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Oceanography In 2025: Proceedings Of A Workshop
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesOn January 8 and 9, 2009, the Ocean Studies Board of the National Research Council, in response to a request from the Office of Naval Research, hosted the "Oceanography in 2025" workshop. The goal of the workshop was to bring together scientists, engineers, and technologists to explore future directions in oceanography, with an emphasis on physical processes. The focus centered on research and technology needs, trends, and barriers that may impact the field of oceanography over the next 16 years, and highlighted specific areas of interest: submesoscale processes, air-sea interactions, basic and applied research, instrumentation and vehicles, ocean infrastructure, and education. To guide the white papers and drive discussions, four questions were posed to participants: What research questions could be answered? What will remain unanswered? What new technologies could be developed? How will research be conducted?
Oceanography of the East Sea (Japan Sea)
by Kyung-Il Chang Chang-Ik Zhang Chul Park Dong-Jin Kang Se-Jong Ju Sang-Hoon Lee Mark WimbushThis book reviews the research in various fields of oceanography on the responses of the East Japan Sea to climate change. The uniqueness of the East Japan Sea comes from the rapid and amplified response to climate change, which includes long-terms trends of physical and chemical parameters at a rate that almost doubles or even higher the global rate. This book aims to provide in an organized way the results from the previously published knowledge but also to introduce an updated view of the research recently carried out. The book is divided into several parts that comprise the physical, chemical, biological, and geological aspects of the region and fisheries. This book is made for researchers and students working on climate variability as well as for the oceanography community working on world's marginal seas. The research presented in this work will also benefit to researchers from other fields such as social scientists and environmentalists, and also policy makers.
Oceanology: The Secrets of the Sea Revealed (DK Secret World Encyclopedias)
by DKDive into this uniquely elegant visual exploration of the sea An informative and utterly beautiful introduction to marine life and the ocean environment, Oceanology brings the riches of the underwater world onto the printed page.Astounding photography reveals an abundance of life, from microscopic plankton to great whales, seaweed to starfish. Published in association with the Smithsonian Institution, the book explores every corner of the oceans, from coral reefs and mangrove swamps to deep ocean trenches. Along the way, and with the help of clear, simple illustrations, it explains how life has adapted to the marine environment, revealing for example how a stonefish delivers its lethal venom and how a sponge sustains itself by sifting food from passing currents. It also examines the physical forces and processes that shape the oceans, from global circulation systems and tides to undersea volcanoes and tsunamis.To most of us, the marine world is out of reach. But with the help of photography and the latest technology, Oceanology brings us up close to animals, plants, and other living things that inhabit a fantastic and almost incomprehensibly beautiful other dimension.
Océanos increíbles (DK Amazing Earth)
by Annie Roth¡Sumérgete en la fosa marina más profunda jamás descubierta, maravíllate con las anémonas inmortales y aprende cómo se forman los devastadores tornados de agua!¿Alguna vez te preguntaste qué tan grandes son los océanos en realidad?¿Y si las plantas pueden crecer en el mar?¿O cómo se comunican los animales en el agua? Encuentra la respuesta a estas y muchas otras preguntas sobre los mares y océanos en este libro para niños de 7 a 10 años. Aprende que el mundo marino no son solo las algas, los tiburones y las conchas y caparazones que tantas veces han visto. ¡Hay mucho más por descubrir en nuestros asombrosos mares y océanos! Datos curiosos sobre el medio marino y los seres que lo habitan.Información interesante sobre las características de los mares y océanos, ¡descubre qué los hace tan especiales!Diagramas, mapas y esquemas sobre cada uno de los temas tratados en el libro.Increíbles fotografías tomadas con microscopios o realizadas desde satélites.Con este libro educativo, los niños adquirirán conocimientos sobre la exploración oceánica, criaturas recién descubiertas, misterios marinos o hábitats oceánicos únicos. Una divertida lectura sobre los animales, las plantas y los lugares que hay en el fondo del mar, perfecta para los más curiosos y apasionados del mundo marino.Go on an underwater adventure in this detailed look at our oceans’ most fascinating places, plants and animals.This fascinating book will take children beyond the seaweed, sharks, and shells that you have seen many times before, and show you the secret world that lies in and around our amazing oceans. This ocean book for children aged 7-9 delves into facts about our marine environments that most people don’t know. Dive into the deepest sea trench ever discovered, marvel at immortal anemones, and learn how devastating water tornadoes form. Kids can ponder at a whole range of topics, from unique ocean habitats, newly-discovered creatures, marine mysteries, and the exciting world of ocean exploration. This educational ocean book for kids offers: Enticing information on the most incredible ocean features, explaining how they work, why they are unusual, and what is amazing about them.Detailed diagrams, maps and charts that bring the beauty, science or geography of each topic to life.Spectacular photography, including incredible satellite images and mind-boggling microscope photos, to maximize the impact of each topic.Have you ever wondered how big the oceans actually are? Or how animals communicate in the water? Or how plants are able to grow in the sea? This book answers those questions, and many, many more.
Oceans: Evolving Concepts (Ioc Ocean Forum Ser.)
by Guy Jacques Paul Tréguer Herlé MercierSince the HMS Challenger expedition of 1872–1876, our vision of the ocean has changed completely. We now understand that it plays a key role in biodiversity, climate regulation, and mineral and biological resources, and as such, the ocean is a major service provider for humanity. Oceans draws on data from new oceanographic and satellite tools, acquired through international interdisciplinary programs. It describes the processes that control how the ocean functions, on different spatial and temporal scales. After considering the evolution of concepts in physical, chemical and biological oceanography, the book outlines the future of a warmer, acidified, less oxygenated ocean. It shows how a view of the ocean at different scales changes how we understand it. Finally, the book presents the challenges facing the ocean in terms of the exploitation of biological and mineral resources, in the context of sustainable development and the regulation of climate change.
Oceans
by Donna LathamInvestigating the planet's biomes and examining the modern threats to each ecosystem, this interactive series challenges young readers to look at how their own actions affect the planet's health. With compare-and-contrast facts and vocabulary-building sidebars, each engaging guide reveals how environmental threats-both human and natural-affect plants and animals.Detailing the largest biome, this guide surveys the environmental threats to the earth's oceans. Teaching students about coral reefs-the rainforests of the ocean-this educational resource explores topics such as the connection between increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the bleaching of the reefs. By comparing the size of an island of floating plastic and other trash in the middle of the Pacific Ocean to the state of Texas-and how that floating island impacts ocean life-the guide shows young environmentalists why consuming less plastic is important.
The Oceans: A Deep History
by Eelco J. RohlingThe 4.4-billion-year history of the oceans and their role in Earth's climate systemIt has often been said that we know more about the moon than we do about our own oceans. In fact, we know a great deal more about the oceans than many people realize. Scientists know that our actions today are shaping the oceans and climate of tomorrow—and that if we continue to act recklessly, the consequences will be dire. In this timely and accessible book, Eelco Rohling traces the 4.4 billion-year history of Earth’s oceans while also shedding light on the critical role they play in our planet’s climate system.Beginning with the formation of primeval Earth and the earliest appearance of oceans, Rohling takes readers on a journey through prehistory to the present age, vividly describing the major events in the ocean’s evolution—from snowball and greenhouse Earth to the end-Permian mass extinction, the breakup of the Pangaea supercontinent, and the changing climate of today. Along the way, he explores the close interrelationships of the oceans, climate, solid Earth processes, and life, using the context of Earth and ocean history to provide perspective on humankind’s impacts on the health and habitability of our planet—and on what the future may hold for us.An invaluable introduction to the cutting-edge science of paleoceanography, The Oceans enables you to make your own informed opinions about the environmental challenges we face as a result of humanity’s unrelenting drive to exploit the world ocean and its vital resources.
Oceans
by Seymour SimonText and photographs explore the physical characteristics, life forms, and fragility of the world's oceans. Exceptional nonfiction for children from two of the most trusted names in science education: Seymour Simon and the Smithsonian Institution.
Oceans (Whitechapel: Documents of Contemporary Art)
by Pandora Syperek Sarah WadeOCEANS attends to the inextricable human and nonhuman agencies that affect and are affected by the sea and its running currents within contemporary art and visual culture.Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth&’s surface, dividing and connecting humans, who carry saltwater in their blood, sweat and tears. They also represent a powerful nonhuman force, rising, flooding, heating and raging in unprecedented ways as the climate crisis unfolds. Artists have envisioned the sea as a sublime wilderness, home to mythical creatures and bizarre species, a source of life and death, a site of new beginnings and tragic endings, both wondrous and disastrous. From migration to melting ice caps, the sea is omnipresent in international news and politics, leaking into popular culture and proliferating in recent art and exhibitions. This anthology gathers artists and writers to address the ocean not only as a theme but as a major agent of artistic and curatorial methods.Artists surveyed includeBas Jan Ader, Eileen Agar, John Akomfrah, Heba Y. Amin, Shuvinai Ashoona, Betty Beaumont, Leopold & Rudolf Blaschka, Heidi Bucher, Marcus Coates, Tacita Dean, Chris Dobrowolski, Léuli Eshrāghi, Ellen Gallagher, Ayesha Hameed, Barbara Hepworth, Klara Hobza, Isuma, Brian Jungen, Tania Kovats, Sonia Levy, Armin Linke, Lani Maestro, Ana Mendieta, Kasia Molga, Eleanor Morgan, Wangechi Mutu, Saskia Olde Wolbers, Jean Painlevé and Geneviève Hamon, Allan Sekula, Shimabuku, Ahren Warner, Christine & Margaret Wertheim, Alberta WhittleWriters include Stacy Alaimo, Bergit Arends, Erika Balsom, Karen Barad, Rachel Carson, Mel Y. Chen, T.J. Demos, Marion Endt-Jones, Kodwo Eshun, Paul Gilroy, Stefano Harney, Epeli Hau&’ofa, Donna Haraway, Eva Hayward, Stefanie Hessler, Luce Irigaray, Zakiyyah Iman Jackson, Celina Jeffery, Melody Jue, Max Liboiron, Lana Lopesi, Chus Martínez, Jules Michelet, Fred Moten, Astrida Neimanis, Celeste Olalquiaga, Ralph Rugoff, John Ruskin, Marina Warner, Jan Verwoert
Oceans 2020: Science, Trends, and the Challenge of Sustainability
by John G. Field Colin P. Summerhayes Gotthilf HempelOceans 2020 presents a comprehensive assessment of the most important science and societal issues that are likely to arise in marine science and ocean management in the next twenty years. Sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), and the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), the book brings together the world's leading ocean scientists and researchers to analyze the state of marine science and technology, identify key scientific issues for sustainable development, and evaluate the capability of scientists, governments, and private-sector stakeholders to respond to those issues. Topics include: basic ocean sciences; pressures on the coastal zone; climate change and the ocean; fisheries and fishery science in their search for sustainability; offshore industries including oil drilling, carbon sequestration, and manganese nodule mining; and marine information for shipping and defense. Also included are chapters on cross-cutting issues including operational oceanography, ocean instrumentation and technology, developing frameworks for cooperation, and capacity building in developing nations. In addition, the book offers an introductory overview and a "Vision to 2020" that outlines a path to rational ocean governance. In each chapter, contributors give a brief but comprehensive overview of the subject and then consider what has been achieved in recent years, define the problems, outline solutions, and set forth recommendations on the needs for and directions of ocean science in support of sustainable development for the next twenty years.Oceans 2020 suggests what can be done about major marine environmental issues through the better development and application of marine science and technology, focusing on the issues that are most closely related to human and sustainable development.
The Oceans and Environmental Security: Shared U.S. And Russian Perspectives
by Raphael V. Vartanov Suzanne M. Demisch Artemy A. Saguirian Tom Tietenburg James Broadus Matthew J. LamourieThe concept of environmental security, drawing on the widely understood notion of international strategic interdependence (in facing, for example, threats of nuclear war or economic collapse) is gaining currency as a way of thinking about international environmental management.In 1989, the Institute for World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Marine Policy Center of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution instituted a joint project to examine environmental security as it applies to the world's oceans. The Oceans and Environmental Security is a unified expression of their findings.The oceans, as global commons, are of central importance to issues of international environmental security. Critical problems are those that are likely to destabilize normal relations between nations and provoke international countermeasures. As such, the book focuses on seven specific concerns: land-based marine pollution North Pacific fisheries depletion hazardous materials transport nuclear contamination the Arctic Ocean the Southern Ocean and Antarctica the Law of the Sea
Oceans and Marine Resources in a Changing Climate
by Roger Griffis Jennifer HowardPrepared for the 2013 National Climate Assessment and a landmark study in terms of its breadth and depth of coverage, Oceans and Marine Resources in a Changing Climate is the result of a collaboration among numerous local, state, federal, and nongovernmental agencies to develop a comprehensive, state of the art look at the effects of climate change on the oceans and marine ecosystems under U. S. jurisdiction. This book provides an assessment of scientific knowledge of the current and projected impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on the physical, chemical, and biological components and human uses of marine ecosystems under U. S. jurisdiction. It also provides assessment of the international implications for the U. S. due to climate impacts on ocean ecosystems and of efforts to prepare for and adapt to climate and acidification impacts on ocean ecosystem, including · Climate-Driven Physical and Chemical Changes in Marine Ecosystems · Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms · Impacts of Climate Change on Human Uses of the Ocean · International Implications of Climate Change · Ocean Management Challenges, Adaptation Approaches, and Opportunities in a Changing Climate · Sustaining the Assessment of Climate Impacts on Oceans and Marine Resources Rich in science and case studies, it examines the latest climate change impacts, scenarios, vulnerabilities, and adaptive capacity and offers decision makers and stakeholders a substantial basis from which to make informed choices that will affect the well-being of the region's inhabitants in the decades to come.
Oceans and Society: An Introduction to Marine Studies (Earthscan Oceans)
by Ana K. SpaldingThis unique textbook presents an introduction to the interdisciplinary field of marine studies, exploring the dynamic relationship between people and the marine environment. Emphasizing the human dimension of coastal and ocean issues, the book provides an innovative examination of the complex marine–human environment dynamics by drawing on social science and humanities approaches. Applying these interdisciplinary approaches, the textbook addresses key challenges facing the marine environment, including changing climate, fisheries, aquaculture, marine pollution, energy production, and management of areas beyond national jurisdiction. While leading with a human dimension approach to these challenges, the chapters are all firmly grounded in foundational knowledge about coastal and ocean environments and processes. The textbook also includes examples of professional or academic areas of specialization within marine studies such as social and environmental justice, governance, global perspectives, traditional ecological knowledge and management, entrepreneurship, community development, conservation, and the blue economy. Ultimately, the book provides the first cohesive resource on marine studies to educate students, train interdisciplinary marine leaders, inspire new knowledge about people and the sea, generate innovative solutions for sustainable oceans, and build capacity for a new generation of marine-focused professionals. Oceans and Society is essential reading for students on marine studies courses, as well as those studying marine governance, policy, conservation, and law more broadly. It will also be of great interest to students, researchers, and professionals interested in applying interdisciplinary approaches to environmental challenges.
Oceans and the Atmospheric Carbon Content
by J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano Pedro DuarteOceans and the Atmospheric Carbon Content, presents an interdisciplinary overview of the role of the oceans as a carbon sink and its relation with pH increasing trends and climate change. This volume discusses topics such as: climate variability during the last deglaciation, based on a high-resolution pollen analysis; the potential impact of CO2 from large metropolitan areas over the adjacent coastal zones and the importance of having high resolution atmospheric CO2 data to estimate accurately air-sea CO2 exchanges; present- day CO2 fluxes in the coastal ocean and their potential feedbacks under global climate change; phytoplankton community responses to climate change with emphasis on decreasing pH trends in sea water and its ecological effects; pH decrease and its effects on sea-water chemistry from a ten year time-series; the effect of acidification on metal bioaccumulation; the effects of increasing temperatures and acidification on contaminant dynamics and availability to biota; the prevention of potential environmental impacts related to the geological sequestration of CO2. The book provides an updated synthesis of current concerns related to global change trends in the oceans with a strong emphasis on acidification. The content draws attention to the importance of dealing with observed global change trends and their effects upon the oceans using an interdisciplinary approach due to their complexity and interlinks between different areas of knowledge.
The Oceans Atlas (DK Pictorial Atlases)
by DKDelve beneath the world&’s oceans to discover their physical features, wildlife, and threats to their future.How do waves form? Where is the deepest part of the ocean? What is a black smoker? What would the ocean floor look like without water? What lives in a coral reef? If you find yourself seeking the answers to these questions, then this may be the book for you!Introducing The Oceans Atlas – a beautifully illustrated guide to Earth&’s oceans for kids aged 9-12. Explore key features of the oceans from seafloor to surf, including tides and trenches, currents and coastline, volcanoes and vents. Discover the variety of marine life from the biggest sharks and whales to the tiniest invertebrates and polyps. Find out the human impact on our seas and how we can create a healthier and cleaner future.Dive straight into this ocean book for kids, offering: - An illustrated guide to the innermost depths of our oceans that shows details not visible in photographs.- A variety of maps from seafloor topography and cross-sections to shipping routes and ocean resources. - Original and retro-feel illustration style combined with modern fonts which creates a different approach compared to photographic or CGI-based books.From coral reefs to hazardous seas, The Oceans Atlas is an engaging, fact-packed guide for children aged 9–12, especially those interested in natural science, geography, or ecology. So whether you&’re a budding young geographer, or a teacher looking for an engaging resource to use in your classroom, this oceans encyclopedia is full of fascinating facts to impress young readers time and time again. At DK, we believe in the power of discovery. So why stop there? If you like The Oceans Atlas, then why not complete the collection? Take a peek inside the beautiful and absorbing world of birds with The Bird Atlas, explore the complex animal kingdom with The Animal Atlas, reveal the inner workings of the human body with The Body Atlas and take a trip around the globe with The Earth Atlas.
Oceans For Dummies
by Ashlan Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Joseph KraynakDive deep to explore the ocean From how most of our oxygen is created by phytoplankton, to how currents control our climate, to the marine food chain and the importance of coral, this is the holy grail of ocean books that’s easy for everyone to digest. It features fun facts about some of the most incredible, bizarre, and fascinating creatures in the ocean, from mantis shrimp that can strike things with the speed of a .22 caliber bullet to fish with clear heads that can see out of the top of their skulls. The ocean is full of wonders and there is still so much left to explore and understand. How our oceans work What creatures live in the ocean Find out how the ocean regulates our climate and weather patterns How growing pollution threatens our ocean and its inhabitants Oceans For Dummies is perfect for anyone with an interest in the ocean, including kids, adults, students, ocean lovers, surfers, fishermen, conservationists, sailors, and everyone in between.
Oceans in Danger (A True Book (Relaunch))
by Alicia GreenDiscover the rich biodiversity of Earth's biomes - and how they might be saved - with this STEAM-based subset of True Books.Did you know that Earth's five major oceans are all part of one giant global ocean? This biome is also home to the smallest animals on the planet - and the largest! Get ready to investigate Earth's mysterious ocean ecosystems, as well as the plants and animals that have adapted to survive in them. You'll also learn about the many threats facing this fascinating biome - and what each of us can do to help - all in the pages of Oceans in Danger.ABOUT THE SERIES:There are five major biomes on Earth: desert, forest, grassland, aquatic, and tundra. These rich, wild places are home to a wide variety of plants and animals - many of which are found nowhere else. Unfortunately, these ecosystems have been put at risk by human activities. This STEAM-based set of True Books introduces students to the incredible biodiversity of Earth's amazing biomes, as well as the threats they face in the era of climate change. Interesting information is presented in a fun, friendly way - and in the simplest terms possible - and will inspire kids to think about how they can help stop the destruction of Earth's wild spaces.
Oceans in Decline
by Sergio RossiWhat is happening in our oceans? By describing their main elements, this book shows how and why the oceans are being transformed, and suggests possible future scenarios to address this complex, yet often-asked, question. The ocean is being dramatically transformed, but the magnitude of this transformation remains unclear since the ocean is largely inaccessible and still unknown: there is more information about the outer universe than about the deepest parts of our oceans. The author, a marine biologist with extensive research experience, offers a holistic view of our oceans. Focusing on fishing, pollution and the effects of climate change, he identifies and describes the changes occurring in all marine ecosystems, and discusses the long-passed state of equilibrium.
Oceans under Glass: Tank Craft & the Sciences of the Sea (Oceans in Depth)
by Samantha MukaA welcome dive into the world of aquarium craft that offers much-needed knowledge about undersea environments. Atlantic coral is rapidly disappearing in the wild. To save the species, they will have to be reproduced quickly in captivity, and so for the last decade conservationists have been at work trying to preserve their lingering numbers and figure out how to rebuild once-thriving coral reefs from a few survivors. Captive environments, built in dedicated aquariums, offer some hope for these corals. This book examines these specialized tanks, charting the development of tank craft throughout the twentieth century to better understand how aquarium modeling has enhanced our knowledge of the marine environment. Aquariums are essential to the way we understand the ocean. Used to investigate an array of scientific questions, from animal behavior to cancer research and climate change, they are a crucial factor in the fight to mitigate the climate disaster already threatening our seas. To understand the historical development of this scientific tool and the groups that have contributed to our knowledge about the ocean, Samantha Muka takes up specialty systems—including photographic aquariums, kriesel tanks (for jellyfish), and hatching systems—to examine the creation of ocean simulations and their effect on our interactions with underwater life. Lively and engaging, Oceans under Glass offers a fresh history about how the aquarium has been used in modern marine biology and how integral it is to knowing the marine world.
OCR A2 Geography Student Unit Guide: Unit F763 Global Issues
by Michael Raw Peter StiffWritten by senior examiners, Michael Raw and Peter Stiff, this OCR A2 Geography Student Unit Guide is the essential study companion for Unit F763: Global Issues.This full-colour book includes all you need to know to prepare for your unit exam: Clear guidance on the content of the unit, with topic summaries, knowledge check questions and a quick-reference index Examiner's advice throughout, so you will know what to expect in the exam and will be able to demonstrate the skills required Exam-style questions, with graded student responses, so you can see clearly what is required to get a better grade
OCR A2 Geography Student Unit Guide New Edition: Unit F764 Geographical Skills
by Michael RawWritten by a senior examiner, Michael Raw, this OCR A2 Geography Student Unit Guide is the essential study companion for Unit F764: Geographical Skills.This full-colour book includes all you need to know to prepare for your unit exam: clear guidance on the content of the unit, with topic summaries, knowledge check questions and a quick-reference index examiner's advice throughout, so you will know what to expect in the exam and will be able to demonstrate the skills required exam-style questions, with graded student responses, so you can see clearly what is required to get a better grade
OCR AS/A-level Geography Student Guide 1: Landscape Systems; Changing Spaces, Making Places
by Andy Palmer Peter StiffReinforce students' geographical understanding throughout their course; clear topic summaries with sample questions and answers help students improve their exam technique and achieve their best.Written by teachers with extensive examining experience, this guide:- Helps students identify what they need to know with a concise summary of the topics examined at AS and A-level- Consolidates understanding through assessment tips and knowledge-check questions- Offers opportunities for students to improve their exam technique by consulting sample graded answers to exam-style questions- Develops independent learning and research skills- Provides the content students need to produce their own revision notes
OCR AS/A-level Geography Student Guide 1: Landscape Systems; Changing Spaces, Making Places
by Andy Palmer Peter StiffExam Board: OCRLevel: AS/A-levelSubject: GeographyFirst Teaching: September 2016First Exam: Summer 2017Reinforce students' geographical understanding throughout their course; clear topic summaries with sample questions and answers help students improve their exam technique and achieve their best.Written by teachers with extensive examining experience, this guide:- Helps students identify what they need to know with a concise summary of the topics examined at AS and A-level- Consolidates understanding through assessment tips and knowledge-check questions- Offers opportunities for students to improve their exam technique by consulting sample graded answers to exam-style questions- Develops independent learning and research skills- Provides the content students need to produce their own revision notes
OCR AS/A-level Geography Student Guide 2: Earths Life Support Systems; Global Connections
by David Barker Peter StiffReinforce students' geographical understanding throughout their course; clear topic summaries with sample questions and answers help students improve their exam technique and achieve their best.Written by teachers with extensive examining experience, this guide:- Helps students identify what they need to know with a concise summary of the topics examined at AS and A-level- Consolidates understanding through assessment tips and knowledge-check questions- Offers opportunities for students to improve their exam technique by consulting sample graded answers to exam-style questions- Develops independent learning and research skills- Provides the content students need to produce their own revision notes