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The Trials of Gaia: Milestones in the Evolution of Earth with Reference to the Anthropocene
by Andrew Yoram GliksonThis books presents a documentation and resulting perspectives regarding James Lovelock's multidisciplinary evolution theory. It looks at past and current climate changes and their consequences, including detailed accounts of the global warming. The connection between climate trajectories and extreme weather events, including tropical and arctic fronts, cyclones, fire storms, tropical storms, acidification, tsunami, floods, sea level rise, are referred to in connection with recent developments. The book updates earlier accounts regarding extreme weather events and mass extinctions.The book “The Trials of Gaia” is published in honour of the late Professor James Lovelock (26 July 1919 – 26 July 2022), the father of the Gaia theory.
Triaxial Testing of Soils
by Poul V. LadeTriaxial Testing of Soils explains how to carry out triaxial tests to demonstrate the effects of soil behaviour on engineering designs. An authoritative and comprehensive manual, it reflects current best practice and instrumentation.References are made throughout to easily accessible articles in the literature and the book?s focus is on how to obtain high quality experimental results.
Tribology and Sustainability
by Jitendra Kumar Katiyar Mir Irfan Ul Haq Ankush Raina S. Jayalakshmi R. Arvind SinghTribology and Sustainability brings a vision of promoting a greener, cleaner and eco-friendly environment by highlighting sustainable solutions in tribology via the development of self-lubricating materials, green additives in lubricants, natural fibre-reinforced materials and biomimetic approaches. Backed by supporting schematic diagrams, data tables and illustrations for easy understanding, the book focuses on recent advancements in tribology and sustainability. Global sustainability and regional requirements are addressed through chapters on natural composites, green lubricants, biomedical systems and wind energy systems, with a dedicated chapter on a global sustainability scenario. FEATURES Highlights sustainability via new tribological approaches and how such methods are essential Covers the theoretical aspects of various tribological topics concerning mechanical and material designs for energy-efficient systems Includes practical global sustainability based on the regional requirements of tribological research and sustainable impact Reviews the tribology of green lubricants, green additives and lightweight materials Discusses topics related to biomimetics and biotribology Tribology and Sustainability will assist researchers, professionals and graduate students in tribology, surface engineering, mechanical design and materials engineering, including mechanical, aerospace, chemical and environmental engineering.
Tribology in Sustainable Composites
by Jitendra Kumar Katiyar Mohammed Abdul SamadTribological performance of sustainable composites depend upon external parameters such as interface and environmental temperature, contact pressure and behavior of contact materials at interface and so forth. This book covers sustainable composites and bio- composites in terms of proper selection of reinforcements, methods to improve the thermal and mechanical properties, techniques for uniform dispersion of the reinforcements and their tribological performance. Also, it details the testing and damage characterization methods of these sustainable composites. Features: 1. Presents fundamental knowledge of sustainable composites, including chemical composition, structural features and fabrication techniques. 2. Provides an analytical overview of the different types of characterization techniques and tribological methods. 3. Provides an extensive review on bio- composite properties and their tribological performance for biomedical application. 4. Contains extensive reviews on cutting- edge research on lightweight materials for future applications in a variety of industries and their tribological performance. 5. Provides the application of sustainable composites in various fields such as aerospace, automobile, medical etc. This book is aimed for Researchers, Professionals and Graduate students of Tribology, Composites, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Engineering.
Trichoderma: Biology and Applications
by Lea Atanasova Bryan A Bailey Scott E Baker Yariv Brotman Sergio Casas-Flores Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo Irina S Druzhinina Fabian Glaser Rita Gorsche Oliver Grovel Lorant Hatvani Alfredo Herrera-Estrella B A Horwitz Walter M Jaklitsch Sue Karagiosis Charles M Kenerley Idit Kosti Laszlo Kredics Svetlana Kryštofová David Laughlin Jose Lopez-Bucio Astrid R Mach-Aigner Robert L Mach R L Melnick Laszlo Manczinger Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza Mala Mukherjee Prasun K Mukherjee Randy Ortiz-Castro Yves Francois Pouchus Catherine Roullier Nicolas Ruiz Karina Petit Monika Schmoll Claire Sallenave-Namont Rainer Schuhmacher Matthias G Steiger Martin Simkovic U S Singh Alison Stewart Johanna Steyaert Csaba Vagvolgyi Walter A Vargas Ludovit Varecka Richard J Weld Najam S Zaidi Susanne ZeilingerTrichoderma spp. are biotechnologically significant fungi, being widely used both in agriculture and industry. These microbes are also a potential drug source of clinical importance. In recent years, driven by advances in genetics and genomics, research on these fungi have opened new avenues for its varied applications. Divided into three sections, covering taxonomy and physiology, interactions with plants and applications and significance, this book also discusses topics that have seen rapid developments in the recent years. Various aspects of Trichoderma like molecular taxonomy, sexual and asexual developments, secondary metabolism, beneficial interactions with plants, applications as cell factories and harmful interactions with humans are discussed. This book, thus, hopes to be an essential ready reference for researchers, students and people form industry as well.
Trichoderma
by Claire Sallenave-Namont Idit Kosti Richard J Weld Fabian Glaser Yves Francois Pouchus Walter M Jaklitsch Csaba Vagvolgyi Charles M Kenerley Astrid R Mach-Aigner Lea Atanasova David Laughlin Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo Yariv Brotman Nicolas Ruiz Rainer Schuhmacher Laszlo Manczinger Catherine Roullier B A Horwitz Susanne Zeilinger Rita Gorsche Karina Petit R L Melnick Johanna M Steyaert Sue Karagiosis Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza Mala Mukherjee Sergio Casas-Flores Bryan A Bailey U S Singh Najam S Zaidi Ludovit Varecka Walter A Vargas Matthias G Steiger Robert L Mach Jose Lopez-Bucio Randy Ortiz-Castro Oliver Grovel Monika Schmoll Laszlo Kredics Prasun K Mukherjee Svetlana Kryštofová Martin Simkovic Lorant Hatvani Alison Stewart Irina S Druzhinina Scott E Baker Alfredo Herrera-EstrellaTrichoderma spp. are biotechnologically significant fungi, being widely used both in agriculture and industry. These microbes are also a potential drug source of clinical importance. In recent years, driven by advances in genetics and genomics, research on these fungi have opened new avenues for its varied applications. Divided into three sections, covering taxonomy and physiology, interactions with plants and applications and significance, this book also discusses topics that have seen rapid developments in the recent years. Various aspects of Trichoderma like molecular taxonomy, sexual and asexual developments, secondary metabolism, beneficial interactions with plants, applications as cell factories and harmful interactions with humans are discussed. This book, thus, hopes to be an essential ready reference for researchers, students and people form industry as well.
Trichoderma: Agricultural Applications and Beyond (Soil Biology #61)
by Chakravarthula Manoharachary Harikesh Bahadur Singh Ajit VarmaThis book gives a comprehensive overview on the various aspects of Trichoderma, a filamentous fungus ubiquitously present in soil. Topics addressed are the biology, diversity, taxonomy, ecology, biotechnology and cultivation of Trichoderma, to just name a few. Basic as well as applied aspects are covered and a special focus is given on use of Trichoderma in agriculture and beyond. Trichoderma species are widely distributed throughout the world in soil, rotting plant material, and wood. Although they are often considered as a contaminants, Trichoderma species are also known for their ability to act as biocontrol agents against various plant pathogens and plant diseases, and also as biostimulants promoting plant growth. The contents of this book will be of particular interest to, agricultural scientists, biotechnologists, plant pathologists, mycologists, and microbiologists, students, extension workers, policy makers and other stakeholders.
Trick or Truth?
by Anthony Aguirre Brendan Foster Zeeya MeraliThe prize-winning essays in thisbook address the fascinating but sometimes uncomfortable relationship betweenphysics and mathematics. Ismathematics merely another natural science? Or is it the result of humancreativity? Does physics simply wear mathematics like a costume, or is math thelifeblood of physical reality? The nineteen wide-ranging, highly imaginative and oftenentertaining essays are enhanced versions of the prize-winning entries to theFQXi essay competition "Trick or Truth", which attracted over 200 submissions. The Foundational QuestionsInstitute, FQXi, catalyzes, supports, and disseminates research on questions atthe foundations of physics and cosmology, particularly new frontiers andinnovative ideas integral to a deep understanding of reality, but unlikely tobe supported by conventional funding sources.
Trigger Effects in Geosystems: The 5th International Conference, Sadovsky Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences (Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences)
by Gevorg Kocharyan Andrey LyakhovThis book is the result of collaboration within the frames of the 5th International Conference "Trigger Effects in Geosystems" held in the Institute of Geosphere Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences, June 2019. This book aims to raise awareness about different triggering aspects in the geosphere and its effects.The conference provided a multidisciplinary platform with a focus on (i) the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the geosphere, geomechanical systems and anthropogenic objects found in a subcritical state and (ii) the influence of these factors on the system “atmosphere - ionosphere”.The problems considered in the book may be interesting for a wide audience including students, professionals, researches, and for the industry.
Triple Oxygen Isotopes (Elements in Geochemical Tracers in Earth System Science)
by Huiming BaoThe 'detective' power of stable isotopes for processes that occurred in the past, and for elucidating mechanisms at the molecular level, has impressed researchers over the past 100 years, since the time when isotopes of elements were first discovered. While most are interested in the normalized abundance ratios of two isotopes of an element, further power was unleashed when researchers investigated the relationship of three or more isotopes of the same element, e.g. 16O, 17O, and 18O for oxygen. This Element focuses on the history of discovery of triple isotope effects, the conceptual framework behind these effects, and major lines of development in the past few years of triple oxygen isotope research.
Triple Value Leadership: Creating Sustainable Value for Your Business, Your Customers and Society
by Sander TidemanWith the sustainability emergency, businesses can no longer give priority to commercial interests (and financial gains) and close their eyes to societal and environmental interests. We need a new, higher perspective to close the gap. We need to formulate a new business logic and a sustainable value creation method for sustainable business, for their customers and society – that is, all business stakeholders, as well as the planet. This book will do just that. This book presents the insights gained from action research with leading companies across the world to discover a comprehensive method that works: a practical framework for CEO and business leaders who want to lead their organization along the sustainability transition. Building on the latest insights from science, summarized as the systems view of life, the book identifies six principles that provide a new leadership lens on how to understand the changes taking place in business and create sustainable value from a systems perspective. Based on these insights, the book offers the Triple Value mindset model, consisting of six distinct leadership qualities, to enable business leaders to scale their intended impact from the organization to all stakeholders in the value chain, thus transcending the conflict between business and society. Not only that, the book will also offer you a leadership journey – an adventure that will transform the way to think, feel and execute the new perspective in your company, while perfecting your leadership potential and inspiring the people you work with. On the journey you will be supported by models, tools and best practices, which will help you to reimagine your business strategy and your role as leader in driving sustainable transformation and success.
The Triumphant Tale of the House Sparrow
by Jan Thornhill“The content encourages us to reflect upon and evaluate the relationship between human beings and animals. This book leaves us with admiration for this feisty bird and hope for our world.” — Friends Journal Behold the most despised bird in human history!So begins Jan Thornhill’s riveting, beautifully illustrated story of the House Sparrow. She traces the history of this perky little bird, one of the most adaptable creatures on Earth, from its beginnings in the Middle East to its spread with the growth of agriculture into India, North Africa and Europe. Everywhere the House Sparrow went, it competed with humans for grain, becoming such a pest that in some places “sparrow catcher” became an actual job and bounties were paid to those who got rid of it.But not everyone hated the House Sparrow, and in 1852, fifty pairs were released in New York City. In no time at all, the bird had spread from coast to coast. Then suddenly, at the turn of the century, as cars took over from horses and there was less grain to be found, its numbers began to decline. As our homes, gardens, cities and farmland have changed, providing fewer nesting and feeding opportunities, the House Sparrow’s numbers have begun to decline again — though in England and Holland this decline appears to be slowing. Perhaps this clever little bird is simply adapting once more.This fascinating book includes the life history of the House Sparrow and descriptions of how the Ancient Egyptians fed it to the animals they later mummified, how it traveled to Great Britain as a stowaway on ships carrying Roman soldiers, and how its cousin, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, was almost eradicated in China when Mao declared war on it. A wealth of back matter material is also supplied.Key Text Featuresmapglossaryreferencesresourcesfurther informationCorrelates to the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts:CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.3.3Describe the relationship between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures in a text, using language that pertains to time, sequence, and cause/effect.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.3.7Use information gained from illustrations (e.g., maps, photographs) and the words in a text to demonstrate understanding of the text (e.g., where, when, why, and how key events occur).CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.4.3Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text, including what happened and why, based on specific information in the text.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.5.3Explain the relationships or interactions between two or more individuals, events, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text based on specific information in the text.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.6.2Determine a central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.
Trooper: The Bobcat Who Came in from the Wild
by Forrest Bryant JohnsonWhenever middle-aged desert tour guide Forrest Bryant Johnson went out on his daily walks into the Mojave, all was usually peaceful and serene. But one beautiful summer day in 1987, Forrest heard a cry of distress. Following the cries, he came upon a small bobcat kitten, injured, orphaned, and desperately in need of help. So Forrest took his new feline friend home for a night. But when the little “trooper” clearly needed some more time to recoup, that night turned into two nights, a week, and eventually nineteen years. And so Trooper became a part of the Johnson family. And in those nineteen years, Trooper lived his nine lives to the fullest. He explored desert flora and fauna around him, befriending kit foxes, jackrabbits, desert tortoises, and other creatures and getting into mischief along the way. Trooper became a “big brother” to stray tabby Little Brother, teaching, guiding, and protecting Brother on the pair’s adventures and misadventures. He became a beloved patient at his local vet, and cherished housemate of Forrest’s wife, Chi. And Trooper even managed to melt the icy heart of a tough guy neighbor. But most of all, throughout his nineteen years, Trooper became Forrest’s best friend, as the two shared each other’s worries and frustrations, musings and rants, joys and laughter. Harrowing and heartfelt, Trooper: The Bobcat Who Came in from the Wild is for any reader who ever had their heart stolen by their pet.
Trophic Ecology
by James E. Garvey Matt WhilesThis book is a bridge between ecological paradigms – organismal/community approaches to food web dynamics and ecosystem-level approaches to production. The unification of organismal, community, and ecosystem approaches in ecology is emerging due to the growing availability of new techniques for assessing trophic interactions and their implications for ecosystems. Trophic Ecology is a formal text for both newcomers to the discipline as well as seasoned professionals looking for new ideas and refreshers on old topics. A wide range of topics are explained including autotrophy, heterotrophy, omnivory, decomposition, foraging behavior and theory, trophic cascades, bioenergetics, and production. The audience is upper-level undergraduate students and entry-level graduate students interested in autecological, organismal approaches to ecology, community and ecosystem ecology. It is also a reference text for instructors teaching upper-division courses, providing examples from the literature, quantitative approaches to teach, and new hypotheses yet to be fully tested by ecologists.
Trophy Hunting
by Nikolaj Bichel Adam HartThis book gets to the heart of trophy hunting, unpacking and explaining its multiple facets and controversies, and exploring why it divides environmentalists, the hunting community, and the public. Bichel and Hart provide the first interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach to the study of trophy hunting, investigating the history of trophy hunting, and delving into the background, identity and motivation of trophy hunters. They also explore the role of social media and anthropomorphism in shaping trophy hunting discourse, as well as the viability of trophy hunting as a wildlife management tool, the ideals of fair chase and sportsmanship, and what hunting trophies are, both literally and in terms of their symbolic value to hunters and non-hunters. The analyses and discussions are underpinned by a consideration of the complex moral and practical conflicts between animal rights and conservation paradigms. This book appeals to scholars in environmental philosophy, conservation and environmental studies, as well as hunters, hunting opponents, wildlife management practitioners, and policymakers, and anyone with a broad interest in human–wildlife relations.
Tropic of Chaos: Climate Changes and the New Geography of Violence
by Christian ParentiFrom Africa to Asia and Latin America, the era of climate wars has begun. Extreme weather is breeding banditry, humanitarian crisis, and state failure. In Tropic of Chaos, investigative journalist Christian Parenti travels along the front lines of this gathering catastrophe--the belt of economically and politically battered postcolonial nations and war zones girding the planet's midlatitudes. Here he finds failed states amid climatic disasters. But he also reveals the unsettling presence of Western military forces and explains how they see an opportunity in the crisis to prepare for open-ended global counterinsurgency. Parenti argues that this incipient "climate fascism"--a political hardening of wealthy states-- is bound to fail. The struggling states of the developing world cannot be allowed to collapse, as they will take other nations down as well. Instead, we must work to meet the challenge of climate-driven violence with a very different set of sustainable economic and development policies.
Tropical Africa (Routledge Introductions to Development)
by Tony BinnsTropical Africa is a complex and dynamic region. Occupying a marginal position in the world economic system, the region has seemingly insurmountable problems. This book breaks through the complexities with a straightforward and systematic text supported by concise case studies. Covering topics such as population, environment and rural and urban Africa, it builds from an historical base to an understanding of present day patterns and processes and an assessment of future priorities and development strategies. Tropical Africa will prove an invaluable resource for those embarking on any study of this fascinating region.
Tropical Agroecosystems (Advances in Agroecology)
by John H. VandermeerTropical areas present ecological, cultural, and political problems that demand analysis that is distinct from general ecological analysis. The tropical environment is special in many ways, from the lack of a biological down season (winter), to generally poor soil conditions, to a reliance on traditional methods of agriculture in an undeveloped society. Presenting a broad range of approaches to agroecosystem analysis, this book addresses specific ecological issues associated with agricultural production, examines two case studies of agricultural transformation and its effect on biodiversity, and discusses key landscape relationships between agroecosystems, wildlife, and human disease.
Tropical Arctic: Lost Plants, Future Climates, and the Discovery of Ancient Greenland
by Jennifer C. McElwain Marlene Hill Donnelly Ian J. GlasspoolAn illustrated visit to the tropical arctic of 205 million years ago when Greenland was green. While today’s Greenland is largely covered in ice, in the time of the dinosaurs the area was a lushly forested, tropical zone. Tropical Arctic tracks a ten-million-year window of Earth’s history when global temperatures soared and the vegetation of the world responded. A project over eighteen years in the making, Tropical Arctic is the result of a unique collaboration between two paleobotanists, Jennifer C. McElwain and Ian J. Glasspool, and award-winning scientific illustrator Marlene Hill Donnelly. They began with a simple question: “What was the color of a fossilized leaf?” Tropical Arctic answers that question and more, allowing readers to experience Triassic Greenland through three reconstructed landscapes and an expertly researched catalog of extinct plants. A stunning compilation of paint and pencil art, photos, maps, and engineered fossil models, Tropical Arctic blends art and science to bring a lost world to life. Readers will also enjoy a front-row seat to the scientific adventures of life in the field, with engaging anecdotes about analyzing fossils and learning to ward off polar bear attacks.Tropical Arctic explains our planet’s story of environmental upheaval, mass extinction, and resilience. By looking at Earth’s past, we see a glimpse of the future of our warming planet—and learn an important lesson for our time of climate change.
Tropical Asian Style
by Luca Invernizzi Tettoni William WarrenTropical Asian Style contains over 400 colour photos by world-renowned photographer Luca Invernizzi Tettoni. Well-known architects, designers and authorities on Asia's cultural heritage provide insightful views on the houses and their design elements. A final section on tropical decorating provides helpful tips on selecting Asian fabrics, furniture and artifacts.
Tropical Circulation Systems and Monsoons
by Kshudiram SahaThis is a book on the practical side of tropical meteorology which in its 3 Parts covered in 12 chapters reviews several current theories and ideas on tropical circulations and monsoons, offering new definitions and ideas to facilitate a systematic development of the subject. The book emphasizes the need for a system's approach to tropical circulations in general and monsoons in particular to facilitate orderly and systematic development of the topic.
Tropical Constrained Environments and Sustainable Adaptations: Businesses and Communities (Managing the Asian Century)
by Simona Azzali K ThirumaranThis book investigates resource-constrained environments in the tropics and subtropics where people’s lives and businesses are affected, and adaptations occur periodically. Constrained environments are unique territories characterised by challenging circumstances, limited land and natural resources. They can be places with a small municipal boundary or cities in which parts around them may be consumed by ocean, bay or mountains. Those places face hard physical boundaries like coastlines and mountains, which in addition to policy decisions that may limit height or density, can also serve to limit capacity for expansion. Successful communities and businesses tend to survive in a changing environment given their strong intuitive and forward-looking adaptations.This book delves into the role of urban planning and design in the promotion of business and adaptations of people and communities. Additionally, the focus takes into account impact analysis and the effects of an expanding populations, including growing migrant flows, and business needs on the built environment of land-constrained territories
Tropical Cyclone Activity over the North Indian Ocean
by M. Mohapatra B. K. Bandyopadhyay L. S. RathoreThis book deals primarily with understanding, monitoring and prediction of Tropical Cyclones (TCs) over the North Indian Ocean (NIO). There is special emphasis on TC genesis, intensification, movement and associated adverse weather like heavy rainfall and gale winds. It highlights the current state of research on TCs over the NIO and recent improvements in early warning systems due to advances in observational, analytical and numerical weather prediction techniques. The chapters in the book are authored by leading experts from research and operational environments. The chapters presented in the book intend to stimulate thinking and hence further research in the field of TCs, especially over the NIO region. They provide high quality reference material for all experts working in the field of TC related disaster management. This book is relevant to TC forecasters and researchers, managers, policy makers, graduate and undergraduate students.
Tropical Deltas and Coastal Zones: Food Production, Communities and Environment at the Land–Water Interface
by Chu T. Hoanh Brian W. Szuster Kam Suan-Pheng Abdelbagi M. Ismail Andrew D. NobleFocusing on the developing countries of Asia, Africa and South America, chapters of the book explore the diverse livelihoods of people in these areas and the impact of land-water management on the environment. New techniques and methodologies are explored in land and water management to try and solve the conflicts between rice-based agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and the environment in tropical delta regions.
Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest: Research Trends and Emerging Features
by J. S. Singh R. K ChaturvediTropical dry deciduous forests (TDFs) can be found in severe and extremely variable climates characterized by low annual rainfall, 5-6 dry months within the annual cycle, and nutrient-poor soil. Several terms have been used for this vegetation type such as seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF), tropical dry deciduous forest, monsoon forest, caatinga, cuabal, etc. More than any other factor, the lack of precipitation during a prolonged portion of the year is what produces true dry forest, an ecosystem type characterized by plants and animals with specific adaptations to survive the long dry season. Deciduousness is the single most important adaptation among plants to the extended droughts. Most of the trees drop their leaves after the rains end, and essentially halt photosynthesis, as they would otherwise be unable to survive the water loss during the dry season. TDFs are subject to intensive anthropogenic disturbances and are among the most at-risk ecosystems in the world. In order to assess the conservation status of this forest type, information is required on its distribution pattern, climate, the structure and functional traits of its vegetation, phenology, strategies for coping with drought and nutrient poverty, and disturbances and their effects. In this book, we review important studies on TDFs around the globe, particularly those in the northern dry deciduous forests of India. We put forward the claim that those TDFs that experience drought and arise on nutrient-poor sites feature adaptations such as deciduousness, as well as a variety of nutrient conservation strategies. They also experience biotic disturbances, which can result in fragmentation and ecosystem conversion, and therefore exhibit changes in biomass, productivity, and soil microbial biomass, etc.