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Rare Earth Element Resources: Indian Context (Society of Earth Scientists Series)
by Yamuna SinghThis volume presents a brief introduction to the Rare Earth Elements (REE) and their discovery, mineralogy, deposit types and applications. The book focusses on the aspects of both natural and industrial REE resources of India. It covers geological, structural, geochemical, petrological, mineralogical and genetic aspects of the natural deposits, and provides an account of the available industrial sources. The relative merits and potential of the several resources for future development and directions for inputs in REE exploration are discussed at the end of the monograph.
Rare Earth Elements: Sustainable Recovery, Processing, and Purification (Special Publications #79)
by Athanasios K. Karamalidis Roderick EggertRare Earth Elements Sustainable Recovery, Processing, and Purification Rare earth elements are used in many modern technologies including electronics, clean energy, defense, aerospace, and automotive. It is important that increasing demand is met in ways that are more environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable than in the past. Rare Earth Elements: Sustainable Recovery, Processing, and Purification describes sources of rare earths and methods of production that have the potential to make recovery, processing, and purification more sustainable. Volume highlights include: Global overview of rare earth production, reserves, and resources Improvements in the recovery process to reduce costs and environmental impacts Potential new sources of rare earths that were not previously technically feasible Options for recovery of rare earths as byproducts of other activities Contributions from experts in academia, industry, government, research, and nonprofit organizations The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Rare Earth Elements
by Volker ZepfThis thesis deals with Rare Earth Elements (REE), especially with neodymium used in permanent magnets, from a very scientific basis by providing basic research data. Despite the fact that REE are newsworthy and very important elements for a considerable bandwidth of todays' technologies, accompanied by the monopolistic supply-situation and Chinese politics, there are inexplicable data discrepancies about REE which have been recognized frequently but usually have not been addressed accordingly. So this analysis started with the hypothesis that the four application areas, namely computer hard disk drives (HDD), mobile phones, wind turbines and e-mobility (automotive traction), account for about 80% of the global annual neodymium-demand. The research methodology was a laboratory analysis of the composition of used magnets for HDDs and mobile phones and a literature and official report analysis of wind turbine and automotive neodymium use. The result was amazing and the hypothesis had to be withdrawn as these four areas only account for about 20% of neodymium use. This result raises some questions concerning actual use and thus potential recycling options.
Rare Earth Frontiers: From Terrestrial Subsoils to Lunar Landscapes
by Julie Michelle KlingerRare Earth Frontiers is a work of human geography that serves to demystify the powerful elements that make possible the miniaturization of electronics, green energy and medical technologies, and essential telecommunications and defense systems. Julie Michelle Klinger draws attention to the fact that the rare earths we rely on most are as common as copper or lead, and this means the implications of their extraction are global. Klinger excavates the rich historical origins and ongoing ramifications of the quest to mine rare earths in ever more impossible places.Klinger writes about the devastating damage to lives and the environment caused by the exploitation of rare earths. She demonstrates in human terms how scarcity myths have been conscripted into diverse geopolitical campaigns that use rare earth mining as a pretext to capture spaces that have historically fallen beyond the grasp of centralized power. These include legally and logistically forbidding locations in the Amazon, Greenland, and Afghanistan, and on the Moon. Drawing on ethnographic, archival, and interview data gathered in local languages and offering possible solutions to the problems it documents, this book examines the production of the rare earth frontier as a place, a concept, and a zone of contestation, sacrifice, and transformation.
Rare Earth Metals and Minerals Industries: Status and Prospects
by Yellapu V. Murty Mary Anne Alvin Jack P. LiftonThis book presents the current status and future prospects of rare earth elements with respect to a multitude of factors, including resource availability, production, and applications. Among the topics covered are the extraction of raw materials, alloying and compound production, applications, resource conservation through recycling, regulatory issues, and potential new resource streams. The chapters are authored by well-known technical experts in their fields, with decades of research, industrial, and governmental policy experience. The book is expected to serve as the first single source reference on rare earth minerals and metals aimed at students, scientists, technologists, government legislators, regulatory agencies, investors, and business leaders. It provides in-depth examination of the importance of rare earth elements to the global economy and their use in technological innovation, including energy, power, transportation, medicine, electronics, and chemical/petroleum industries.
Rare Earths-Transition Metals-Boron Compounds: Basic Properties to Technical Applications
by Emil BurzoThis book presents advances in the field of rare-earth (R) – transition metal (M) – boron compounds with extensive references. Since titanium and scandium do not form compounds with rare-earths, the Sc/Ti-M-B series are additionally presented. In each chapter the crystal structures, the complex physical properties as determined from neutron diffraction, magnetic measurements, resonance studies, transport properties and band structure calculations are critical analyzed. The models used in describing the experimental evidence are also presented. Tables with the main properties of the R-M-B compounds are given and representative data are illustrated in figures. In this way, the book provides state-of-the art knowledge and a valuable analysis of up-to-date results in the field. The technical applications, as permanent magnets, thermoelectric and magnetocaloric devices, hydrogen storage are also highlighted along with the authors insights into future directions in the field. The book is of interest for scientists involved in the development of the field as well as those working in the technical uses of rare-earth compounds.
Rare Metal Technology 2017
by Neale R. Neelameggham Hojong Kim Shafiq Alam Harald Oosterhof Takanari Ouchi Xiaofei GuanThis collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. Topics include the extraction and processing of elements like antimony, arsenic, gold, indium, palladium, platinum, rare earth metals including yttrium and neodymium, titanium, tungsten, and vanadium. Rare processing techniques are covered, including direct extraction processes for rare-earth recovery, biosorption of precious metals, fluorination behavior of uranium and zirconium mixture of fuel debris treatment, and recovery of valuable components of commodity metals such as zinc, nickel, and metals from slag.
Rare Metal Technology 2021 (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series)
by Gisele Azimi Takanari Ouchi Kerstin Forsberg Hojong Kim Shafiq Alam Alafara Abdullahi Baba Neale R. NeelamegghamThis collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. It covers metals essential for critical modern technologies including electronics, electric motors, generators, energy storage systems, and specialty alloys. Rare metals are the main building blocks of many emerging critical technologies and have been receiving significant attention in recent years. Much research in academia and industry is devoted to finding novel techniques to extract critical and rare metals from primary and secondary sources. The technologies that rely on critical metals are dominating the world, and finding a way to extract and supply them effectively is highly desirable and beneficial. Rapid development of these technologies entails fast advancement of the resource and processing industry for their building materials. Authors from academia and industry exchange knowledge on developing, operating, and advancing extractive and processing technologies. Contributions cover rare-earth elements (magnets, catalysts, phosphors, and others), energy storage materials (lithium, cobalt, vanadium, graphite), alloy elements (scandium, niobium, titanium), and materials for electronics (gallium, germanium, indium, gold, silver). The contributions also cover various processing techniques in mineral beneficiation, hydrometallurgy, separation and purification, pyrometallurgy, electrometallurgy, supercritical fluid extraction, and recycling (batteries, magnets, electrical and electronic equipment).
Rare Metal Technology 2022 (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series)
by Neale R. Neelameggham Hojong Kim Shafiq Alam Takanari Ouchi Gisele Azimi Alafara Abdullahi Baba Kerstin Forsberg Hong PengThis collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals from primary and secondary materials and residues as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. Authors cover the extraction of less common or minor metals including elements such as antimony, bismuth, barium, beryllium, boron, calcium, chromium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, manganese, molybdenum, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, rhenium, scandium, selenium, sodium, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, and tungsten. Contributions also discuss rare metals of low-tonnage sales compared to high-tonnage metals (iron, copper, nickel, lead, tin, zinc, or light metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or titanium and electronic metalloid silicon). Authors also cover biometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy while novel high-temperature processes such as microwave heating, solar-thermal reaction synthesis, and cold crucible synthesis of rare metals are addressed. Also included in this collection is the design of extraction equipment used in these processes from suppliers as well as laboratory and pilot plant studies.
Rare Trees: The Fascinating Stories of the World's Most Threatened Species
by Sara Oldfield Malin RiversDiscover the secrets and beauty of the world&’s rarest trees in this fantastic book filled with more than 300 color photographs. Forests cover nearly a third of the world's surface, and the trees that make them up include a staggering diversity of more than 60,000 species. Individual trees play specific ecological roles in their unique environments—and they have adapted to thrive on steep mountains, in cloud forests, on dry savannahs, in parched deserts, and in tropical wetlands. Our history, and our future, are interwoven with the trees that define the regions of our green planet. Rare Trees profiles over 60 unique species that are currently endangered—including the most charismatic, fascinating, and downright bizarre examples from all around the globe. Filled with hundreds of color photographs, maps to help readers identify habitats, and accessible and engaging text by tree experts from the Global Trees Campaign, Rare Trees will give readers a new appreciation for the importance of trees and will inspire them to preserve this critical canopy of life.
Rarefied Gas Dynamics: Kinetic Modeling and Multi-Scale Simulation
by Lei WuThis book highlights a comprehensive description of the numerical methods in rarefied gas dynamics, which has strong applications ranging from space vehicle re-entry, micro-electromechanical systems, to shale gas extraction. The book consists of five major parts: The fast spectral method to solve the Boltzmann collision operator for dilute monatomic gas and the Enskog collision operator for dense granular gas; The general synthetic iterative scheme to solve the kinetic equations with the properties of fast convergence and asymptotic preserving; The kinetic modeling of monatomic and molecular gases, and the extraction of critical gas parameters from the experiment of Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering; The assessment of the fluid-dynamics equations derived from the Boltzmann equation and typical kinetic gas-surface boundary conditions;The applications of the fast spectral method and general synthetic iterative scheme to reveal the dynamics in some canonical rarefied gas flows. The book is suitable for postgraduates and researchers interested in rarefied gas dynamics and provides many numerical codes for them to begin with.
Ratings als Steuerungsinstrument von Unternehmen für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung
by Christian StrangaliesIn diesem Open-Access-Buch wird mit Hilfe einer systemtheoretischen Perspektive untersucht, wie Nachhaltigkeitsratings zu einer sinnvollen Gesellschaft beitragen. In einer grundlegenden Einführung in die Systemtheorie wird erklärt, wie die Selbsterhaltung von sozialen Systemen durch neuen Sinn ermöglicht wird, der auf weiteren Sinn verweist. Daraufhin wird die Notwendigkeit einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung der Gesellschaft systemtheoretisch dargestellt, indem ein pathologisches Wirtschaftssystem beschrieben wird, das die eigene Umwelt zerstört und dadurch immer weniger sinnvolle Anschlussoperationen findet, die weiteren Sinn ermöglichen. Zudem wird erläutert, wie aus systemtheoretischer Sicht ein nachhaltiges Wirtschaftssystem operiert. Es wird ausgeführt, wie durch eine begrenzte Reflexion neuer Sinn für das Wirtschaftssystem erzeugt wird, der im Einklang steht mit den gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten und somit die wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Selbsterhaltung langfristig sicherstellt. Anhand von Nachhaltigkeitsratings wird dann ein konkretes Beispiel angeführt, wie Entscheidungen mit einer begrenzten Reflexion in Unternehmen zu einer solchen sinnvollen Ökonomie beitragen.
Ratio of Momentum Diffusivity to Thermal Diffusivity: Introduction, Meta-analysis, and Scrutinization
by Isaac Lare Animasaun Nehad Ali Shah Abderrahim Wakif Basavarajappa Mahanthesh Ramachandran Sivaraj Olubode Kolade KorikoThis book presents a systematic introduction, practical meaning, and measurement of thermo-physical properties (i.e. viscosity, density, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity) associated with the Prandtl number. The method of slope linear regression through the data points is presented in this textbook as a methodology for a deeper and insightful scrutinization. The book serves as a reference book for scientific investigators, Teachers of Fluid Mechanics, Experts on Heat and Mass Transfer, Researchers on Boundary layer flows, Mechanical and Chemical Engineers, Physicists, and Postgraduate Students working on transport phenomena who need theoretical and empirical reviews on the impact of increasing the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. Features: A systematic overview of the state-of-the-art in statistical methodology for understanding changes between dependent and independent variables. Pointers to some theoretical and empirical reviews on Prandtl number. Presents in-depth analysis of various self-similar flows, emphasizing stretching induced flows, nanofluid dynamics, suction, injection, free convection, mixed convection, and forced convection. Insightful study on thermal radiation, heat sour, heat sink, energy flux due to concentration gradient, mass flux due to temperature gradient, thermo-capillary convection flow, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, thermal stratification, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion of particles.
Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography (Routledge Revivals)
by Edward RelphThis book, first published in 1981, explores why it is that the modern built environment, while successfully providing material comfort and technical efficiency, none the less breeds despair and depression rather than inspires hope and commitment. The source of this paradox, where material benefits appear to have been gained only at the expense of intangible values and qualities is found in humanism, the persistent and powerful belief that all problems can be solved through the use of human reason. But humanism has become increasingly confused, rationalistic, callously devoted to efficiency, and authoritarian. These confusions and contradictions, together with the anti-nature stance of humanism and its failure to teach humane behaviour, lead the author to conclude that humanism is best rejected. Such rejection does not advocate the inhuman and anti-human, but requires instead a return to the ‘humility’ that lies at the origin of humanism – a respect for objects, creatures, environments and people. This ‘environmental humility’ is explored in the context of individuality of settings, ways of seeing landscapes, appropriation and ways of building places. This title will be of interest to students of human geography.
Rational Reconstructions of Modern Physics
by Peter MittelstaedtNewton’s classical physics and its underlying ontology are loaded with several metaphysical hypotheses that cannot be justified by rational reasoning nor by experimental evidence. Furthermore, it is well known that some of these hypotheses are not contained in the great theories of modern physics, such as the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. This book shows that, on the basis of Newton’s classical physics and by rational reconstruction, the theory of relativity as well as quantum mechanics can be obtained by partly eliminating or attenuating the metaphysical hypotheses. Moreover, it is shown that these reconstructions do not require additional hypotheses or new experimental results.
Rational Reconstructions of Modern Physics, 2nd Enlarged Edition
by Peter MittelstaedtNewton's classical physics and its underlying ontology are loaded with several metaphysical hypotheses that cannot be justified by rational reasoning nor by experimental evidence. Furthermore, it is well known that some of these hypotheses are not contained in the great theories of Modern Physics, such as the theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. This book shows that, on the basis of Newton's classical physics and by rational reconstruction, the theory of Special Relativity as well as Quantum Mechanics can be obtained by partly eliminating or attenuating the metaphysical hypotheses. Moreover, it is shown that these reconstructions do not require additional hypotheses or new experimental results. <P><P> In the second edition the rational reconstructions are completed with respect to General Relativity and Cosmology. In addition, the statistics of quantum objects is elaborated in more detail with respect to the rational reconstruction of quantum mechanics. The new material completes the approach of the book as much as it is possible at the present state of knowledge. Presumably, the most important contribution that is added to the second edition refers to the problem of interpretation of the three great theories of Modern Physics. It is shown in detail that in the light of rational reconstructions even realistic interpretations of the three theories of Modern Physics are possible and can easily be achieved.
Rationalizing Migration Decisions: Labour Migrants in East and South-East Asia
by A K UllahWhile decisions for working overseas are often based on expectations and promises of better jobs, opportunities, economic gains and, eventually, a better future, such assumptions may not always be realized. Focusing on the question of why migrants, despite not realizing their earlier aspirations, continue to remain as migrants rather than return home, this book provides a unified understanding of the rationalization of the migration decision making. It does so by empirically situating the study in the experiences of Bangladeshi migrant workers in Hong Kong and Malaysia.
A Rat's Tale
by Ann McLainRats are opportunistic, living in human cities provides them with food, shelter, and everything else they need!
Rattler (Penguin Core Concepts Ser.)
by Mary BattenSlither along with one of nature's deadliest hunters—and learn all about what makes rattlesnakes so dangerous!Rattler has not eaten in a week. After hiding from the hot sun all day, he starts hunting. Rattler uses his venom to paralyze his prey and his tail to scare away predators. He even swallows his prey whole! Follow along as Rattler grows up, sheds his skin, and has his own children.
Raum und Bild - Strategien visueller raumbezogener Forschung
by Raphaela Kogler Jeannine WintzerDer Sammelband Raum und Bild gibt Einblick in die Verortung und Erforschung visueller Kommunikation über Raum und der damit einhergehenden (Re)Produktion von Raum durch die Präsentation von empirischen Projekten aus aktueller sozial-, kultur- und raumbezogener Forschung. Im Zuge dessen wir das Verhältnis von Raum und Bild aus zwei Perspektiven betrachtet. Im Teil I Bilder (er-)öffnen Raum werden Arbeiten vorgestellt, in welchen Bilder einen Zugang zu Raum bieten und in unterschiedlichster Form (Foto, Karte, Film, Video) Verwendung finden. Dies mit dem Ziel Raum erkunden, verstehen und übersetzen zu können und einen Zugang zu räumlichen Alltagspraktiken zu gewähren. Im Teil II Bilder (re-)konstruieren Raum versammeln sich Beiträge, die Raumbilder als Mittel der Wirklichkeitskonstruktion verhandeln. Hier werden Beiträge vorgestellt, die Bilder als imaginäre Bilder in den Mittelpunkt stellen. So zum Beispiel produziert kartographisches Material Raumvorstellungen, Imaginationen verändern Raumpraktiken und mediale Bilder beeinflussen lebensweltbezogene Handlungsprozesse. Der Sammelband richtet sich an Forschende, die sich mit Strategien raumgezogener, visueller Ansätze auseinandersetzen und sich der Vielfalt räumlicher Bilder und bildlicher Räume widmen.
The Ravaging Tide: Strange Weather, Future Katrinas, and the Coming Death of America's Coastal Cities
by Mike TidwellIf, like many Americans, you believe the ongoing tragedy of Hurricane Katrina was a once-in-a-lifetime fluke, you need to read this book. In the coming years and decades, the safety of your region, your town, your home may depend on the warnings you'll encounter on these pages. That's because the exact same conditions that created the Katrina catastrophe and destroyed New Orleans are being replicated right now along virtually every inch of U. S. coastline. In The Ravaging Tide, Mike Tidwell, a renowned advocate for the environment and an award-winning journalist, issues a call to arms and confronts us with some unsettling facts. Consider: In the next seventy-five years, much of the Florida peninsula could lie under ocean water. So could much of Lower Manhattan, including all of the hallowed ground zero area. Major hurricanes like Katrina, scientists say, are becoming much more frequent and more powerful. Glacier National Park in Montana will have to change its name, as it is rapidly losing all of its thirty-five remaining glaciers. The snows atop Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa, so memorably evoked in the Hemingway story, have already disappeared. The fault, Tidwell argues, lies mostly with the U. S. government and the energy choices it has encouraged Americans to make over the decades. Those policies are now actively bringing rising seas and gigantic hurricanes -- the lethal forces that killed the Big Easy -- crashing into every coastal city in the country and indeed the world. The Bush administration's own reports and studies (some of which it has tried to suppress) explicitly predict more intense storms and up to three feet of sea-level rise by 2100 due to planetary warming. The danger is clear: Whether the land sinks three feet per century (as in New Orleans over the past 100 years) or sea levels rise three feet per century (as in the rest of the world over the next 100 years), the resulting calamity is the same. Although Mike Tidwell sounds the clarion in The Ravaging Tide, this is ultimately an optimistic book, one that offers a clear path to a healthier and safer world for us and our descendants. He writes of trend-setting U. S. states like New York and California that are actively cutting greenhouse gases. And he heeds his own words: In one delightful personal chapter, he takes us on a tour of his suburban Washington, D.C., home and demonstrates how he and many of his neighbors have weaned themselves from the fossil-fuel lifestyle. Even when the government is slow to change, there are steps we as families can take to, yes, change the world.
The Raven Mother (Mothers of Xsan)
by Hetxw’ms Gyetxw Huson★ Starred selection for CCBC's Best Books for Kids & Teens 2023! Hoarders. Scavengers. Clever foragers. Bringers of new life. Ravens have many roles, both for the land and in Gitxsan story and song. The sixth book in Hetxw'ms Gyetxw (Brett D. Huson)&’s Mothers of Xsan series transports young readers to Northwestern British Columbia, where they will learn about the traditions of the Gitxsan, the lives of ravens, and why these acrobatic flyers are so important to their ecosystem. Follow along as Nox Gaak, the raven mother, teaches her chicks what they need to survive with the help of her flock.
The Raven Mother (Mothers of Xsan)
by Hetxw’ms Gyetxw Huson★ Starred selection for CCBC's Best Books for Kids & Teens 2023! Hoarders. Scavengers. Clever foragers. Bringers of new life. Ravens have many roles, both for the land and in Gitxsan story and song. The sixth book in Hetxw'ms Gyetxw (Brett D. Huson)&’s Mothers of Xsan series transports young readers to Northwestern British Columbia, where they will learn about the traditions of the Gitxsan, the lives of ravens, and why these acrobatic flyers are so important to their ecosystem. Follow along as Nox Gaak, the raven mother, teaches her chicks what they need to survive with the help of her flock.
Ravine Lands: Greening for Livelihood and Environmental Security
by Anil Kumar Singh Jagdish Chander DagarThis book, the only one of its kind on ravine lands, reflects the significant advances made over the past two decades in our understanding of gully erosion, its controlling factors, and various aspects of gully erosion. It also addresses central research gaps and unanswered questions, which include historical studies on gully erosion to better understand the different stages of their formation; appropriate measuring techniques for monitoring or assessing the geological and hydrological parameters and processes involved in gully development; interaction of hydrological and other soil degradation processes; ecology and biodiversity of fragile ravines; impact of climate and environmental changes on soil erosion processes; development of effective and reliable gully erosion models; effective gully prevention and control measures; watershed-based management options; and ravine rehabilitation policies. The present book is a highly timely publication and deals with various aspects of ravine ecology and rehabilitation of degraded lands, particularly with the aid of biological approaches. As such, it offers a valuable guide for all scientists working in the fields of soil conservation / rehabilitation and agroforestry, students, environmentalists, educationists, and policymakers. More importantly, it focuses on the rehabilitation of one of the world’s most degraded and fragile ecosystems, ensuring the livelihoods of resource-poor farmers and landless families living in harsh ecologies that are more vulnerable to climate change.
Raw Materials for Future Energy Supply
by Friedrich-W. Wellmer Peter Buchholz Jens Gutzmer Christian Hagelüken Peter Herzig Ralf Littke Rudolf K. ThauerThis is the first book that analyses the future raw materials supply from the demand side of a society that chiefly relies on renewable energies, which is of great significance for us all. It addresses primary and secondary resources and substitution, not only from technical but also socioeconomic and ethical points of view.The “Energiewende” (Energy Transition) will change our consumption of natural resources significantly. When in future our energy requirements will be covered mostly by wind, solar power and biomass, we will need less coal, oil and natural gas. However, the consumption of minerals, especially metallic resources, will increase to build wind generators, solar panels or energy storage facilities. Besides e.g. copper, nickel or cobalt, rare earth elements and other high-tech elements will be increasingly used. With regard to primary metals, Germany is 100 % import dependent; only secondary material is produced within Germany. Though sufficient geological primary resources exist worldwide, their availability on the market is crucial. The future supply of the market is dependent on the development of prices, the transparency of the market and the question of social and ethical standards in the raw materials industry, as well as the social license to operate, which especially applies to mining. The book offers a valuable resource for everyone interested in the future raw material supply of our way of life, which will involve more and more renewable energies.