find colour versions of the figures, along with example stimuli, datasets and scripts, and a portable Windows installation of Python.
Python for Experimental Psychologists: A Fun Way of Learning How to Code Your Experiments and Analyses
by null Edwin S. Dalmaijer null Rebecca Hirst null Jonathan PeircePython for Experimental Psychologists equips researchers who have no prior programming experience with the essential knowledge to independently script experiments and analyses in the programming language Python. This book offers an excellent introduction, whether you are an undergraduate, a PhD candidate, or an established researcher.This updated edition is on Python 3 (the most current version). It starts by teaching the fundamentals of programming in Python and then offers several chapters on scripting experiments (displaying stimuli, obtaining and logging user input, precision timing, etc.) using the popular PsychoPy package. The remainder of the book is dedicated to data analysis and includes chapters on reading/writing to text files, time series, eye tracking, data visualisation, and statistics.Access to online support material enriches the learning experience with colour figures, example stimuli, datasets, scripts, and a portable Windows installation of Python. This book assumes no prior knowledge, and its informal and accessible tone helps readers with backgrounds in experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience to quickly understand Python. It serves as a useful resource not only for researchers in these fields but also for lecturers instructing on methodology and data analysis.Python for Experimental Psychologists demystifies programming complexities and empowers researchers to proficiently conduct experiments and analyse their results.
Python for Finance
by Yves HilpischThe financial industry has adopted Python at a tremendous rate recently, with some of the largest investment banks and hedge funds using it to build core trading and risk management systems. This hands-on guide helps both developers and quantitative analysts get started with Python, and guides you through the most important aspects of using Python for quantitative finance.Using practical examples through the book, author Yves Hilpisch also shows you how to develop a full-fledged framework for Monte Carlo simulation-based derivatives and risk analytics, based on a large, realistic case study. Much of the book uses interactive IPython Notebooks, with topics that include:Fundamentals: Python data structures, NumPy array handling, time series analysis with pandas, visualization with matplotlib, high performance I/O operations with PyTables, date/time information handling, and selected best practicesFinancial topics: mathematical techniques with NumPy, SciPy and SymPy such as regression and optimization; stochastics for Monte Carlo simulation, Value-at-Risk, and Credit-Value-at-Risk calculations; statistics for normality tests, mean-variance portfolio optimization, principal component analysis (PCA), and Bayesian regressionSpecial topics: performance Python for financial algorithms, such as vectorization and parallelization, integrating Python with Excel, and building financial applications based on Web technologies
Python for Finance: Mastering Data-Driven Finance
by Yves J. HilpischThe financial industry has recently adopted Python at a tremendous rate, with some of the largest investment banks and hedge funds using it to build core trading and risk management systems. Updated for Python 3, the second edition of this hands-on book helps you get started with the language, guiding developers and quantitative analysts through Python libraries and tools for building financial applications and interactive financial analytics.Using practical examples throughout the book, author Yves Hilpisch also shows you how to develop a full-fledged framework for Monte Carlo simulation-based derivatives and risk analytics, based on a large, realistic case study. Much of the book uses interactive IPython Notebooks.
Python for Finance
by Yuxing YanA hands-on guide with easy-to-follow examples to help you learn about option theory, quantitative finance, financial modeling, and time series using Python. Python for Finance is perfect for graduate students, practitioners, and application developers who wish to learn how to utilize Python to handle their financial needs. Basic knowledge of Python will be helpful but knowledge of programming is necessary.
Python for Finance Cookbook: Over 50 recipes for applying modern Python libraries to financial data analysis
by Eryk LewinsonSolve common and not-so-common financial problems using Python libraries such as NumPy, SciPy, and pandas Key Features Use powerful Python libraries such as pandas, NumPy, and SciPy to analyze your financial data Explore unique recipes for financial data analysis and processing with Python Estimate popular financial models such as CAPM and GARCH using a problem-solution approach Book Description Python is one of the most popular programming languages used in the financial industry, with a huge set of accompanying libraries. In this book, you'll cover different ways of downloading financial data and preparing it for modeling. You'll calculate popular indicators used in technical analysis, such as Bollinger Bands, MACD, RSI, and backtest automatic trading strategies. Next, you'll cover time series analysis and models, such as exponential smoothing, ARIMA, and GARCH (including multivariate specifications), before exploring the popular CAPM and the Fama-French three-factor model. You'll then discover how to optimize asset allocation and use Monte Carlo simulations for tasks such as calculating the price of American options and estimating the Value at Risk (VaR). In later chapters, you'll work through an entire data science project in the financial domain. You'll also learn how to solve the credit card fraud and default problems using advanced classifiers such as random forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, and stacked models. You'll then be able to tune the hyperparameters of the models and handle class imbalance. Finally, you'll focus on learning how to use deep learning (PyTorch) for approaching financial tasks. By the end of this book, you'll have learned how to effectively analyze financial data using a recipe-based approach. What you will learn Download and preprocess financial data from different sources Backtest the performance of automatic trading strategies in a real-world setting Estimate financial econometrics models in Python and interpret their results Use Monte Carlo simulations for a variety of tasks such as derivatives valuation and risk assessment Improve the performance of financial models with the latest Python libraries Apply machine learning and deep learning techniques to solve different financial problems Understand the different approaches used to model financial time series data Who this book is for This book is for financial analysts, data analysts, and Python developers who want to learn how to implement a broad range of tasks in the finance domain. Data scientists looking to devise intelligent financial strategies to perform efficient financial analysis will also find this book useful. Working knowledge of the Python programming language is mandatory to grasp the concepts covered in the book effectively.