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Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence
by Paula G. Coble Jamie Lead Andy Baker Darren M. Reynolds Robert G. M. Spencer Paula G. Coble Jamie Lead Andy Baker Darren M. ReynoldsThis is the first comprehensive text on the theory and practice of aquatic organic matter fluorescence analysis, written by the experts who pioneered the research area. This book covers the topic in the broadest possible terms, providing a common reference for making measurements that are comparable across disciplines, and allowing consistent interpretation of data and results. The book includes the fundamental physics and chemistry of organic matter fluorescence, as well as the effects of environmental factors. All aspects of sample handling, data processing, and the operation of both field and laboratory instrumentation are included, providing the practical advice required for successful fluorescence analyses. Advanced methods for data interpretation and modeling, including parallel factor analysis, are also discussed. The book will interest those establishing field, laboratory, or industrial applications of fluorescence, including advanced students and researchers in environmental chemistry, marine science, environmental geosciences, environmental engineering, soil science, and physical geography.
Aquatic Physiosphere-Biosphere Dynamics and Modelling: A Reference for Studies of the Coupled System
by Aike BeckmannThis encyclopedia is a reference for aquatic physical, biological and biogeochemical sciences, collecting and connecting a number of topics, concepts and facts about aquatic systems and their scientific investigation. The scope of the book comprises the aquatic physiosphere-biosphere transition zone, an entity that encompasses both inanimate matter and collectives (the physiosphere) as well as living organisms and collectives (the biosphere). This combined approach is meaningful because both realms are intimately linked and because available methods of investigation are often similar. Much can be gained from considering both spheres at and across their interface jointly, and while there is a strong focus on marine systems, most concepts presented are also applicable to freshwater systems. This presented snapshot of knowledge of the transition zone between the aquatic physiosphere and biosphere is taken from a very specific angle: the point of view of a modeler. Modeling is not only a state-of-the-art mode of scientific investigation, but also requires the explicit specification of all assumptions (helping to avoid fallacies), and offers the advantage of being quantitative and allows for theoretical "what if" scenarios.As in any reference work, equal emphasis is given to fundamental facts, the definition of terms and the explanation of concepts, in an attempt to establish a joint language for physicists, biologists and biogeochemists. Although originating from a modeler's approach to nature, the resulting suite of compatible concepts may also be useful beyond modeling purposes. Furthermore, the material is presented in a condensed, straightforward way. Hence, the length of each entry is limited to one (occasionally two) pages, thus offering a quick introductory overview. This excludes lengthy derivations and very specialized details. The book is geared towards researchers, teachers and advanced students in the field of aquatic (marine and limnic) sciences, in particular those interested or involved in interdisciplinary work.
Aquatic Sciences in the Tropics: Inland Waters, Domain and Nutrient Geochemistry
by B.B. JanaThe tropical environment is unique due to its geographic location, climatic features, intense solar radiation, high temperature, heavy precipitation, less seasonal variation, enhanced food and productivity, faster metabolism, ecological dynamics and co-evolutionary processes that favor niches for specialized species. It also provides the richest biodiversity with endemic fish species that support millions of people in rural areas. This book Aquatic Sciences in the Tropics: Inland Waters, Domain and Nutrient Geochemistry comprises nine primary chapters that address various topics. Chapter 1 covers topics such as Water as a Substance, Water as a Medium, Fundamentals of Global Water Distribution and Hydrologic Cycle, Economics of Water and Challenges; Chapter 2: The Environment, Tropical Environment, Concept of Biosphere and Aquatic Biome, Tropical Aquatic Bionetwork, Tropical Limnology; Chapter 3: Origin of Lakes, General Classification of Lakes, Tropical Lakes, Lake Morphometry, Morpho-Edaphic Index, Trophic State Index of Lakes, Wetlands, Mangroves; Chapter 4: Concept of Stream Order, Streams and Rivers, The River Continuum Concept, Physico-chemical and Biological Features of Streams, Adaptations of Hill Stream Fishes; Chapter 5: Light as an Entity, Thermal Regime, Thermal Stratification, Lake Mixing, Turnover and Circulation; Chapter 6: Sources of CO2 in Inland Waters, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, The CO2–CO3–HCO3 System, Alkalinity, Hardness; Chapter 7: Dissolved Oxygen, Oxidation and Reduction Potential; Chapter 8: Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Organic Carbon; Chapter 9: Origin of Atmospheric Gases, Carbon and Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Fixation, Ammonification, Nitrification and Comammox, Denitrification and Anammox, Phosphorus and Sulphur.It is anticipated that the academic community, students, teachers, instructors, researchers, colleges, universities, institutions, administrators, policy makers, public libraries and the general public with an interest in these topics will find this text to be a valuable source of information and provide in-depth knowledge.
Aquatic Toxicology in Freshwater: The Multiple Biomarker Approach (Springer Water)
by Muhammed Atamanalp Gonca Alak Arzu Uçar Veysel ParlakThis book will provide an important source of practical information on the history of toxicology, the ways in which pollutants reach model organisms used in toxicology, sampling methods for research, mechanisms of toxicity and responses of aquatic organisms to toxic agents, as well as the use of therapeutic agents in current approaches. Determining the importance of environmentally friendly substances on antioxidant defense is an obvious area of future research.The combined use of a biomarkers range that can indicate exposure to pollutants and measure their effects on living organisms enables a more comprehensive and integrative assessment of indicator organisms in the aquatic environment, both biochemically and cellularly. In conclusion, the multiple biomarker approach had received great interest in ecotoxicological research and had recently been adapted to both field and laboratory studies.
Aquatische Biopolymere: Verständnis ihrer industriellen Bedeutung und ihrer Umweltauswirkungen
by Ololade OlatunjiDieses Buch gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über die jüngsten Entwicklungen bei industriellen Anwendungen, Verarbeitungstechniken und Modifikationen von Polymeren aus marinen Quellen. Es führt den Leser systematisch in die Biomaterialien Chitin, Kollagen, Alginate, Cellulose und Polyester ein und stellt eine Verbindung zwischen ihrer industriellen Bedeutung und ihren Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt her. Das Buch verdeutlicht die Auswirkungen der industriellen Nutzung des aquatischen Systems für organische und anorganische Stoffe auf die Umwelt und vertieft das Verständnis der industriellen und wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung aquatischer Biopolymere. Darüber hinaus geht es um die Frage, wie die Erhaltung des aquatischen Lebens und das industrielle und wirtschaftliche Interesse an der Entwicklung biologisch abbaubarer Alternativen für Kunststoffe in Einklang gebracht werden können. Das Buch richtet sich daher an Wissenschaftler:innen aus den Bereichen Chemie, Material- und Polymerwissenschaften sowie Ingenieurwesen.
Aquatopia: Climate Interventions (Critical Climate Studies)
by May Joseph Sofia VarinoAquatopia documents Harmattan Theater’s ecological interventions and traces its engagements with water-bound landscapes, colonial histories, climate change, and public space across New York City, Venice, Amsterdam, Lisbon, and Cochin. The volume uses Harmattan’s site-specific performances as a point of departure to consider climate change and rising sea levels as geographical, ecological, and urban phenomena. Instead of a collection of flat, static surfaces, the Aquatopia atlas is animated by a disorienting, anti-mapping strategy, producing a deterritorialized, nomadic, fluid atlas unfolding in real time as an archive of climate change in multidimensional, active space. The book is designed for pedagogical access, with interludes that consolidate the learning outcomes of the experimental theory animating each site-specific performance. Accompanied by close descriptions of five performances and supplemented by digital documentation available online, this volume intervenes in discussions on climate change, urbanism, and postcolonization/decolonialization, and contributes to interdisciplinary studies of ecology and environmental politics, postcolonial/decolonial theories and practices, performance studies and aesthetics, in particular public art, and performance as research.
Aquifer Characterization Techniques: Schlumberger Methods in Water Resources Evaluation Series No. 4 (Springer Hydrogeology)
by Robert G. MalivaThis book presents an overview of techniques that are available to characterize sedimentary aquifers. Groundwater flow and solute transport are strongly affected by aquifer heterogeneity. Improved aquifer characterization can allow for a better conceptual understanding of aquifer systems, which can lead to more accurate groundwater models and successful water management solutions, such as contaminant remediation and managed aquifer recharge systems. This book has an applied perspective in that it considers the practicality of techniques for actual groundwater management and development projects in terms of costs, technical resources and expertise required, and investigation time. A discussion of the geological causes, types, and scales of aquifer heterogeneity is first provided. Aquifer characterization methods are then discussed, followed by chapters on data upscaling, groundwater modelling, and geostatistics. This book is a must for every practitioner, graduate student, or researcher dealing with aquifer characterization .
Aquifer Storage and Recovery in the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: A Critique of the Pilot Projects and Related Plans for ASR in the Lake Okeechobee and Western Hillsboro Areas
by National Research CouncilA report on Aquifer Storage and Recovery in the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan.
Aquifer Test Solutions: A Practitioner’s Guide with Algorithms Using ANSDIMAT
by Leonid N. SindalovskiyThis book, designed as a handbook, provides a systematic treatment of analytical solutions describing groundwater flow during aquifer tests. The book integrates the majority of known solutions from well hydraulics and subsurface flow theory, starting with pioneering work from the early 20th century up to the most recent publications in scientific journals. The book includes about 300 transient solutions covering a wide range of aquifer test scenarios and hydrogeological conditions. All the solutions have been thoroughly tested and implemented in the multifunctional ANSDIMAT software. The book comprises three parts and is supplemented by appendices. The first part of the book is dedicated to basic analytical relationships referring to pumping tests with constant discharge rate. Conceptual models describe confined, unconfined, confined-unconfined, inhomogeneous, and fracture-porous aquifers, as well as leaky aquifers and multi-layer aquifer systems. Complicating factors such as flow boundaries, aquifer anisotropy, non-uniform aquifer thickness, partial well penetration, wellbore storage and skin, the effect of capillary forces are also considered. The second part focuses on complex pumping test settings and well system configurations. Analytical solutions are presented for pumping from a horizontal or inclined well, constant-head tests, multi-well variable-discharge tests, simultaneous pumping from adjacent aquifers and dipole flow tests. Detailed descriptions are given for slug and recovery tests. The third part of the book contains algorithms for evaluating hydraulic characteristics using analytical and graphical methods, and is supplemented by the ANSDIMAT tool. This software includes solutions for some practical engineering-hydrogeological problems, in particular, the assessment of aquifer characteristics by data on groundwater level monitoring and the evaluation of water inflow into open pits. The book is supplemented with appendices in which hydrogeologists can find a vast body of useful information including mathematical descriptions of the majority of analytical functions used in the book, their plots and possible approximations. Audience: The book is useful for hydrogeologists (students, engineers and researchers) engaged in groundwater flow studies, aquifer test analysis, environmental geologists and civil engineers. Experts in water flow numerical modeling and programmers developing software for aquifer tests will find valuable information in this book, which can also be used for educational and research purposes.
The Arab Uprisings: Protests, Gender and War (2011-2021)
by Giuseppe Acconcia Lorenza PeriniThis book investigates the role of social groups in mobilizing resources for protests in repressive contexts. In particular, it examines the impact of organizations and informal groups on individual engagement in the protests developed in 2010–2011 in Tunisia, Egypt, and Syria. Empirical analysis draws on a wave of events and protests that took place between 2010 and 2021. It explores how, in repressive contexts, spontaneous groups and more established and formal organizations continuously switch from one form to another, transforming themselves faster than they would do in democratic contexts.
The Arab World (Routledge Introductions to Development)
by Allan M. FindlayDisruption following the Gulf War, and the need to satisfy both rising economic aspirations and the Islamic values of the region's peoples, demands fresh examination of development issues in the Arab world. This introductory text assesses how agricultural, industrial and urban development has evolved in the Arab region. Contrasting Arab and Western interpretations of `development', it draws on case studies covering states as diverse as Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Morocco and Jordan. The author suggests that until the Arabs define their own identity, there will continue to be `change' but not necessarily `progress' in the region.
Arabian Plate and Surroundings: Geology, Sedimentary Basins and Georesources (Regional Geology Reviews)
by Sami Khomsi François M. Roure Mansour Al Garni Ammar AminThis book focuses on the evolution of sedimentary basins of the Arabian Plate and its surroundings. Because these sedimentary basins developed in various tectonic settings, from extensional or transtensional to flexural, transpressional or compressional, their sedimentary sequences provide unique records of the regional geology. Georesources of the Arabian Plate are also described here, including petroleum potential, reservoirs, water resources, fresh water and deep saline aquifers, as well as materials and ore deposits. The book is made by a set of papers authored by geoscientists working in both academia and industry. Numerous chapters describe some regional important geologic features and selected sedimentary basins from the Middle East, North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula domains. Other chapters focus on georesources. A particular focus is given to the geology of Saudi Arabia. This book is an important contribution to the geology of the Arabian Peninsula and its surroundings. In view of the strategic and economic importance of the regional geology and georesources of the Arabian Plate and Surroundings, this volume will constitute an important reference for a wide range of geoscientists interested in the geology of this region, especially those active in petroleum geosciences and related industry. Ultimately, readers will discover important thematic maps in this book.
The Arabian Seas: Biodiversity, Environmental Challenges and Conservation Measures
by Laith A. JawadThe Arabian Seas Marine Region encompasses marine areas from Djibouti to Pakistan, including the northern part of Somalia, the Red Sea, the Arabian/Persian Gulf, and parts of the Arabian Sea. Human pressures on the coastal and marine environments are evident throughout the region, and have resulted in harmful environmental effects. Oil and domestic, urban and industrial pollutants in several areas of this part of the world have caused local habitat degradation, eutrophication and algal blooms. Further, coastal landfill, dredging, and sedimentation, as well as nutrient and sediment runoff from phosphate mining, agriculture and grazing, and reduction in freshwater seepage due to groundwater extraction are all contributing to the degradation of coastal environments. This book discusses aspects not covered in other books on the region, which largely focus on marine biodiversity, and examines several environmental challenges that are often ignored, but which have a significant impact on the environment. Evaluating the status quo, it also recommends conservation measures and examines the abiotic factors that play a major main role in the environmental changes. Lastly, the book addresses the biodiversity of the area, providing a general context for the conservation and management measures discussed.
The Aral Sea Basin: Water for Sustainable Development in Central Asia (Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the World)
by Barbara Janusz-Pawletta Manzoor Qadir Stefanos Xenarios Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt Iskandar AbdullaevThis book offers the first multidisciplinary overview of water resources issues and management in the Aral Sea Basin, covering both the Amu Darya and Syr Darya River Basins. The two main rivers of Amu Darya and Syr Darya and their tributaries comprise the Aral Sea Basin area and are the lifeline for about 70 million inhabitants in Central Asia. Written by regional and international experts, this book critically examines the current state, trends and future of water resources management and development in this major part of the Central Asia region. It brings together insights on the history of water management in the region, surface and groundwater assessment, issues of transboundary water management and environmental degradation and restoration, and an overview of the importance of water for the key economic sectors and overall socio-economic development of Central Asian countries, as well as of hydro politics in the region. The book also focusses on the future of water sector development in the Basin, including a review of local and international actors, as well as an analysis of the current status and progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals by Basin countries. The book will be essential reading for those interested in sea basin management, environmental policy in Central Asia and water resource management more widely. It will also act as a reference source for decision-makers in state agencies, as well as a background source of information for NGOs.
The Aral Sea Environment
by Aleksey N. Kosarev Andrey G. KostianoyThe environmental problems in the Aral Sea region continue to worsen. This volume presents the information gathered to date on various aspects of the Aral Sea environment. Specialists from institutions in Russia, Uzbekistan, France, Germany and the USA cover different topics - from the paleohistory and archaeology of the region, to the present physical, chemical and biological state of the sea, and the analysis of the runoff and deltas of the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers. Further, the regional climate change is discussed and reasons for the progressing environmental crisis and the socio-economic problems in the region are highlighted. The Aral Sea Environment is addressed to scientists working in the fields of physical oceanography, marine chemistry, biology, and the environmental sciences.
Aralkum - a Man-Made Desert: The Desiccated Floor of the Aral Sea (Central Asia) (Ecological Studies #218)
by Siegmar-W. Breckle Liliya A. Dimeyeva Nathalia P. Ogar Walter WuchererHaving been the fourth largest lake on the globe roughly 50 years ago, today the Aral Sea no longer exists. Human activities caused its desiccation and the formation of a huge new desert, the Aralkum, which can be regarded as one of the greatest ecological catastrophes and - at the same time - the largest primary succession experiment of mankind. This volume brings together the results of international and interdisciplinary long-term studies on the new desert ecosystem and is divided into four main sections. The first section provides an overview of the physical characteristics of the area and covers geological, pedological, geomorphological and climatological aspects and their dynamics, especially dust-storm dynamics. The second focuses on the biotic aspects and highlights the spatial and temporal patterns of the flora and fauna. In the third section studies and projects aiming to combat desertification by phytomelioration and to develop strategies for the conservation of biodiversity are presented. The book is rounded off with a section providing a synthesis and conclusions.
Arbeiten mit Messdaten: Eine praktische Kurzeinführung nach GUM
by Philipp Möhrke Bernd-Uwe RungeDas vorliegende Lehrbuch bietet Studierenden der Natur- und Ingenieurswissenschaften einen übersichtlichen und anschaulichen Einstieg in den Umgang mit Messdaten und deren Interpretation unter Verwendung der Messunsicherheit – früher oft Fehlerrechnung genannt. Dabei stehen das Verständnis und die Vermittlung von direkt anwendbarem Wissen im Vordergrund. Auf lange mathematische Herleitungen wird weitgehend verzichtet.Auf Basis einiger einfacher Grundprinzipien wie der Verteilung der Messwerte oder dem mathematischen Modell einer Messung führt dieses Buch in zentrale Themen ein:- das Messen an sich,- die Angabe von Messergebnissen,- das Konzept der Unsicherheit,- die Auswertung von Messdaten mittels verschiedener Methoden,- sowie die Bewertung der erhaltenen Ergebnisse.Alle diese Themen werden anhand vielfältiger Beispiele ausführlich dargestellt und die Anwendung der abstrakten Konzepte anhand konkreter Zahlenbeispiele veranschaulicht. Fragen zur Selbstkontrolle sowie zur Vertiefung der Inhalte runden jedes Kapitel ab.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and Stress Tolerance of Plants
by Qiang-Sheng WuThis book reviews the potential mechanisms in arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs), in the hope that this can help arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to be more used efficiently as a biostimulant to enhance stress tolerance in the host plants. AMF, as well as plants, are often exposed to all or many of the abiotic and biotic stresses, including extreme temperatures, pH, drought, water-logging, toxic metals and soil pathogens. Studies have indicated a quick response to these stresses involving several mechanisms, such as root morphological modification, reactive oxygen species change, osmotic adjustment, direct absorption of water by extraradical hyphae, up-regulated expression of relevant stressed genes, glomalin-related soil protein release, etc. The underlying complex, multi-dimensional strategy is involved in morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. The AMF responses are often associated with homeostatic regulation of the internal and external environment, and are therefore critical for plant health, survival and restoration in native ecosystems and good soil structure.
Arc-Continent Collision (Frontiers in Earth Sciences)
by Dennis Brown Paul D. RyanArc-continent collision has been one of the important tectonic processes in the formation of mountain belts throughout geological time, and it continues to be so today along tectonically active plate boundaries such as those in the SW Pacific or the Caribbean. Arc-continent collision is thought to have been one of the most important process involved in the growth of the continental crust over geological time, and may also play an important role in its recycling back into the mantle via subduction. Understanding the geological processes that take place during arc-continent collision is therefore of importance for our understanding of how collisional orogens evolve and how the continental crust grows or is destroyed. Furthermore, zones of arc-continent collision are producers of much of the worlds primary economic wealth in the form of minerals, so understanding the processes that take place during these tectonic events is of importance in modeling how this mineral wealth is formed and preserved. This book brings together seventeen papers that are dedicated to the investigation of the tectonic processes that take place during arc-continent collision. It is divided into four sections that deal firstly with the main players involved in any arc-continent collision; the continental margin, the subduction zone, and finally the volcanic arc and its mineral deposits. The second section presents eight examples of arc-continent collisions that range from being currently active through to Palaeoproterozoic in age. The third section contains two papers, one that deals with the obduction of large-slab ophiolites and a second that presents a wide range of physical models of arc-continent collision. The fourth section brings everything that comes before together into a discussion of the processes of arc-continent collision.
Arc Volcano of Japan: Generation of Continental Crust from the Mantle (Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences #136)
by Takeru YanagiThis book presents an analysis of our current knowledge on the origin of the Earth's continental crust. There are two aspects to consider: tectonic and igneous processes. Tectonic aspects include sedimentary accretion, terrane accretion, and continental collision at continental margins, in association with plate subduction. These processes result in the formation of large mountain belts, the building up of which literally grows the continents. However, these tectonic aspects are concerned with material recycling within the crust, and hence do not contribute to volumetric growth of continental crust. Igneous processes concern separation of continental crust from the mantle and result in the volumetric growth of continental crust. Therefore, the main focus of this book is to systematically examine why and how the Earth's continental crust forms, by evaluating magmatic processes at island arcs where new continental crust forms.
Arcadia Updated: Raising landscape awareness through analytical narratives
by Marius Fiskevold Anne Katrine GeelmuydenArcadia Updated delves into the concept of landscape as it is shaped by the literary tradition and material works known as pastoral. Referring to several of the tradition’s works as well as scholarly critiques, Fiskevold and Geelmuyden highlight how individual landscape perception is primarily a cultural construct: each individual may see a unique landscape based on personal experiences, but simultaneously, landscape represents a tradition of engaging with nature and land, which has been largely forgotten. In re-engaging and connecting the practice of understanding landscapes with the pastoral tradition, the authors establish a common ground for treating landscape as an object of analysis in landscape planning. Arcadia Updated contributes to the methodological debate concerning landscape character assessment. Including 30 black-and-white images, this book analyses how humans engage with land organically, materially and communicatively. It seeks to raise landscape awareness as both an individual and a collective act of imagination. The practice of analysing landscapes is an ongoing culture of reinterpreting the land as landscape in response to society’s development and technical progress. The role of the landscape analyst is to interpret the contemporary world and offer visual explanations of it. This book will be beneficial to professional landscape planners as well as to academics and students of landscape, literature and cultural studies. It provides an essential contribution to the cross-disciplinarity of the landscape discourse.
ArcGIS Pro and ArcGIS Online: Applications in Water and Environmental Sciences (Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment)
by William BajjaliThis textbook serves as a practical guide for undergraduate and graduate students in geology, hydrology, ecology, and environmental sciences, teaching them applied GIS techniques. Presented as a step-by-step tutorial across seventeen chapters, the book starts with the fundamentals of GIS and progresses to real-life examples from geology and water resources. The focus is on ESRI's ArcGIS Pro, covering various tools for spatial, geostatistical, network, and 3-D analysis. Additionally, it explores ArcGIS Online and working with web apps like Web Map, StoryMaps, and GEO App.GIS applications, especially in water and environmental problem-solving, are rapidly growing worldwide. The demand for GIS experts utilizing spatial analysis in environmental science remains high. This textbook equips users with the necessary knowledge to become effective mappers and spatial analysts in the fields of environment, geosciences, and water resources, employing the latest state-of-the-art methodology.Each chapter provides exercises and supplementary materials available for download on SpringerLink, along with additional links for further learning opportunities.
The Archaean: Geological and Geochemical Windows into the Early Earth
by Andrew Y. GliksonArchaean terrains contain a wealth of structural, stratigraphic, textural, mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic features allowing insights into the nature of the early Earth. This book is based on studies during 1964-2007 of Archaean terrains in Australia and to a lesser extent in South Africa and India, as well as on visits to Archaean terrains in Canada, the US and China, as well as petrological and geochemical studies of igneous and sedimentary rock suites from a range of terrains. The book will include a range of photographic and microscopic images, geological sketch maps and diagrams illustrating the lessons derived from field and the laboratory. Also other Archaean terrains are being reviewed. The book is intended for Earth scientists as well as broader intelligent readership.
The Archaean Geology of the Kaapvaal Craton, Southern Africa (Regional Geology Reviews)
by Alfred Kröner Axel HofmannThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of one of the oldest and best-exposed Archaean cratons on this planet. There is currently a renewed interest in the early Earth, and the Kaapvaal craton has long served as a model for early crustal evolution. This unique multidisciplinary resource features information on geology, tectonics, geochemistry, and geochronology. It offers a wealth of new data on various aspects of the craton as well as contributions on the various crustal units by international specialists.
Archaeogeophysics: State of the Art and Case Studies (Natural Science in Archaeology)
by Gad El-Qady Mohamed MetwalyThis book describes the application of non-destructive geophysical methods in subsurface archaeological features. Such non-destructive methods are magnetometry, electrical resistance, electromagnetic conductivity, magnetic susceptibility and ground penetrating radar. This book also includes the last improvements in instrumentation, data processing, and interpretations of the collected data sets leading to the rapid progress in geophysical applications in the field of archaeological investigations. The book also provides complete case-studies and archaeological interpretation obtained our results carried out in different localities around the world.