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Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action
by Committee on Earth ResourcesEnergy and mineral resources are essential for the nation's fundamental functions, its economy, and security. Nonfuel minerals are essential for the existence and operations of products that are used by people every day and are provided by various sectors of the mining industry. Energy in the United States is provided from a variety of resources including fossil fuels, and renewable and nuclear energy, all with established commercial industry bases. The United States is the largest electric power producer in the world. The overall value added to the U. S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011 by major industries that consumed processed nonfuel mineral materials was $2. 2 trillion. Recognizing the importance of understanding the state of the energy and mining workforce in the United States to assure a trained and skilled workforce of sufficient size for the future, the Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Energy technology Laboratory (NETL) contracted with the National Research Council (NRC) to perform a study of the emerging workforce trends in the U. S. energy and mining industries. Emerging Workforce Trends in the U. S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action summarizes the findings of this study.
The Emission Reduction Effects of Spatial Agglomeration (China Perspectives)
by Zhang KeThe book studies the relationship between economic agglomeration and environmental pollution from a spatial perspective through theoretical analyses and empirical discussions.At both microscopic and macroscopic levels, the author first explores the impact mechanism of the agglomeration of economic activities on environmental pollution and proposes research frameworks based on spatial economic theory and output density theory. Drawing on descriptive statistics and explorative spatial data from 283 cities in China, the book investigates the current development, spatial characteristics, influence path, and environmental efficiency of urban economic agglomeration and pollution in the People’s Republic. The following empirical sections study spatial spillover effects, simultaneous bias and spatial interaction between agglomeration and pollution. The research findings give insight into interregional economic development, joint pollution control across regions, and the coordination of the two, especially in the context of developing countries.The title will appeal to researchers, students, government officials and policymakers interested in development economics, regional economics, urban economics, and environmental economics.
Emission Trajectories and Mitigation Schemes for China
by Kai Fang Qifeng Zhang Yiqi TangThis book seeks to model the possible emission trajectories and identify the feasible mitigation schemes for China to meet its climate commitments to peak emissions before 2030 and net zero emissions before 2060. In line with these ambitions, China has taken a number of measures to improve carbon efficiency and energy structure in recent years. The book first analyzes changes in the carbon footprint at the city level, identify the different pathways to peak emissions by province and industry, and develop a bottom-up approach to determining when and how China could reach peak emissions. It then illustrates how the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) reduces abatement costs, and examines the cost-saving effects under carbon intensity reduction and peak emissions targets. Based on the findings and the status quo in China, the authors propose a multicriteria allocation scheme for carbon emission allowances at the provincial level and quantify the impact of sectoral coverage on the abatement costs of the ETS by developing a cost-based approach to sectoral coverage in China. In addition, the co-benefits between CO2 and PM2.5 reductions as a result of the ETS operation are elaborated. The book will benefit researchers and policy-makers interested in environmental governance, climate policy, environmental economics, and sustainable development.
Emissions Trading: Principles and Practice
by Thomas H. TietenbergFirst published in 1985, Emissions Trading was a comprehensive review of the first large-scale attempt to use economic incentives in environmental policy in the U.S. and of the empirical and theoretical research on which this approach is based. Since its publication it has consistently been one of the most widely cited works in the tradable permits literature. The second edition of this classic study of pollution reform considers how the use of transferable permits to control pollution has evolved, looks at how these programs have been implemented in the U.S. and internationally, and offers an objective evaluation of the resulting successes, failures, and lessons learned over the last twenty-five years.
Emotion, Place and Culture
by Mick Smith Liz BondiRecent years have witnessed a rapid rise in engagement with emotion and affect across a broad range of disciplines in the humanities and social sciences, with geographers among others making a significant contribution by examining the emotional intersections between people and places. Building on the achievements of Emotional Geographies (2005), the editors have brought together leading scholars such as Nigel Thrift, Alphonso Lingis and Frances Dyson as well as young, up and coming academics from a diverse range of disciplines to investigate feelings and affect in various spatial and social contexts, environments and landscapes. The book is divided into five sections covering the themes of remembering, understanding, mourning, belonging, and enchanting.
Emotional States: Sites and spaces of affective governance
by Eleanor Jupp Jessica Pykett Fiona M. SmithWhat is the political allure, value and currency of emotions within contemporary cultures of governance? What does it mean to govern more humanely? Since the emergence of an emotional turn in human geography over the last decade, the notion that our emotions matter in understanding an array of social practices, spatial formations and aspects of everyday life is no longer seen as controversial. This book brings recent developments in emotional geography into dialogue with social policy concerns and contemporary issues of governance. It sets the intellectual scene for research into the geographical dimensions of the emotionalized states of the citizen, policy maker and public service worker, and highlights new research on the emotional forms of governance which now characterise public life. An international range of empirical field studies are used to examine issues of regulation, modification, governance and potential manipulation of emotional affects, professional and personal identities and political technologies. Contributors provide analysis of the role of emotional entanglements in policy strategy, policy implementation, service delivery, citizenship and participation as well as considering the emotional nature of the research process itself. It will be of interest to researchers and students within social policy, human geography, politics and related disciplines.
Emperors of the Deep: Sharks—The Ocean's Most Mysterious, Most Misunderstood, and Most Important Guardians
by William McKeeverWhat we can learn from sharks—evolutionary marvels that have survived for 450 million years, and are essential to our planet’s ecosystem.We’re conditioned to see sharks as terrifying, cold-blooded underwater predators. But as Ocean Guardian founder William McKeever reveals, we need to ensure that their remarkable longevity continues. The first book to reveal in full the hidden lives of sharks, Emperors of the Deep focuses on four species—Mako, Tiger, Hammerhead, and Great White—as never before, including such fascinating details as:Sharks are 50 million years older than treesSharks have survived five extinction level events, including the one that killed off the dinosaursSharks have electroreception, a sixth sense that lets them pick up on electric fields generated by living thingsSharks can dive 4,000 feet below the surfaceSharks account for only six human fatalities per year, while humans kill 100 million sharks per yearMcKeever goes back through time to probe the shark’s prehistoric secrets and how it has become the world’s most feared, and most misunderstood, predator, and takes us on a pulse-pounding tour around the world and deep under the surface, from the frigid waters of the Arctic Circle to the coral reefs of the tropical Central Pacific. He also interviews ecologists, conservationists, and world-renowned shark experts, including the founders of Greenpeace’s Rainbow Warrior, the head of the Massachusetts Shark Research Program, and the self-professed “last great shark hunter.”At once a deep dive into the misunderstood world of sharks and an urgent call to protect them, Emperors of the Deep celebrates this wild species that hold the key to unlocking the mysteries of the ocean—if we can prevent their extinction from climate change and human hunters.“Many astonishing facts.” —The Guardian“[An] extraordinary book [that] rarely fails to inform and delight.” —The Washington TimesIncludes photographs
Empire and Environmental Anxiety
by James BeattieA new interpretation of imperialism and environmental change, and the anxieties imperialism generated through environmental transformation and interaction with unknown landscapes. Tying together South Asia and Australasia, this book demonstrates how environmental anxieties led to increasing state resource management, conservation, and urban reform.
Empire, Gender, and Bio-geography: Charlotte Wheeler-Cuffe and Colonial Burma (Routledge Research in Historical Geography)
by Nuala C JohnsonThis book explores the relationships between empire, natural history, and gender in the production of geographical knowledge and its translation between colonial Burma and Britain. Focusing on the work of the plant collector, botanical illustrator, and naturalist, Charlotte Wheeler-Cuffe, this book illustrates how natural history was practised and produced by a woman working in the tropics from 1897 to 1921. Drawing on the extensive and under-studied archive of private and official correspondence, diaries, sketchbooks, photographs, paintings, and plant lists of Wheeler-Cuffe, this book advances our conceptual understanding of the 'invisible’ historical geographies underpinning scientific knowledge production, by focusing on the role of a female actor in the complex gendered setting of colonial Burma. Using a bio-geographical approach, this analysis reconceptualises female agency beyond authorship and publication, and stresses how Wheeler-Cuffe represents an instantiation of the occluded contribution of women to the historiography of natural history. This book highlights Wheeler-Cuffe’s production of scientific knowledge about Burma in the context of her relationship, as a white Western woman, with local, indigenous actors and details her practice of fieldwork and its embodied geographies in different parts of Burma, while she maintained the domestic superstructure of a colonial wife. This book will be of interest to advance-level students and researchers in historical and cultural geography; the history of science; feminist geography; women and natural history; colonial Burma and imperialism; and botanical art and illustration.
Empire of Ants: The hidden worlds and extraordinary lives of Earth's tiny conquerors
by Olaf Fritsche Susanne Foitzik'Beautifully written and filled with mind-boggling wonders' - Dave Goulson, author of A Sting in the Tale'Thrilling, compellingly readable and paradigm-shattering' - Charles Foster, author of Being a Beast'Both expert and entertaining' - David Barrie, author of Incredible JourneysAnts have been walking the Earth since the age of the dinosaurs. Today there are one million ants for every one of us. The closer you get to ants, the more human they look: they build megacities, grow crops, raise livestock, tend their young and infirm, and even make vaccines. They also have a darker side: they wage war, enslave rivals and rebel against their oppressors. From fearsome army ants, who stage twelve-hour hunting raids where they devour thousands, to gentle leaf-cutters gardening in their peaceful underground kingdoms, every ant is engineered by nature to fulfil their particular role.Acclaimed biologist Susanne Foitzik has travelled the globe to study these master architects of Earth. Joined by journalist Olaf Fritsche, Foitzik invites readers deep into her world - in the field and in the lab - and will inspire new respect for ants as a global superpower.Fascinating and action-packed, Empire of Ants will open your eyes to the secret societies thriving right beneath your feet.
Empire of Ants: The hidden worlds and extraordinary lives of Earth's tiny conquerors
by Olaf Fritsche Susanne FoitzikAnts have been walking the Earth since the age of the dinosaurs. Today there are one million ants for every one of us. The closer you get to ants, the more human they look: they build megacities, grow crops, raise livestock, tend their young and infirm, and even make vaccines. They also have a darker side: they wage war, enslave rivals and rebel against their oppressors. From fearsome army ants, who stage twelve-hour hunting raids where they devour thousands, to gentle leafcutters gardening in their peaceful underground kingdoms, every ant is engineered by nature to fulfil their particular role.Acclaimed biologist Susanne Foitzik has travelled the globe to study these master architects of Earth. Joined by journalist Olaf Fritsche, Foitzik invites readers deep into her world - in the field and in the lab - and will inspire new respect for ants as a global superpower.Fascinating and action-packed, Empire of Ants will open your eyes to the secret societies thriving right beneath your feet.(p) Octopus Publishing Group 2021
The Empire of Climate: A History of an Idea
by David N. LivingstoneHow the specter of climate has been used to explain history since antiquityScientists, journalists, and politicians increasingly tell us that human impacts on climate constitute the single greatest threat facing our planet and may even bring about the extinction of our species. Yet behind these anxieties lies an older, much deeper fear about the power that climate exerts over us. The Empire of Climate traces the history of this idea and its pervasive influence over how we interpret world events and make sense of the human condition, from the rise and fall of ancient civilizations to the afflictions of the modern psyche.Taking readers from the time of Hippocrates to the unfolding crisis of global warming today, David Livingstone reveals how climate has been critically implicated in the politics of imperial control and race relations; been used to explain industrial development, market performance, and economic breakdown; and served as a bellwether for national character and cultural collapse. He examines how climate has been put forward as an explanation for warfare and civil conflict, and how it has been identified as a critical factor in bodily disorders and acute psychosis.A panoramic work of scholarship, The Empire of Climate maps the tangled histories of an idea that has haunted our collective imagination for centuries, shedding critical light on the notion that everything from the wealth of nations to the human mind itself is subject to climate&’s imperial rule.
Empire of Wild: A Novel
by Cherie DimalineA #1 INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLEROne of the most anticipated books of the summer for Time, Harper's Bazaar, Bustle and Publishers Weekly'Deftly written, gripping and informative. Empire of Wild is a rip-roaring read!' Margaret Atwood'Empire of Wild is doing everything I love in a contemporary novel and more. It is tough, funny, beautiful, honest and propulsive' Tommy Orange, author of There There 'Dimaline turns an old story into something newly haunting and resonant' New York Times'Close, tight, stark, beautiful - rich where richness is warranted, but spare where want and sorrow have sharpened every word. Dimaline has crafted something both current and timeless' NPR'Revelatory... Gritty and engaging, this story of a woman and her missing husband is one of candor, wit and tradition'Ms. Magazine Broken-hearted Joan has been searching for her husband, Victor, for almost a year - ever since he went missing on the night they had their first serious argument. One hung-over morning in a Walmart parking lot in a little town near Georgian Bay, she is drawn to a revival tent where the local Métis have been flocking to hear a charismatic preacher. By the time she staggers into the tent the service is over, but as she is about to leave, she hears an unmistakable voice.She turns, and there is Victor. Only he insists he is not Victor, but the Reverend Eugene Wolff, on a mission to bring his people to Jesus.With only two allies - her Johnny-Cash-loving, 12-year-old nephew Zeus, and Ajean, a foul-mouthed euchre shark with deep knowledge of the old Métis ways - Joan sets out to remind the Reverend Wolff of who he really is. If he really is Victor, his life and the life of everyone she loves, depends upon her success.Inspired by traditional Métis legends, Cherie Dimaline has created a propulsive, stunning and sensuous novel.
Empires of Coal: Fueling China's Entry into the Modern World Order, 1860-1920
by Shellen Xiao WuFrom 1868–1872, German geologist Ferdinand von Richthofen went on an expedition to China. His reports on what he found there would transform Western interest in China from the land of porcelain and tea to a repository of immense coal reserves. By the 1890s, European and American powers and the Qing state and local elites battled for control over the rights to these valuable mineral deposits. As coal went from a useful commodity to the essential fuel of industrialization, this vast natural resource would prove integral to the struggle for political control of China. Geology served both as the handmaiden to European imperialism and the rallying point of Chinese resistance to Western encroachment. In the late nineteenth century both foreign powers and the Chinese viewed control over mineral resources as the key to modernization and industrialization. When the first China Geological Survey began work in the 1910s, conceptions of natural resources had already shifted, and the Qing state expanded its control over mining rights, setting the precedent for the subsequent Republican and People's Republic of China regimes. In Empires of Coal, Shellen Xiao Wu argues that the changes specific to the late Qing were part of global trends in the nineteenth century, when the rise of science and industrialization destabilized global systems and caused widespread unrest and the toppling of ruling regimes around the world.
Empires of the Indus
by Alice Albinia10th anniversary edition with new PrefaceOne of the largest rivers in the world, the Indus rises in the Tibetan mountains, flows west across northern India and south through Pakistan. For millennia it has been worshipped as a god; for centuries used as a tool of imperial expansion; today it is the cement of Pakistans fractious union. Five thousand years ago, a string of sophisticated cities grew and traded on its banks. In the ruins of these elaborate metropolises, Sanskrit-speaking nomads explored the river, extolling its virtues in Indias most ancient text, the Rig-Veda. During the past two thousand years a series of invaders - Alexander the Great, Afghan Sultans, the British Raj - made conquering the Indus valley their quixotic mission. For the people of the river, meanwhile, the Indus valley became a nodal point on the Silk Road, a centre of Sufi pilgrimage and the birthplace of Sikhism. Empires of the Indus follows the river upstream and back in time, taking the reader on a voyage through two thousand miles of geography and more than five millennia of history redolent with contemporary importance.
The Empirical and Institutional Dimensions of Smart Specialisation (Regions and Cities)
by Philip McCann Frank Van Oort John GoddardSmart specialisation is the new policy approach to the development of regional innovation systems across Europe and it involves fostering innovative and entrepreneurial initiatives which are well tailored to the local context. The different technologies, skills profiles, business activities, institutions and sectors which reflect a region’s economic strengths and potential are to be fostered and encouraged to diversify in ways which also exploit the region’s linkages with broader global value-chains.Yet, the ideas contained in the smart specialisation agenda have until now been primarily conceptual in nature. The Empirical and Institutional Dimensions of Smart Specialisation draws together some of the leading regional economists and scientists in Europe to analyse how smart specialisation is working in practice. This book investigates different dimensions of the agenda as it is developing across parts of Europe from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. The quantitative analysis examines the nature of the diversification processes undertaken by regions and the interplay between the chosen local regional development priorities and the wider global value-chain impacts of these choices. Meanwhile, the qualitative analysis examines the institutional opportunities and challenges facing policy makers and the key elements most likely to provide the underpinnings of a workable set of policy settings.The book is aimed both at academic researchers interested in the interface between economic geography and regional innovation systems as well as at policy makers making public policy decisions related to regional development at the local, city, regional or national levels.
An Empirical Investigation of Farmers Behavior Under Uncertainty: Income, Price and Yield Variability for Late-Nineteenth Century American Agriculture (Routledge Library Editions: Agriculture #12)
by Robert A. McGuireThis study, first published in 1985, aims to provide objective measures of the risks associated with various crops and livestock in the late nineteenth century and to examine two important issues in American economic history. Knowledge of these risks if a necessity to the profession, if analyses of the uncertainties of postbellum agriculture are to continue. Without this knowledge, assertions which have little or no empirical content will continue to be made. This title will be of great interest to students of economics and agriculture.
Empirical Modelling in Regional Science
by Timo MitzeEconomic agents interact in structural relationships through time and space. This work starts from the empirical observation that all three dimensions, namely time, space, and structural functional forms, are important for an integrative framework of modern empirical analysis in regional science. The work thus aims at combining up-to-date econometric tools from the fields of spatial econometrics, panel time-series analysis and structural simultaneous equation modelling to analysis the different research questions at hand. Most of the topics dealt within this work start from a concrete empirical problem, while problem solving also aims at generating some new knowledge in a methodological way, e.g. by the complementary use of Monte Carlo simulation studies to compare the empirical performance of different estimators for specific data samples. Following a first introductory chapter, the work is structured in three parts addressing major issues in building up a stylized regional economic model such as interregional migration, factor and final demand estimation. All empirical applications use German regional data.
Empirical Regional Economics: Economic Base Theory, Models and Applications (Springer Texts in Business and Economics)
by Richard S. Conway Jr.This textbook offers an introduction to empirical regional economics, including a comprehensive and systematic overview of the fundamentals, history, development, and applications of economic base models. It not only provides a sound basis for regional economics and regional economic analysis, but it also includes numerous applications of the underlying theory. The book has an empirical orientation, highlighting the value of observation and testing in order to explain regional economic behavior. Theory plays an important role in this study, but it is only a starting point. The book is divided into three parts: the first discusses the economic base theory of regional growth and the empirical evidence supporting it, while the second part covers the specification and application of four increasingly complex regional economic models: the economic base model, the input-output model, the interindustry econometric model, and the structural time-series model. Lastly, the third part presents forty-eight regional economic case studies organized under seven headings, including economic cycles, economic policy, and regional forecasting. Given its scope, the book appeals to upper-undergraduate and graduate students majoring in economics, economic geography, and business, as well as to anyone in the private or public sector interested in gaining a better understanding of practical methods of regional economic forecasting and analysis.
The Empirical Validation of House Energy Rating (HER) Software for Lightweight Housing in Cool Temperate Climates
by Mark Andrew DewsburyThis book reports on the first empirical validation of "AccuRate," Australia's national benchmark software tool for house energy ratings. The validation was conducted by the University of Tasmania in collaboration with Forest and Wood Products Australia, the Australian Government, the CSIRO and industry partners. The study presented here describes the results of graphical and statistical analysis of variations observed between the measured and simulated data from three different test buildings in Launceston, Tasmania. It shows that, while the AccuRate software is well suited to modeling energy flows, there are discrepancies between the simulated and measured temperatures of the test buildings. Moreover, it highlights possible connections between the discrepancies in all zones and the outside air temperature, wind speed, global and diffuse solar radiation, and possibly the ground model. Beyond its contribution to further investigations into the ongoing improvement and calibration of the Australian NatHERS-supported AccuRate software, this book also meticulously describes the methodology used in conducting the research, which is expected to pave the way for further studies of this type.
Emplacement Mechanisms of Nappes and Thrust Sheets (Petrology and Structural Geology #9)
by Olivier MerleNappes and overthrusts are the mosl representative geological structures in mountain chains. The issue of their emplacement mechanisms and of the driving force of these displacements is a major problem in tectonics which interests, for near to a century now and not without harsh controversies, a significant proportion of structural geologists and geoscientists who work in the field of rock mechanics. This book attempts to give a clear and didactic synthesis of the current knowledge of the concept of thrusting, principally by tackling two approaches, mechanics and kinematics, which have proposed some solutions to this problem. At first (Chapter I), the notions of thrusting are defined, with the most recent terminology and the most important geometric aspects. This introduction to the geometry of thrusts is logically followed by the presentation of their problem; the issue of the emplacement mechanisms (Chapter 2). Let us note in passing that the formulation of the concept and the presentation of its problem are associated historically, which justifies presenting them in the historical framework of this discovery before tackling the different solutions and mechanical hypotheses. These are detailed in Chapter 3 by following a chronological progression, and emphasising the divergences and oppositions between different models so as to cover them fully. The chapter on the kinematics (Chapter 4) then returns to the type of data which can be collected in the field, by clarifying the relationships between displacement and internal strain.
Employee Engagement with Sustainable Business: How to Change the World Whilst Keeping Your Day Job (Routledge Explorations in Environmental Studies)
by Nadine ExterSustainability is, and continues to grow as, a key issue for organizations: in the board room; with investors, customers and regulators; and from employees whose demands on organizations include improving their social and environmental performance in return for loyalty and commitment. However, as well as employees being a driver for organizations to embrace corporate sustainability, employees are also one of the most critical assets in enabling an organisation to understand and be able to deliver to its economic, social and environmental responsibilities. Research shows that employees of all types are vital in the pursuit of sustainability, however, to date there is no one source that shows all of these identified types of employees and how they are involved in the sustainability process. This book fills that gap with interviews and case studies for each type of employee, as well as up-to-date research and analysis of the critical role of ‘social intrapreneurs’ and leaders within organisations. The book uses real life examples along with the latest research in an informative and accessible style. Management theory is used throughout – such as motivation, leadership skills and organisational behaviour – but this is discussed through examples, rather than in a theoretical manner. This book will provide insight, examples and advice on the different types of employees who are, and can, contribute to a sustainable world via the organisation they work for: what they are doing from within the organization to contribute to societal, economic and environmental sustainability.
Employment Location in Cities and Regions
by David Simmonds Alan Wilson Michiel De Bok Francesca PagliaraThe focus of this book is the modeling of the location of economic activities, measured in terms of employment, in land-use and transportation systems. These measures are key inputs to models at intra-urban scales of the flows of persons and goods for both urban and transport planning. The models described here are either components of comprehensive models or specialist studies. Economic activities can be defined in terms of jobs or private-sector firms and public service organisations. Different levels of aggregation are used both in terms of organisational and geographical dimensions. In the case of firms and public organizations, a distinction can be made between the organizations themselves and corresponding establishments. For urban simulation models, it is the location of establishments that is important. At the more coarse levels of aggregation that are usually used in comprehensive models, firms and organizations are aggregated into sectors.
Empowering Green Initiatives with IT
by Carl H. SpeshockA straightforward guide to the role of IT departments and vendor's in assisting organizations in going green with the aid of IT-related resources and offerings.This book provides organizations with strategy, planning, implementation, assessment guidance for their Green initiatives. It discusses the many benefits of Green initiatives with the assistance, integration and collaboration of IT department and vendors, i.e. custom and vendor application development and reporting tools, Green IT examples, business intelligence dashboards that can perform analytical and predictive analysis of green related business data.Outlines the major benefits to be gained through Green initiatives with ITShows you how your business can strategize, plan, implement, assess Green initiatives solutions with ITExplores how to develop Green initiative strategies, plans, projects, and assessments that integrate IT resources and offerings effectively.Practical and thorough, this book includes helpful checklists, glossary, and resources to get started with your business's Green initiatives.
Empowering Human Dynamics Research with Social Media and Geospatial Data Analytics (Human Dynamics in Smart Cities)
by Atsushi Nara Ming-Hsiang TsouThis book discusses theoretical backgrounds, techniques and methodologies, and applications of the current state-of-the-art human dynamics research utilizing social media and geospatial big data. It describes various forms of social media and big data with location information, theory development, data collection and management techniques, and analytical methodologies to conduct human dynamics research including geographic information systems (GIS), spatiotemporal data analytics, text mining and semantic analysis, machine learning, trajectory data analysis, and geovisualization. The book also covers applied interdisciplinary research examples ranging from disaster management, public health, urban geography, and spatiotemporal information diffusion. By providing theoretical foundations, solid empirical research backgrounds, techniques, and methodologies as well as application examples from diverse interdisciplinary fields, this book will be a valuable resource to students, researchers and practitioners who utilize or plan to employ social media and big data in their work.