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Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesApproximately 3 million gallons of oil or refined petroleum products are spilled into U.S. waters every year. Oil dispersants (chemical agents such as surfactants, solvents, and other compounds) are used to reduce the effect of oil spills by changing the chemical and physical properties of the oil. By enhancing the amount of oil that physically mixes into the water, dispersants can reduce the potential that a surface slick will contaminate shoreline habitats. Although called for in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 as a tool for minimizing the impact of oil spills, the use of chemical dispersants has long been controversial. This book reviews the adequacy of existing information and ongoing research regarding the effectiveness of dispersants as an oil spill response technique, as well as the effect of dispersed oil on marine and coastal ecosystems. Oil Spill Dispersants also includes recommended steps for policy makers faced with making hard choices regarding the use of dispersants as part of spill contingency planning efforts or during actual spills.
Oil Spill Occurrence, Simulation, and Behavior (Fuels and Petrochemicals)
by M.R. RiaziOil Spill Occurrence, Simulation, and Behavior provides practical insight into oil spills and their causes, impacts, response and cleanup methods, simple and advanced modeling of oil spill behavior, and oil spill simulation techniques. Discusses various sources of oil spills and major accidents Includes case studies on the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill, including environmental, economic, and political impacts, modeling and behavior as well as response and cleanup methods Introduces some commercial softwares on predicting oil movement and spreading on water Describes properties and characteristics of crude oil and its products needed for simulation and prediction of behavior of an oil slick Written as an applied book with minimal math and theory, making it accessible to a wide range of readers The book includes more than 100 unique and informative images in color This essential book is aimed at professionals, academics, and scientists in the fields of chemical engineering, petroleum engineering, environmental engineering, marine and ocean engineering working on the simulation and modeling, mitigation, and prevention of oil spills.
Oil and Gas Exploration: Methods and Application
by Olga Hachay Said GaciOil and Gas Exploration: Methods and Application presents a summary of new results related to oil and gas prospecting that are useful for theoreticians and practical professionals. The study of oil and gas complexes and intrusions occurring in sedimentary basins is crucial for identifying the location of oil and gas fields and for making accurate predictions on oil findings. Volume highlights include: Advanced geophysical techniques for achieving hydrocarbon exploration efficiency from beneath the Earth Discussion of theoretical and practical approaches in solving problems related to exploring and mining new oil and gas deposits New geological concepts for predicting potential hydrocarbon targets Novel methods of control of the outworking of these deposits using different geophysical methods, significant for optimization of mining hydrocarbon and carbonate deposits Estimation of the degree of outworking of oil and gas deposits, to facilitate the use of space-time monitoring of different kinds of fields Analysis of exploration data by an efficient processing system, based on strong methods proven mathematically Oil and Gas Exploration is a valuable resource for exploration geophysicists, petroleum engineers, geoengineers, petrologists, mining engineers, and economic geologists, who will gain insights into exploring new methods involved in finding natural resources from our Earth.
Oil and Gas Reservoir Prospecting and Exploration: High-Resolution Seismic (HRS) techniques and technology
by Vladimir L. Trofimov Fanil F. Khaziev Alisa V. TrofimovaThis book discusses topical issues of detailed seismic data interpretation using high-resolution seismic (HRS) techniques, which are based on the numerical method developed by the authors for solving the inverse dynamic seismic problem (IDSP). The authors highlight the range of issues related to the development and application of HRS-Geo technologies on a variety of seismic data, and analyze a significant amount of practical material in various seismic and geological conditions. This analysis allows for the accurate estimation of geological indicators in sediments that are most important for the prediction and exploration of oil and gas deposits, including lithological composition, reservoir properties, and the nature and degree of reservoir rock saturation with fluids. The book is intended for professionals involved in seismic data processing and geological interpretation, students of geophysical and geological specialties, graduate students of these specializations.
Oil and National Identity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Conflicts at the Frontier of Petro-Capitalism (Routledge Studies of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development)
by Alessandro TintiExamining the interplay between the oil economy and identity politics using the Kurdistan Region of Iraq as a case study, this book tells the untold story of how extractivism in the Kurdish autonomous region is interwoven in a mosaic of territorial disputes, simmering ethnic tensions, dynastic rule, party allegiances, crony patronage, and divergent visions about nature. Since the ousting of Saddam Hussein, the de-facto borders of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq have repeatedly changed, with energy interests playing a major role in such processes of territorialisation. However, relatively little research exists on the topic. This book provides a timely, empirical analysis of the intersections between extractive industries, oil imaginaries, and identity formation in one of the most coveted energy frontiers worldwide. It shines a light on relations between the global production networks of petro-capitalism and extractive localities. Besides the strained federal relationship with the Iraqi central government, the transformative effects the petroleum industry has had on Kurdish society are also explored in depth. Moreover, the book fills a gap in the literature on Kurdish Studies, which has devoted scant attention to energy-related issues in the re-imagination of Kurdish self-determination. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of the extractive industries, energy studies, conflict studies, Middle Eastern politics, and political ecology.
Oil and Natural Gas Economy in Argentina: The case of Fracking (The Latin American Studies Book Series)
by Victor Bravo Nicolas Di SbroiavaccaThis book gathers four papers authored by Víctor Bravo and Nicolás Di Sbroiavacca, Oil and Natural Gas Engineers, specialized in Energy Economics. The main axis of the book is the application of the exploitation techniques of Oil and Natural Gas in Argentina, by the so-called “conventional” methods, in comparison with the so-called “Fracking”,(name massively used in the First World and particularly in the United States of America). Argentina has important Oil and Natural Gas resources in different regions of its wide geography. To develop these “non-conventional” techniques has generated endless controversies all over the world, mostly due to its estimated environmental impact and the need of significant requirement of large capitals for investment.Argentina is not out of this relevant controversy because in the mind of the maximum national authorities, fracking is one of the main factors that may contribute to generate monetary funds devoted to the payment of the immense foreign debt of this country. Other authors estimate that it is not possible to develop our country just on the basis of the massive exploitation and boundless export of natural resources. Consequently, fracking is undoubtedly a topic of National Energy Politics.In this scenario, a previous analysis of the National Energy Politics of the recent governments of Argentina, after the bloody military dictatorship of 1976-1983 and the return to democratic governments in December 1983. This analysis is done over the chapters “Analysis of the National Law Nº 27007 (known as the “Hydrocarbon Resources Law”) and the Oil and Natural Gas politics”, the “Oil and Natural Gas Politics of the period from 2003 to 2014” and “The Argentine Energy Politics during the 2014-2018 period”. Later on, the “Fracking” case is fully developed with two complementary analyses. One of them is basically centered on the technical and prospective scenarios for “fracking”: ”Shale Oil and Shale Gas in Argentina: Situation and Perspectives”. The other one, ”A technical opinion about Fracking”, contemplates the impacts resulting from the use of these techniques, especially those concerning the environment. Anyhow, each of the chapters are self-contained, thus permitting separate reading of any of them.
Oil and Water: Media Lessons from Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon Disaster
by Andrea Miller Shearon Roberts Victoria LapoeAlong the Gulf Coast, history is often referenced as pre-Katrina or post-Katrina. However, the natural disaster that appalled the world in 2005 has been joined by another catastrophe, this one man-made—the greatest environmental and maritime accident of all time, the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. In less than five years, the Gulf Coast has experienced two colossal disasters, very different, yet very similar. And these two equally complex crises have resulted in a steep learning curve for all, but especially the journalists covering these enduring stories. In Oil and Water, the authors explore the media-fed experiences, the visuals and narratives associated with both disasters. Katrina journalists have reluctantly had to transform into oil spill journalists. The authors look at this process of growth from the viewpoints not only of the journalists, but also of the public and of the scientific community. Through a detailed analysis of the journalists' content, the authors tackle significant questions. This book assesses the quality of journalism and the effects that quality may have on the public. The authors argue that regardless of the type of journalism involved or the immensity of the events covered, successful reportage still depends on the fundamentals of journalism and the importance of following these tenets consistently in a crisis atmosphere, especially when confronted with enduring crises that are just years apart.
Oil in the Environment
by John A. WiensWhat light does nearly 25 years of scientific study of the Exxon Valdez oil spill shed on the fate and effects of a spill? How can the results help in assessing future spills? How can ecological risks be assessed and quantified? In this, the first book on the effects of Exxon Valdez in 15 years, scientists directly involved in studying the spill provide a comprehensive perspective on, and synthesis of, scientific information on long-term spill effects. The coverage is multidisciplinary, with chapters discussing a range of issues including effects on biota, successes and failures of post-spill studies and techniques, and areas of continued disagreement. An even-handed and critical examination of more than two decades of scientific study, this is an invaluable guide for studying future oil spills and, more broadly, for unraveling the consequences of any large environmental disruption. For access to a full bibliography of related publications, follow the Resources link at www. cambridge. org/9781107027176.
Oil: A Beginner's Guide (Beginner's Guides)
by Vaclav SmilWorld acclaimed scientist Vaclav Smil reveals everything there is to know about nature's most sought-after resourceOil is the lifeblood of the modern world. Without it, there would be no planes, no plastic, no exotic produce, and a global political landscape few would recognise. Humanity&’s dependence upon oil looks set to continue for decades to come, but what is it? Fully updated and packed with fascinating facts to fuel dinner party debate, Professor Vaclav Smil's Oil: A Beginner's Guide explains all matters related to the &‘black stuff&’, from its discovery in the earth right through to the controversy that surrounds it today.
Oilfield Chemistry
by Caili Dai Fulin ZhaoThis book provides comprehensive information on the youngest member of the petroleum sciences family: Oilfield Chemistry, proposes the chemical agents for addressing current problems, and explains the functions, mechanisms and synergistic effects of various chemical agents
Old Europe, New Suburbanization?: Governance, Land, and Infrastructure in European Suburbanization
by Nicholas A. PhelpsThe youthful vigour of urbanization in North America has promulgated a dominant perspective on urban theory, specifically on suburbs, that establishes the United States as the norm against which all other contexts are measured. However, much of the vocabulary surrounding the American experience isn’t applicable to the wider world. Old Europe, New Suburbanization? takes us on a journey of rediscovery into some of Europe’s oldest metropolises. The volume’s contributors reveal the great variety of patterns and processes of urbanization that make Europe a fruitful ground for furthering the diversity of global suburbanisms. The effects of urban history found in such cities as Athens, London, Madrid, Montpellier, and Sofia, varies greatly due to the sheer variety of economic, industrial, land, and expansionist policies at play on the continent. This collection highlights the varied historical and geographical manifestations that have shaped urban areas and provides evidence for new processes of suburbanization.
Old Farms and New Farming: A Layman's View of the Land (Routledge Library Editions: Agriculture #14)
by Charles FurthFirst published in 1975. This title presents a series of vivid insights and images, explaining the problems in the field, the machinery and techniques, science and economics, and what it means to the farm worker. The book depicts and explains the sophisticated techniques with which the farmer tackles the problems of soil and season, within the beautiful and ancient rhythm of lambing and haymaking, pasture and dairy, seed time and harvest. This title will be of great interest to not only students of agriculture, but those interested in the history of farming.
Old Growth Urban Forests
by Robert E. LoebMillions of urbanites never see primeval forests during their lives except for the old growth forests found in urban parks. Unfortunately, these forests are on the verge of disappearing because arboreal reproduction is lost to human trampling and park administrators and urban foresters do not maintain these "natural" forests. To aid urban foresters and park managers in meeting the challenges, research on old growth forests in urban parks is synthesized in terms of historical ecology to introduce the methods utilized to reveal long-term forest composition changes. The case study of three stands in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, PA relates pre-chestnut blight tree species densities and post-chestnut blight arboreal changes to fire and visitor trampling. The information gained on how urban old growth forests have developed and changed is used to develop restoration ecology based frameworks to restore species composition and address challenges to forest survival including invasive species.
Old Growth in a New World: A Pacific Northwest Icon Reexamined
by Sally L. Duncan Thomas A. SpiesOld-growth forests represent a lofty ideal as much as an ecosystem--an icon of unspoiled nature, ecological stability, and pristine habitat. These iconic notions have actively altered the way society relates to old-growth forests, catalyzing major changes in policy and management. But how appropriate are those changes and how well do they really serve in reaching conservation goals? Old Growth in a New World untangles the complexities of the old growth concept and the parallel complexity of old-growth policy and management. It brings together more than two dozen contributors--ecologists, economists, sociologists, managers, historians, silviculturists, environmentalists, timber producers, and philosophers--to offer a broad suite of perspectives on changes that have occurred in the valuing and management of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest over the past thirty years. The book * introduces the issues and history of old-growth values and conservation in the Pacific Northwest; * explores old growth through the ideas of leading ecologists and social scientists; * addresses the implications for the future management of old-growth forests and considers how evolving science and social knowledge might be used to increase conservation effectiveness. By confronting the complexity of the old-growth concept and associated policy and management challenges, Old Growth in a New World encourages productive discussion on the future of old growth in the Pacific Northwest and offers options for more effective approaches to conserving forest biodiversity.
Old Law, New Tricks: Using the Clean Air Act to Curb Climate Change
by James Salzman David M. Driesen John Doyle Michael B. Gerrard Emily Taylor Robert B. Mckinstry Jr. Brigham Daniels Timothy Profeta Robert A. Wyman Robert D. Brenner Franz Litz Marie Ly Anna Marie Wood Scott H. Segal Institute for Policy Integrity Nathan Richardson Brooks Rainey Pearson Nicholas Bianco Leila B. Azari Richard B. Herzog Arnold W. Reitze Jr. Claudine Schneider Davonne Flanagan Nicholas W. Fels Jonas Monast Charles H. Haake Patricia A. Eberwine Scott Schang Gary S. Guzy Kristin Igusky Meek The National Climate Coalition Timothy J. Mullins Natural Resources Defense Council Art Fraas John C. Dernbach Thomas D. Peterson Dallas Burtraw Hannah Polikov Delavan Dickson Raymond B. Ludwiszewski M. Rhead Enion Curtis A. Moore Rebecca Gasper Hannah ChangFew if any people think the Clean Air Act is the optimal legislative solution to climate change; but it is a powerful tool that is being used sometimes despite the prevailing political will. To address this reality, this volume calls on the best writing from the most often-cited environmental law journal in the United States, the Environmental Law Reporter®, to explain the possibilities and pitfalls in using this regulatory framework to address greenhouse gases (GHGs) and short-lived climate pollutants. This collection does not have a singular perspective or agenda other than to highlight multiple suggestions about ways in which the Act should or should not be used to address climate change. The Environmental Law Institute and editors of Environmental Law Reporter® do not endorse any approach outlined in these pages but instead present various ideas to educate and spur public debate and discussion.
Old Ways for New Days: Indigenous Survival and Agency in Climate Changed Times (SpringerBriefs in Climate Studies)
by Robert Palmer Melissa Nursey-Bray Ann Marie Chischilly Phil Rist Lun YinThis Open Access book provides a critical reflection into how indigenous cultures are attempting to adapt to climate change. Through detailed first-hand accounts, the book describes the unique challenges facing indigenous peoples in the context of climate change adaptation, governance, communication strategies, and institutional pressures. The book shows how current climate change terminologies and communication strategies often perpetuate the marginalisation of indigenous peoples and suggests that new approaches that prioritise Indigenous voices, agency and survival are required. The book first introduces readers to Indigenous peoples and their struggles related to climate change, describing the impacts of climate change on their everyday lives and the adaptation strategies currently undertaken to address them. These strategies are then detailed through case studies which focus on how Indigenous knowledge and practices have been used to respond to and cope with climate change in a variety of environments, including urban settings. The book discusses specific governance challenges facing Indigenous peoples, and presents new methods for engagement that will bridge existing communication gaps to ensure Indigenous peoples are central to the implementation of climate change adaptation measures. This book is intended for an audience of Indigenous peoples, adaptation practitioners, academics, students, policy makers and government workers.
Old and New Media after Katrina
by Diane NegraOn the fifth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, this book examines the television coverage of September, 2005, and the manifestation of its legacy in a range of other media forms.
Old-Growth Forests
by Christian Wirth Martin Heimann Gerd GleixnerMany terms often used to describe old-growth forests imply that these forests are less vigorous, less productive and less stable than younger forests. But research in the last two decades has yielded results that challenge the view of old-growth forests being in decline. Given the importance of forests in battling climate change and the fact that old-growth forests are shrinking at a rate of 0.5% per year, these new results have come not a moment too soon. This book is the first ever to focus on the ecosystem functioning of old-growth forests. It is an exhaustive compendium of information that contains original work conducted by the authors. In addition, it is truly global in scope as it studies boreal forests in Canada, temperate old-growth forests in Europe and the Americas, and global tropical forests. Written in part to affect future policy, this eminently readable book is as useful for the scientist and student as it is for the politician and politically-interested layman.
Older Than Dirt: A Wild but True History of Earth
by Don Brown Mike PerfitThe award-winning cartoonist offers &“a witty history of the planet&” for young readers—covering everything from the Big Bang to climate change (Publishers Weekly). Almost 14.5 billion years ago, it all started with a Big Bang. What began as a cloud of gas, dust, and rock eventually took shape and bloomed into a molten sphere. Battered by asteroid collisions, ice ages, and shifting tectonic plates, our fledgling planet finally pushed forth continents. But if you think the earth has calmed down since then—think again! In this illustrated history of earth, the Sibert Honor medalist Don Brown teams up with geologist Michael Perfit to tell the strange-but-true saga of our planetary home. A knowlegeable groundhog and his earthworm sidekick take young readers through a wide range of topics—from solar energy and liquid magma to the ozone layer and the formation of mountains. Plus mini-biographies of scientists are included throughout.&“A guaranteed hit with science lovers and a best bet for convincing skeptics that science is indeed a grand and exciting adventure.&” —Kirkus Reviews
Oligopoly, the Environment and Natural Resources (Routledge Explorations in Environmental Economics)
by Luca LambertiniIndustrial production and consumption patterns rely heavily on the intensive use of both renewable and non-renewable resources and the consequences for the environment can be serious. Following a long period of time where the profit incentives of firms have prevailed over preservation of the environment and the world’s natural resources, a new consensus has emerged concerning the need to regulate firm behaviour, aimed at ensuring the sustainability of the economic system in the long run. This book offers an exhaustive overview of current economic debate about these topics, taking modern oligopoly theory as a benchmark. The first part of the book covers static models dealing with incentives for green research and development, Pigovian taxation, cartels, environmental quality and international trade, as well as the role of corporate social responsibility, public firms and consumer environmental awareness as endogenous regulatory instruments. Then, the author moves on to examine the role of time while drawing from optimal control and differential game theory. This opens the way to the discussion of fair discount rates to ensure the welfare of future generations, as well as the long run sustainability of production and consumption patterns.
Oliver's Great Big Universe: A Times Children's Book of the Week (Oliver's Great Big Universe #2)
by Jorge Cham&‘Mind-expanding and hilarious!&’ Jeff Kinney, author of the bestselling DIARY OF A WIMPY KID series.'A brainy guide to the barfs, farts and burps of Planet Earth.' The TimesThe second book in the hilarious series that makes you laugh-out-loud AND grows your brain. Perfect for readers age 8+ and fans of Diary of a Wimpy Kid and The 13-Storey Treehouse. Hi, I&’m Oliver! Writing a book has made me kind of a celebrity around school – no big deal. But does that mean everything is perfect? No way! I&’m still trying to figure out the usual stuff: school cliques, weird family, and how to finally win the science fair. While I may know EVERYTHING about space, there&’s a lot to learn about the planet we live on, like: volcanic burps and bacteria farts how the Earth&’s layers are like boba tea aliens! (Are we the aliens?) From bestselling writer and robotics engineer Jorge Cham, Oliver&’s Great Big Universe: Volcanoes Are Hot! is the second book in a STEM-themed, diary-style series.
Olivia's Birds Saving the Gulf: Saving The Gulf
by Olivia BoulerOne 11 year-old girl can make a difference-as budding ornithologist and artist Olivia Bouler has proven, single-handedly raising over $175,000 for the Gulf Coast oil spill recovery. Devastated by the disaster and eager to do her part, Olivia wrote a letter to Audubon, "11 years old and willing to help" offering her own bird paintings to raise contributions for Gulf recovery efforts. The idea took flight, and Olivia proceeded to send out over 500 paintings, many of which are captured in this lavish picture book that recaps her valiant campaign to save birds affected by the spill.
Omics Insights in Environmental Bioremediation
by Vineet Kumar Indu Shekhar ThakurEnvironmental pollution emanating from rapid industrialization, population growth, and urbanization has been considered a major problem in recent years that affects biodiversity, ecosystems, and human health by contaminating soil and water. This book brings out a comprehensive collection of information on valuable insights into different cutting-edge omics technologies, such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics, along with advanced next-generation sequencing technologies as well as bioinformatic tools, which led to a better understanding of microbial communities and their adaptability to a wide range of contaminants and underlying their mechanisms in bioremediation and biodegradation of environmental pollutants. In addition, this edited volume provides critical insight into of potent microbial communities endowed with unique functional attributes through their unique metabolism catalyzed by ‘signature’ enzymes and degradation pathways. Step-by-step descriptions are provided of various microbial metabolic pathways of degradation and biotransformation of environmental contaminants by numerous illustrations which make the information easier to understand for the readers. Each chapter is devoted to selected examples of microbial bioremediation supported by tables, and an extensive list of references for readers interested in learning further details about the subject matter. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers to professionals, policymakers, stockholders, practitioners, environmental engineers, soil scientists, and policymakers. In addition, the book serves as additional comprehensive material for undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students who require a working knowledge and knowhow of ‘Omics’ involved in and required for environmental remediation of legacy and emerging contaminants, will also find this to be a useful read.
Omics and System Biology Approaches for Delivering Better Cereals (Genome Designing of Crops)
by Chittaranjan Kole Dinesh Kumar SainiThe book explores the available omics resources, the integration of multi-omics data, and systems biology methods, focusing on their applications in cereals breeding and research. It highlights current and innovative strategies to understand complex traits, to improve yield, and to enhance resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. It also addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with modeling multi-omics data and analyzing systems-level information. By leveraging systems biology and integrated omics research, this book aims to redefine the future research agenda for cereal improvement.
Omniconomics: The Re-Creation of Economics for a Sustainable Future
by Niko RoordaOmniconomics shows how we can make human society intrinsically sustainable, harmonically embedded in nature, with the help of a completely new approach in which traditional economics is transformed. Citing the fallacies of existing economic approaches as directly responsible for many of the environmental and social threats faced by society today, Niko Roorda presents a new, interdisciplinary science: omniconomics. This framework has its foundations in an innovative, joined-up approach, in which all aspects of the natural and social sciences are inextricably linked. It will better allow for new solutions to tackling urgent issues, including climate change, deforestation, environmental and economic inequality, dehumanization, and crumbling social cohesion. Inspiring new thinking, this book aims to: Inspire a public, scientific and political debate about the role of present-day economics, its status as no more than a protoscience, and the consequences for (inter)national policies and developments; Stimulate independent, out-of-the-box thinking of students, graduates, politicians, leaders of society, and any member of the public who worries about the major present-day problems and the future; Stimulate interdisciplinary research within universities towards the creation of an omniconomic science that will replace the discipline of economics and will become a genuine, mature science; Challenge the readers to go beyond short- or middle-to-long term solutions such as the Sustainable Development Goals and circular economy: Omniconomics starts where Doughnut economics ends Encouraging the reader to rethink accepted economic approaches to deal with the present-day threats of global catastrophes, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of sustainable development, sustainability economics and policies, as well as any practitioners working in related fields.