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Impact Of Revised Airborne Exposure Limits On Non-stockpile Chemical Materiel Program Activities
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThe U.S. Army’s Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel program is responsible for dismantling former chemical agent production facilities and destroying recovered chemical materiel. In response to congressional requirements, the Center for Disease Control (CDC), in 2003, recommended new airborne exposure limits (AELs) to protect workforce and public health during operations to destroy this materiel. To assist in meeting these recommended limits, the U.S. Army asked the NRC for a review of its implementation plans for destruction of production facilities at the Newport Chemical Depot and the operation of two types of mobile destruction systems. This report presents the results of that review. It provides recommendations on analytical methods, on airborne containment monitoring, on operational procedures, on the applicability of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and on involvement of workers and the public in implementation of the new AELs.
Impact of Agriculture on Soil Degradation I: Perspectives from Africa, Asia, America and Oceania (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry #120)
by Paulo Pereira Miriam Muñoz-Rojas Igor Bogunovic Wenwu ZhaoThis is the first of two volumes that together provide a global overview of the impact of agriculture on soil degradation, tracing the most critical drivers like the use and abuse of agrochemicals, mechanization, overgrazing, irrigation, slash and burn agriculture, and the use of plastics. This book covers the main effects of agriculture practices on soil degradation in several countries from Africa, America, Asia, and Oceania, and it elucidates the impact of chemical agents on soil quality, namely, the use of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, soil acidification and microplastics pollution. In these continents, a large number of the population depend on agriculture, which sets an enormous pressure on the ecosystems. Divided into 13 chapters, the book offers authoritative contributions about the fundamental soil degradation problems in countries such as Argentina, Australia, Peru and Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Israel, Kenya, Mexico, South Africa, the United States of America. As soil degradation issues are often linked with biodiversity loss and poverty, readers will also find in this book an important discussion of the different social, economic, political, and environmental aspects contributing to soil quality and sustainable management. Given the breadth and depth of its coverage, the book offers an invaluable source of information for researchers, students, environmental managers and policymakers alike.
Impact of Agriculture on Soil Degradation II: A European Perspective (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry #121)
by Paulo Pereira Miriam Muñoz-Rojas Igor Bogunovic Wenwu ZhaoThis is the second of two volumes that together provide a global overview of the impact of agriculture on soil degradation, tracing the most critical drivers like the use and abuse of agrochemicals, mechanization, overgrazing, irrigation, slash and burn agriculture, and the use of plastics.Soil degradation caused by agriculture practices is a complex issue which depends on the interaction of social, economic, political, and environmental aspects. In this book, expert contributors elucidate the extension of the effects of agriculture on soil degradation in Europe, a continent with different cultures and political backgrounds that affect agricultural practices. Readers will also find in this book authoritative solutions to minimize the effects of agriculture intensification and land-use in this continent. Divided into 12 chapters, the book offers a European perspective on soil quality and sustainable management, including case studies about the impact of chemical agents like fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and soil acidification and microplastics pollution in agriculture practices from countries such as Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Germany, Portugal and Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Ukraine. Given the breadth and depth of its coverage, the book offers an invaluable source of information for researchers, students and environmental managers alike.
Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Environmental Health: Exploring the Situation of the Lower Gangetic Delta
by Abhijit MitraThis book examines the impacts that the COVID-19 lockdown has had on environmental and ecological health, with a focus on coastal ecosystems in the Lower Gangetic Delta. The book begins with an overview of COVID-19's spread and impact before and after the lockdown in the focus region, then addresses the specific impacts that the lockdown period had and continues to have on air quality, marine and estuarine water quality, coastal biodiversity, and the livelihoods of the region's inhabitants, especially those who live below the poverty line. The decrease in human activity combined with the complete closure of various sectors, including air travel, oil and gas drilling, and construction, has had a pronounced effect on biodiversity and overall environmental health that is yet to be fully realized. The book sheds light on these changes and assesses how biodiversity, ambient air quality, and ecosystem functioning will progress as COVID-19 remains a threat and the lockdown persists. The study will be of interest to researchers, government officials and professionals dealing with disaster management, environmental science, biological science, and health.
Impact of COVID-19 on Emerging Contaminants: One Health Framework for Risk Assessment and Remediation (Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering)
by Manish Kumar Sanjeeb MohapatraThe book brings out several unique perspectives of impacts of COVID-19 on the environment with special emphasis on the risk and remediation of emerging contaminants. Idea is to work out under the one health framework and comprehend not only scientific and technical aspects but also environmental, legal and policy aspects for water resources management. The obvious stress is given to the occurrence, fate and transport of geogenic, microbial and anthropogenic contaminants of emerging concern under the preview of the fact that antibiotic and antiviral use has been unprecedented during the global pandemic of COVID-19. At the same time, this edited volume touches upon the broader framework of integrated water resource management, as well as mitigation and removal strategies to put forward a holistic picture to the readers and policymakers. These contents are divided into three sections: a) monitoring, occurrence, distribution and fate of emerging contaminants; b) source and effects of these contaminants on the total environment; and c) treatment strategies, natural attenuation and mitigation.
Impact of Climate Change and Human Activity on the Eco-environment
by Liqiang XuThis study describes the fundamentals of assessing the vulnerability of coral islands, as well as environmental management and resource exploitation. Using seabird subfossils, such as bones, guano, eggshells etc. , which have been well preserved on the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea, the author identifies the influences of climate change and human activity on seabird populations and diets. Understanding the past is of great importance for predicting the future, and seabird subfossils provide valuable information, which can be used to study changes in seabird ecology, paleoceanography and palaeoclimate. Furthermore, this study proposes examining the biogeochemical cycling of some elements present in the geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. Dr. Liqiang Xu works at the Hefei University of Technology, China.
Impact of Climate Change in the Indian Sundarbans Region
by Nabanita Mukherjee Giyasuddin SiddiqueThis book studies climate change vulnerability in the Southern Part of the Indian Sundarbans Region, West Bengal, following the IPCC framework which highlights three prime components of vulnerability - exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. This framework is considered as one of the best methods of vulnerability assessment as it uses direct household perception through collection of primary data, and recognizes a household’s proficiency in maintaining sustainable means of livelihood to deal with climatic changes. This is especially important in gauging the knowledge and perception of local indigenous people on climate change, and determining what measures can be taken to foster informed decision making for improved climate change adaptation and management. The specific impact of climate change on women, their lives and livelihood are also given due attention, as there is little written about gendered vulnerability to climate change in the region. The final chapter elaborates the limits, barriers to adaptation of climate change and also extends site specific suggestions for achieving community resilience in the Indian Sundarbans Region.
Impact of Climate Change on Health in Africa: A Focus on Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract
by Amal Saad-Hussein Reda Elwakil Kenza KhomsiThis book provides detailed information on the impact of climate change on gastrointestinal and liver health and disease patterns on the African continent. It also discusses the adaptation measures required to mitigate these impacts and highlights the complex interplay between climate change and various forms of gut diseases, ranging from the spread of infectious diseases to emerging parasites. This volume is intended for both public health researchers, climate epidemiologists, gastroenterologists, hapatologists, and tropical medicine physicians seeking to develop a comprehensive understanding of the links between climate change and disease patterns in Africa. The ideas and findings covered in this book contribute to UN Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being and SDG 13: Climate Action.
Impact of Climate Change on Hydro-Energy Potential
by Mrinmoy Majumder Apu K. SahaThis Brief presents the impact of climatic abnormalities on hydropower potential of different regions of the World. In this regard, multi-criteria decision making and neural network are used to predict the impact of the change cognitively by an index. The results from the study show that the hydro-energy potential of the Asian region is mostly vulnerable with respect to other regions of the World. The model results also encourage further application of the index to analyse the impact of climate change on potential of hydro-energy.
Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Health and Production
by G D Nayak K K Sardar B C Das D P DasThis volume of 30 chapters contributed by reputed authors covers: Diversification of livestock and crops. Integration of livestock systems with forestry and crop production. Drought and heat wave tolerant varieties. Strategies for reduction of Green House Gases emission from ruminants. Application of GIS and remote sensing technologies. Breeds with inherent genetic capabilities to adapt to climate change. This book also takes into account the climate change adaptation, mitigation practices, and policy frameworks for promotion of sustainable livestock and poultry production. This book is co-published with NIPA. Taylor and Francis does not sell or distribute its print and electronic editions in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
Impact of Climate Change on Natural Resource Management
by Mrinmoy Majumder Bipal Kr. JanaAs climate change takes hold, there is an ever-growing need to develop and apply strategies that optimize the use of natural resources, both on land and in water. This book covers a huge range of strategies that can be applied to various sectors, from forests to flood control. Its aim, as with resource management itself, is to combine economics, policy and science to help rehabilitate and preserve our natural resources. Beginning with papers on carbon sequestration, including the practice of artificial desertification, the topics move on to cover the use of distributed modeling and neural networks in estimating water availability and distribution. Further chapters look at uncertainty analysis applied to the spatial variation of hydrologic resources, and finally the book covers attempts at estimating meteorological parameters in the context of hydrological variables such as evapo-transpiration from stream flow. Within the next decade, the effects of climate change will be severe, and felt by ordinary human beings. This book proposes a raft of measures that can mitigate, if not reverse, the impact of global warming on the resources we have all come to depend on.
Impact of Climate Change on Small Scale Hydro-turbine Selections
by Mrinmoy Majumder Uttam RoyHydropower is found to be one of the most reliable and inexpensive options for renewable energy which was now widely been adopted by many countries to substitute fossil fuel sources. This Brief highlights the impact of climate change on hydropower plants, especially on the turbine design, as turbines are responsible for optimal conversion and regular energy production. The vulnerability of turbines is analyzed with the help of Artificial Neural Networks, followed by Multi Criteria Decision Making methods for development of intelligent indices to represent the level of vulnerability of turbines due to the change in climate.
Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources: With Modeling Techniques and Case Studies (Springer Climate)
by Komaragiri Srinivasa Raju Dasika Nagesh KumarThis book gives an overview of various aspects of climate change by integrating global climate models, downscaling approaches, and hydrological models. It also covers themes that help in understanding climate change in a holistic manner. The book includes worked-out examples, revision questions, exercise problems, and case studies, making it relevant for use as a textbook in graduate courses and professional development programs. The book will serve well researchers, students, as well as professionals working in the area of hydroclimatology.
Impact of Climate Change, Land Use and Land Cover, and Socio-economic Dynamics on Landslides (Disaster Risk Reduction)
by Rajib Shaw Biswajeet Pradhan Raju SarkarThis book discusses the impact of climate change, land use and land cover, and socio-economic dynamics on landslides in Asian countries. Scholars recently have brought about a shift in their focus regarding triggering factors for landslides, from rainfall or earthquake to claiming rapid urbanization, extreme population pressure, improper land use planning, illegal hill cutting for settlements and indiscriminate deforestation. This suggests that the occurrence or probabilities of landslides are shaped by both climate-related and non-climate-related anthropogenic factors. Among these issues, land use and land cover change or improper land use planning is one of the key factors. Further climate change shapes the rainfall pattern and intensity in different parts of the world, and consequently rainfall-triggered landslides have increased. These changes cause socio-economic changes. Conversely, socio-economic and lifestyle changes enhance inappropriate land use and climate change. All these changes in land use, climate and socio-economic aspects are dynamics in nature and shape landslide risks in Asian countries, where they are given serious attention by governments, disaster management professionals, researchers and academicians.This book comprises 21 chapters divided into three major sections highlighting the effect of climate change on landslide incidence with the influence on vegetation and socio-economic aspects. The sections address how climate change and extreme events have triggered landslides. The advances in geospatial techniques with the focus on land use and land cover change along with the effect on socio-economic aspects are also explored.
Impact of Climate Changes on Marine Environments
by Tymon Zielinski Marcin Weslawski Karol KulińskiThis book contributes to the current discussion on global environmental changes by discussing modifications in marine ecosystems related to global climate changes. In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate changes are associated with shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen concentration and ocean acidification, which have significant biological effects on a regional and global scale. Knowing how these changes affect the distribution and abundance of plankton in the ocean currents is crucial to our understanding of how climate change impacts the marine environment. Ocean temperatures, weather and climatic changes greatly influence the amount and location of nutrients in the water column. If temperatures and currents change, the plankton production cycle may not coincide with the reproduction cycle of fish. The above changes are closely related to the changes in radiative forcing, which initiate feedback mechanisms like changes in surface temperature, circulation, and atmospheric chemistry.
Impact!: Asteroids and the Science of Saving the World
by Elizabeth Rusch Karin AndersonAsteroids bombard our atmosphere all the time. Some are harmless, burning up in a flash of light. But others explode with a great sonic boom, smashing windows and throwing people to the ground. Worst of all, some asteroids strike our planet, blasting out massive craters and destroying everything nearby on impact. Follow the award-winning author Elizabeth Rusch into the field with scientists as they search for dangerous asteroids in space, study asteroids that have smashed into the ground, and make plans to prevent an asteroid strike if one ever threatens our planet.
Impact-Activated Solidification of Cornstarch and Water Suspensions
by Scott R. WaitukaitisThis thesis approaches impact resistance in dense suspensions from a new perspective. The most well-known example of dense suspensions, a mixture of cornstarch and water, provides enough impact resistance to allow a person to run across its surface. In the past, this phenomenon had been linked to "shear thickening" under a steady shear state attributed to hydrodynamic interactions or granular dilation. However, neither explanation accounted for the stress scales required for a person to run on the surface. Through this research, it was discovered that the impact resistance is due to local compression of the particle matrix. This compression forces the suspension across the jamming transition and precipitates a rapidly growing solid mass. This growing solid, as a result, absorbs the impact energy. This is the first observation of such jamming front, linking nonlinear suspension dynamics in a new way to the jamming phase transition known from dry granular materials.
Impacts of Climate Change on Allergens and Allergic Diseases
by Paul J. BeggsClimate change has been identified as the biggest global health threat of the twenty-first century. Hundreds of millions of people around the world currently suffer from allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (hay fever), and the prevalence of these diseases is increasing. This book is the first authoritative and comprehensive assessment of the many impacts of climate change on allergens, such as pollen and mould spores, and allergic diseases. The international authorship team of leaders in this field explore the topic to a breadth and depth far beyond any previous work. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in climate change, environmental allergens, and related allergic diseases. It is written at a level that is accessible for those working in related physical, biological, and health and medical sciences, including researchers, academics, clinicians, and advanced students.
Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment
by US Global Research ProgramAs global climate change proliferates, so too do the health risks associated with the changing world around us. Called for in the President’s Climate Action Plan and put together by experts from eight different Federal agencies, The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health: A Scientific Assessment is a comprehensive report on these evolving health risks, including: Temperature-related death and illnessAir quality deteriorationImpacts of extreme events on human healthVector-borne diseasesClimate impacts on water-related IllnessFood safety, nutrition, and distributionMental health and well-being This report summarizes scientific data in a concise and accessible fashion for the general public, providing executive summaries, key takeaways, and full-color diagrams and charts. Learn what health risks face you and your family as a result of global climate change and start preparing now with The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health.
Impacts of Climate Change on Young People in Small Island Communities (Sustainable Development Goals Series)
by Andrew SimmonsThis book presents a comprehensive overview of the history, definition, causes, effects, impacts and implications of climate change on young people globally, with a focus on Small Island Communities (SIDS) in particular. The text highlights the key problems associated with the impact of climate change on young people in SIDS, specifically its effects on socio-economic development and livelihoods, and explores the need for the development of a new conceptual framework to deal with building the resilience of the adaptive capacity of youth in SIDS. The book analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the emerging phenomenon of Global Youth Climate Change Movements/Actions, and examines the management/governance challenges associated with the Movement in terms of its operational mechanism, mobilization strategies and its use of social media/technology to mobilize mass action. The text concludes with a recommendation for further research in this area as a way to understand how the Movement functions and its mechanism for implementation of future research.
Impacts of Climate and Human Activities on Water Resources and Quality: Integrated Regional Assessment (Springer Geography Ser.)
by Weili Duan Kaoru TakaraWith the rapid increase of world population, the global water shortage is set to be the major crises of the twenty-first century; that is, population dynamics (growth, age distribution, urbanization and migration) create pressures on freshwater resources due to the increased water demands and pollution. Moreover, water resources management faces a new uncertainty- i.e. the potential for longer-term and more persistent climate change nowadays, which, in coming years, may significantly affect the availability of supply and patterns of water demand. This book mainly focuses on the impact of climate change and human activities on water quality and water resources in Asia Countries. It begins by describing the characteristics of water related disasters in the world. Then, the book analyzes the changes of floods and associated socio-economic damages for whole China over the last century, and assesses water quality and pollution source for the Yangtze River Basin, suggesting water-related disasters would become more intense, longer lasting, and/or more frequent in a future warmer climate. Then, after investigating spatiotemporal trends and causes of water quality and water quality incidents (Chapter 4) and precipitation extreme events (Chapter 5) in Japan, subsequent two chapters mainly evaluate the climate and human impacts on precipitation variations, water quality and water resources in the Hokkaido area. The final chapter comprehensively analyzes climate change impacts on water resources in the Aral Sea Basin, and then estimate the water requirements and water deficits for irrigation, future agricultural yields of seven major crops, and land and water productivity in four provinces of Turkmenistan considering climate change, population growth, and three socio-economic development scenarios. All results obtained from this book may provide a means to reduce water quality incidents and mitigate future negative impacts by adapting water management. Furthermore, the improved methods for water quality modeling in data scarce regions are transferable to other study areas and applicable in future research.
Impacts of Fukushima Nuclear Accident on Freshwater Environments
by Seiya NagaoThis book examines the impacts of radionuclides released from the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident on inland aquatic environments. The focus is on the dynamics of radiocesium in inland aquatic environments.The book comprises three parts: migration behavior of radiocesium in river and lake environment, accumulation of radiocesium into organisms in freshwater, and integrated environmental analysis in a lake system and a forest-freshwater system. Many studies on the dynamics of radionuclides have been published after the FDNPP accident, especially of radiocesium (134Cs 137Cs) in land and marine environment. The key features of this book are the new data of freshwater environment including transport of radionuclides in river and lake watershed, and accumulation of radiocesium in freshwater fishes and insects. Another feature of this book is that it summarizes the dataset of a model lake, Lake Akagi-Onuma, from geochemical and biological approaches.Readers will learn the actual dispersion behavior of radionuclides released from the Fukushima accident and their impacts on freshwater environments since the accident in 2011. The book presents valuable information for assessing the impacts of the FDNPP accident on ecosystem and human health, which are also useful in developing countermeasures for similar accidents and environmental contaminations.
Impacts of Human Population on Wildlife: A British Perspective (Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation)
by Trevor J. BeebeeWildlife and the countryside are highly valued by people in the UK, and for good reason. Healthy habitats are invaluable assets and promote human wellbeing. However, they are under increasing threat from, among other things, relentless urban expansion and intensive modern agriculture. These pressures largely stem from a major underlying cause – the high and growing population of humans living in the UK. This book provides an overview of wildlife in the UK and its recent status; factors contributing to wildlife declines; trends in human numbers; international deliberations about the impacts of human population growth; and the implications for the future of wildlife conservation in the UK. The evidence-based text includes comparisons of wildlife declines and their causes in other countries, providing a global perspective. This book is for ecologists, naturalists and conservation biologists studying and working in academia or in consultancies, as well as all those interested in wildlife conservation.
Impacts of Invasive Species on Coastal Environments: Coasts in Crisis (Coastal Research Library #29)
by Charles W. Finkl Christopher MakowskiThis book focuses on the global threats to coastal environments from invasive, non-native species and examines how these alien biological species adversely alter landscapes and socioeconomic conditions as well as the psychological attitudes and perceptions of local inhabitants and tourists. Designed for the professional or specialist in marine science, coastal zone management, biology, and related disciplines, this volume appeals to those not only working directly with invasive flora and fauna species, but also those individuals involved in a wide array of coastal related fields. Examples and case studies of coastal invasive species are drawn from many different geographic areas worldwide, including North and South America, Europe, Oceania, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
Impacts of Large Dams: A Global Assessment
by Asit K. Biswas Cecilia Tortajada Dogan AltinbilekOne of the most controversial issues of the water sector in recent years has been the impacts of large dams. Proponents have claimed that such structures are essential to meet the increasing water demands of the world and that their overall societal benefits far outweight the costs. In contrast, the opponents claim that social and environmental costs of large dams far exceed their benefits, and that the era of construction of large dams is over. A major reason as to why there is no consensus on the overall benefits of large dams is because objective, authoritative and comprehensive evaluations of their impacts, especially ten or more years after their construction, are conspicuous by their absence. This book debates impartially, comprehensively and objectively, the positive and negative impacts of large dams based on facts, figures and authoritative analyses. These in-depth case studies are expected to promote a healthy and balanced debate on the needs, impacts and relevance of large dams, with case studies from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and Latin America.