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Crop Production and Global Environmental Issues
by Khalid Rehman HakeemMeeting the world's food security challenge will require a multi-national, collaborative effort to integrate the best research from science, engineering and socioeconomics so that technological advances can bring benefits where they are most needed. The present book covers the effect of major environmental problems on crop production and how to cope with these issues for sustainable agriculture and improvements of crops. The world's population is predicted to hit 9. 6 Billion by 2050, up from today's total of nearly 7. 3 Billion, and with it food demand is predicted to increase substantially. The post-war 'second agricultural revolution' in developed countries, and the 'green revolution' in developing nations in the mid- 1960s converted agricultural practices and elevated crop yields spectacularly, but the outcome is levelling off and will not meet projected demand. Simultaneously, crop production is affected by many other factors, including industrial pollution, overuse of fertilizers and insecticides, heavy metal and radiation stresses etc. It has been noted that many pests are becoming resistant to insecticides. Estimates vary, but around 25% of crops can be lost to pests and diseases. Climate change associated with agriculture is also a global issue. Agriculture is a significant contributor to greenhouse gases and is estimated to account for 10-12% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Many of the issues highlighted are global problems and are addressed thoroug hly in this work.
Crop Production under Stressful Conditions: Application of Cutting-edge Science and Technology in Developing Countries
by Shuichi Asanuma Makie KokubunThis book presents field studies on crop production in developing countries such as Vietnam, Kenya, Namibia, Colombia, Afghanistan and Sudan. Further, it examines the achievements of SATREPS, a development assistance program sponsored by the Japanese government that promotes international joint research to address these global issues. In this context, multidisciplinary research teams consisting of breeders, physiologists, soil scientists, agronomists, and other scientists related to agricultural development worked together to tackle the challenges involved in enhancing the capacity of crop production in the respective regions. In addition to presenting novel scientific findings, this book highlights practical field studies that verify the effectiveness of the scientific findings in actual environments. The achievements will help to improve crop production worldwide, and the lessons learnt will be useful in re-designing strategies to address global issues in crop production, particularly in developing regions. Lastly, the outcomes discussed will be useful to policymakers and professionals engaged in crop production and food security in developing countries, as well as researchers and students.
Crop Protection Strategies For Subsistence Farmers
by Miguel A AltieriTop-down approaches to pest management, relying on agrochemical inputs that can be scarce, expensive, ecologically toxic, or inaccessible, have repeatedly failed to solve pest problems that affect small farmers in developing countries. Crop Protection Strategies for Subsistence Farmers offers an alternative. Drawing on examples from Latin Am
Crop Responses to Global Warming
by Dinesh Chandra Uprety V. R. ReddyThe monograph entitled "Crop responses to Global warming" describes the normal historical shifts in the earth's atmospheric temperature and weighs the evidence concerning anthropogenic induced changes in the level of temperature. The unprecedented increase in the earth's temperature after pre industrial period has been possibly related to the anthropogenic activities. This monograph will give an overview of the global as well as Indian crops productivity in relation to the rise in the earth's surface temperature. A chapter in this monograph is on the technologies to study the response of crop plants to the elevated temperature. The impact assessment analysis of rising temperature on crops such as wheat, rice, maize, soybean, cotton and brassica are described, reviewed and discussed in separate chapters as case studies. The responses of physiological processes and biochemical reactions to the elevated temperature in crop plants are described crop wise. The monograph also includes the impact of elevating temperature on crop weed interaction, pest and diseases and soil dynamics for each crop species independently. The mitigation technologies to counter the adverse effect of high temperature stress are described for each crop according to their cultivation and climatic conditions. The future research strategies for each crop to meet the threat of elevating temperature on crop productivity and food security is described and discussed. The description of temperature enrichment technologies will help researchers and scientists to study the responses of biological materials to rising temperature. The monograph will be the main text for teaching climate change, global warming and environmental botany as no such book is currently available relating to the rising atmospheric temperature on crop plants. Therefore, the monograph will be highly useful for students of global climate change, environmental botany and agricultural sciences, scientists, researchers, farmers and policy makers
Crop Systems Biology: Narrowing the gaps between crop modelling and genetics
by Xinyou Yin Paul C. StruikThe sequencing of genomes has been completed for an increasing number of crop species, and researchers have now succeeded in isolating and characterising many important QTLs/genes. High expectations from genomics, however, are waving back toward the recognition that crop physiology is also important for realistic improvement of crop productivity. Complex processes and networks along various hierarchical levels of crop growth and development can be thoroughly understood with the help of their mathematical description - modelling. The further practical application of these understandings also requires quantitative predictions. In order to better support design, engineering and breeding for new crops and cultivars for improving agricultural production under global warming and climate change, there is an increasing call for an interdisciplinary research approach, which combines modern genetics and genomics, traditional physiology and biochemistry, and advanced bioinformatics and modelling. Such an interdisciplinary approach has been practised in various research groups for many years. However, it does not seem to be fully covered in the format of book publications. We want to initiate a book project on crop systems biology - narrowing the gaps between genotypes and phenotypes and the gaps between crop modelling and genetics/genomics, for publication in 2013/2014. The book will be meant for those scientists and graduate students from fundamental plant biology and applied crop science who are interested in bridging the gap between these two fields. We have invited a group of scientists (who have very good track records in publishing excellent papers in this field or in a closely related area) to contribute chapters to this new book, and they have agreed to do so.
Crop Variety Trials
by Weikai YanVariety trials are an essential step in crop breeding and production. These trials are a significant investment in time and resources and inform numerous decisions from cultivar development to end-use. Crop Variety Trials: Methods and Analysis is a practical volume that provides valuable theoretical foundations as well as a guide to step-by-step implementation of effective trial methods and analysis in determining the best varieties and cultivars.Crop Variety Trials is divided into two sections. The first section provides the reader with a sound theoretical framework of variety evaluation and trial analysis. Chapters provide insights into the theories of quantitative genetics and principles of analyzing data. The second section of the book gives the reader with a practical step-by-step guide to accurately analyzing crop variety trial data. Combined these sections provide the reader with fuller understanding of the nature of variety trials, their objectives, and user-friendly database and statistical tools that will enable them to produce accurate analysis of data.
Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use
by Nigel Maxted E. Dulloo J. Irinodo S. P. Keller J. Turok B. V. Ford-LloydCrop wild relatives are the natural genetic progenitors of plant species that humans cultivate and consume every day. This massive and thorough textbook covers many of the scientific efforts used to conserve and utilize these species, including in situ management, genetic and hybrid research and the prevention of natural and man-made factors that can limit or destroy crops. Specific case examples are presented from around the world, showing how agricultural science has progressed in this area, and how pollution and population growth have set this progress back. The text is dense and aimed at those already proficient at agri-science, but a more comprehensive study of crop wild relatives would be hard to imagine. Three of the six editors are affiliated with the school of biosciences, U. of Birmingham, UK; two are with Bioversity International, Rome, Italy; and one is with the U. Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain. Contributors of the 49 chapters are from many countries, and the final two chapters discuss global conservation issues.
Crop Wild Relatives: A Manual of in situ Conservation (Issues In Agricultural Biodiversity Ser.)
by Danny Hunter Vernon HeywoodCrop wild relatives (CWR) are plant species which are more or less closely related to crops. They are a vital resource by providing a pool of genetic variation that can be used in breeding new and better adapted varieties of crops that are resistant to stress, disease, drought and other factors. They will be increasingly important in allowing crops to adapt to the impacts of climate, thus safeguarding future agricultural production. Until recently, the main conservation strategy adopted for CWR has been ex situ - through the maintenance of samples as seed or vegetative material in various kinds of genebank or other facilities. Now the need to conserve CWR in their natural surroundings (in situ) is increasingly recognized. Recent research co-ordinated by Bioversity International has produced a wealth of information on good practices and lessons learned for their effective conservation. This book captures the important practical experiences of countries participating in this work and describes them for the wider conservation community. It includes case studies and examples from Armenia, Bolivia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and Uzbekistan, which are important centres of diversity for crop wild relatives, and covers four geographical regions - the Caucasus, South America, Africa and the Asia-Pacific Region. It provides practical, relevant information and guidance for the scaling-up of actions targeting CWR conservation around the world.
The Cropland Crisis: Myth or Reality? (RFF Agriculture and Fisheries Set)
by Pierre CrossonThis book examines the factors affecting the demand for agricultural land in the United States and the costs of meeting increasing demand. Originally published in 1982
Cropping Pattern Modification to Overcome Abiotic Stresses: Water, Salinity and Climate (SpringerBriefs in Water Science and Technology)
by Abd El-Hafeez Zohry Samiha A. H. Ouda Mostafa MorsyThis book provides state-of-the art analysis, never done before in Egypt, on agro-climatic zones level. This study deals with how the national cropping pattern can be modified to overcome abiotic stresses, such as water scarcity, induced salinity and climate change to reduce their negative effects on food production. To this end, different cropping patterns are suggested. This study can be a framework for other developing countries to be used in quantifying and filling the gap in their knowledge about practices that can help in increasing their food security through increasing food production. Furthermore, the study is useful for policy makers to help them in their future plans and policies.
The Crosby Arboretum: A Sustainable Regional Landscape (Reading the American Landscape)
by Robert F. Brzuszek Neil G. OdenwaldSince its genesis in 1980, Crosby Arboretum in southern Mississippi has attracted international recognition for its contributions to architecture, biology, and landscape design. Now owned and operated by Mississippi State University, Crosby is the first fully realized ecologically designed arboretum in the United States and the premier native plant conservatory in the Southeast.Former site director and curator Robert F. Brzuszek provides a detailed survey of the arboretum's origins, planning, construction, and ongoing management. More than just a botanical center, Crosby emerged as one of the first American landscape projects to successfully balance natural habitat and planned design. The book's generous selection of photographs and drawings illustrate the beauty and purpose of the site's components: the award-winning Pinecote Pavilion, designed by architect Fay Jones; a 104-acre focus area that includes the Piney Woods Lake, which displays native water plants in their natural setting; and seven hundred additional acres of savanna, woodland, and aquatic environments that nurture more than 300 species of indigenous trees, shrubs, wildflowers, and grasses. Utilizing the interactions between two opposing natural forces -- fire and water -- Crosby Arboretum protects the biological diversity indigenous to the Pearl River Drainage Basin, in southern Mississippi and southeastern Louisiana. Brzuszek's inspiring and informative account will help further Crosby's role as a model of sustainable landscape design and management across the country.
Cross-Border Integration of Renewable Energy Systems: Experiences, Impacts, and Drivers
by Venkatachalam Anbumozhi and Bhupendra Kumar SinghCross-border energy trade and integration of renewable energy have become significant for countries and regions to meet demands, minimize costs, and foster socio-economic and climate stability in the dynamic and unstable energy market. This book explores different models of global energy trade between regions and their benefits and challenges with a special focus on India’s Northeast region. Countries in South and Southeast Asia are endowed with abundant renewable energy resources. This book examines the energy mix of the countries such as India, Myanmar, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Bhutan among others and their efforts to achieve more integrated markets and renewable energy integration in the region. It highlights the potential of Northeast India given its rich natural resources and strategic location to harness the potential cross-border energy trade with ASEAN countries. The volume provides analytical perspectives on drivers, constraints, opportunities and barriers, as well as measures that countries could take to address institutional, financial, policy, and governance issues to minimize the total costs of energy security and maximize the social-economic benefits for people in these regions. It identifies the necessary conditions – grid flexibility, policy, market, and regulatory solutions for clean energy trade – and contributes to growth of low-carbon development as well as policy making by focusing on renewable energy integration across borders. This volume will be of interest to students and researchers of energy and climate studies, environmental politics, trade, and economics and international relations. This book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
Cross-Border Life and Work: Social, Economic, Technological and Jurisdictional Issues (Contributions to Management Science)
by Peter Droege Stefan Güldenberg Marco J. Menichetti Stefan SeidelThis book discusses the risks, challenges, and opportunities of cross-border work and life from a multidisciplinary and multilevel perspective, including (a) the individual, (b) the social and organizational, and (c) the regional levels, taking into consideration the diverse and multilayered social, economic, technological, and jurisdictional issues involved.Emerging public policies and advanced information technologies (IT) have created new opportunities for work and life that thrive in global value chains and markets. Life, in general, and work, in particular, are increasingly organized across borders of various kinds and are subject to rapid change. At the same time, life and work have been determined by 19th and 20th century infrastructures and technologies. As a consequence, new strategies and measures are required for both physical and virtual work and life spaces.
Cross-Border Renewable Energy Transitions: Lessons from Europe's Upper Rhine Region (Routledge Studies in Energy Transitions)
by Philippe HammanThis book explores the intrinsically multiscale issue of renewable energy transition from a local, national and transnational perspective, and provides insights into current developments in the Upper Rhine Region that can serve as an international model. Organised around the exploration of stakeholder issues, the volume first describes a framework for public action and modelling and then articulates a triple complementary focus from the viewpoint of law, economics and sociology. This multidisciplinary approach is anchored in the social sciences, but also explores the ways in which technological issues are increasingly debated in the implementation of the ecological transition. With a focus on the Upper Rhine Region of France, Germany and Switzerland, the contributions throughout analyse how concrete regional projects emerge, and whether they are carried out by local authorities, private energy groups, network associations or committed citizens. From this, it appears that real-world energy transition modes can be best understood as permanent transactional processes involving institutional regulations, economic levers and barriers and social interactions. This book will be of interest to advanced students and scholars focusing on renewable energy transition, stakeholder issues, environment and sustainability studies, as well as those who are interested in the methodological aspects of the social sciences, especially within the fields of sociology, law, economy, geography, political science, urbanism and planning.
Cross-Continental Agro-Food Chains: Structures, Actors and Dynamics in the Global Food System (Routledge Studies in Human Geography #Vol. 12)
by Niels Fold Bill PritchardFilling a gap in contemporary food and globalization scholarship, this timely book presents recent case-study research on the globalization of food systems, and the impacts for communities around the world. It covers debates on new structures and food products, as well as detailed accounts of fresh horticulture, tropical crops and livestock.Drawing together contributions of twenty-six leading international social scientists from eleven countries, this book will interest researchers in geography, development studies, agricultural economics and political science, as well as professionals in the fields of trade and food policy.
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Climate Change Adaptation: Adapting to Flood Risk (Cities and Nature)
by Kwi-Gon Kim Catherine AtkinThis book provides important new and actionable tools for diverse cities and communities facing climate disasters to engage in risk assessment and green recovery. The on the ground perspective from case studies across the global south ensures a culturally inclusive perspective too often missing from the current dialogue. This book offers integrated, actionable and culturally inclusive risk management and green recovery conceptual frameworks and methodologies based on case studies from communities across the global south. Through its focus on flood disasters, this book provides an integrated approach to climate adaptation, green growth and mitigation that can unlock climate action and increase community resilience across the global south.This book is intended for university students, professionals, local governments, and policy decision makers.
Cross-Driven Institutional Resilience: Case Studies of Good Governance in Europe during the Covid-19 Pandemic
by Throstur Olaf Sigurjonsson José M. Ruano Alina Georgiana Profiroiu Saulė Mačiukaitė-Žvinienė Kosjenka DumančićThis book presents a series of studies on organizations across Europe, displaying new perspectives on institutional resilience of affected governance structures during crisis. Such an approach to governance studies not only aims to provide readers with conceptual and practical knowledge on crisis experience of organizations, but also to equip them with necessary cognitive tools to perform well in a similar crisis context in the future. The book highlights knowledge on institutional resilience and delivers an enduring resource for researchers and students on a time of unprecedented crisis. Cross-national/sectorial interdependences in Europe are multiplying, while institutional reaction and international collaboration mechanisms are falling behind. The studies presented here aim to shape a conceptual understanding of students, academics, and practitioners considering these contemporary challenges and opportunities. They provide a valuable resource in the field of governance, sustainability, crisis management, innovation, and leadership.
Cross-Scale Modeling of Mountain Building and the Seismic Cycle: From Alps to Himalaya (Springer Theses)
by Luca Dal ZilioThis book integrates a broad range of scientific disciplines, from geodynamics and tectonics to earthquake physics, geodesy and seismology. This holistic approach supports a detailed investigation of the deformation and seismicity associated with mountain building processes and fault activity in the Earth’s upper, brittle crust. New insights into these deformational processes on both earthquake cycle and geologic timescales are subsequently combined to improve our physical understanding of seismicity in mountain belts, which has a variety of potential applications in active tectonics studies and seismic hazard assessments.
Cross-Sector Leadership for the Green Economy
by Alfred Marcus Paul Shrivastava Sanjay Sharma Stefano PogutzTechnology breakthroughs in sustainable renewable energy and energy conservation technologies require that there be a strong institutional ecosystem in place which supports innovation, but the nature of this foundation and how it works is not well-known. Becoming a leader necessitates new forms of cross-sector cooperation.
Crossing Borders: Governing Environmental Disasters in a Global Urban Age in Asia and the Pacific
by Michelle Ann Miller Matthias Garschagen Michael DouglassThis multidisciplinary book examines the diverse ways in which environmental disasters with compounding impacts are being governed as they traverse sovereign territories across rapidly urbanising societies in Asia and the Pacific. Combining theoretical advances with contextually rich studies, the book examines efforts to tackle the complexities of cross-border environmental governance. In an urban age in which disasters are not easily contained within neatly delineated jurisdictions, both in terms of their interconnected causalities and their cascading effects, governance structures and mechanisms are faced with major challenges related to cooperation, collaboration and information sharing. This book helps bridge the gap between theory and practice by offering fresh insights and contrasting explanations for variations in transboundary disaster governance regimes among urbanising populations in the Asia-Pacific.
Crossing Great Divides: City and Country in Environmental and Political Disorder (Urban Life, Landscape and Policy)
by John D. FairfieldRanging across two centuries of American history, Crossing Great Divides argues that the habit of construing city and country as opposites is at the root of our current environmental and political disorder. This oversimplifying dualism has distorted how we planned cities, our patterns of production and consumption, how we deal with waste, and how urban and rural populations perceive each other. Conventional urban environmental reform has made modern city life possible, but it has done little to limit the despoliation of distant places. Nevertheless, the successes of urban environmental reform remind us of what is possible. John Fairfield concludes with a case study of Phoenix, Arizona to demonstrate this dysfunctional relationship between city and country while developing a sympathetic critique of the Green New Deal. He suggests how we might bridge the “great divide” as we face the daunting challenges the twenty-first century is pressing upon us.
Crossing Open Ground
by Barry LopezNational Book Award–winning author Barry Lopez explores the challenges and joys of the human experience through the frame of the natural world in fourteen arresting and extraordinary essaysIn Crossing Open Ground, award-winning literary writer Barry Lopez offers prescient, beautiful, and thought-provoking reflections on how the natural world can define and illuminate our sense of self. Whether he&’s traversing the Arctic tundra or the deserts of the American Southwest, recalling the devastating beaching of forty-one sperm whales along the Oregon coast or reveling in the remarkable migrations of wild geese, Lopez shows readers the world&’s special places, its remarkable people, and stunning natural events. He thoughtfully explores humankind&’s place in this vast natural scheme, and opens our eyes to its breathtaking complexity. This ebook features an illustrated biography of Barry Lopez including rare images and never-before-seen documents from the author&’s personal collection.
Crossing Open Ground
by Barry LopezNational Book Award–winning author Barry Lopez explores the challenges and joys of the human experience through the frame of the natural world in fourteen arresting and extraordinary essaysIn Crossing Open Ground, award-winning literary writer Barry Lopez offers prescient, beautiful, and thought-provoking reflections on how the natural world can define and illuminate our sense of self. Whether he&’s traversing the Arctic tundra or the deserts of the American Southwest, recalling the devastating beaching of forty-one sperm whales along the Oregon coast or reveling in the remarkable migrations of wild geese, Lopez shows readers the world&’s special places, its remarkable people, and stunning natural events. He thoughtfully explores humankind&’s place in this vast natural scheme, and opens our eyes to its breathtaking complexity. This ebook features an illustrated biography of Barry Lopez including rare images and never-before-seen documents from the author&’s personal collection.
Crossing the Next Meridian: Land, Water, and the Future of the West
by Charles F. WilkinsonIn Crossing the Next Meridian, Charles F. Wilkinson, an expert on federal public lands, Native American issues, and the West's arcane water laws explains some of the core problems facing the American West now and in the years to come. He examines the outmoded ideas that pervade land use and resource allocation and argues that significant reform of Western law is needed to combat desertification and environmental decline, and to heal splintered communities. Interweaving legal history with examples of present-day consequences of the laws, both intended and unintended, Wilkinson traces the origins and development of the laws and regulations that govern mining, ranching, forestry, and water use. He relates stories of Westerners who face these issues on a day-to-day basis, and discusses what can and should be done to bring government policies in line with the reality of twentieth-century American life.
Crossings: How Road Ecology Is Shaping the Future of Our Planet
by Ben GoldfarbWinner of the Rachel Carson Award for Excellence in Environmental Journalism Finalist for the NYPL Helen Bernstein Book Award for Excellence in Journalism Finalist for the Reading the West Book Award in Nonfiction Finalist for the Colorado Book Award Named a Best Book of the Year by the New York Times, The New Yorker, Science News, Smithsonian Magazine, and Kirkus Reviews "A powerhouse of a book…comprehensive and engaging." —David Gessner, Washington Post An eye-opening account of the global ecological transformations wrought by roads, from the award-winning author of Eager. Some 40 million miles of roadways encircle the earth, yet we tend to regard them only as infrastructure for human convenience. While roads are so ubiquitous they’re practically invisible to us, wild animals experience them as entirely alien forces of death and disruption. In Crossings, environmental journalist Ben Goldfarb travels throughout the United States and around the world to investigate how roads have transformed our planet. A million animals are killed by cars each day in the U.S. alone, but as the new science of road ecology shows, the harms of highways extend far beyond roadkill. Creatures from antelope to salmon are losing their ability to migrate in search of food and mates; invasive plants hitch rides in tire treads; road salt contaminates lakes and rivers; and the very noise of traffic chases songbirds from vast swaths of habitat. Yet road ecologists are also seeking to blunt the destruction through innovative solutions. Goldfarb meets with conservationists building bridges for California’s mountain lions and tunnels for English toads, engineers deconstructing the labyrinth of logging roads that web national forests, animal rehabbers caring for Tasmania’s car-orphaned wallabies, and community organizers working to undo the havoc highways have wreaked upon American cities. Today, as our planet’s road network continues to grow exponentially, the science of road ecology has become increasingly vital. Written with passion and curiosity, Crossings is a sweeping, spirited, and timely investigation into how humans have altered the natural world—and how we can create a better future for all living beings.