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Cognitive Ecologies and the History of Remembering
by Evelyn B. Tribble Nicholas KeeneThis book unites research in philosophy and cognitive science with cultural history to re-examine memory in early modern religious practices. Offering an ecological approach to memory and culture, it argues that models derived from Extended Mind and Distributed Cognition can bridge the gap between individual and social models of memory.
Cognitive Informatics in Health and Biomedicine: Understanding and Modeling Health Behaviors (Health Informatics)
by Vimla L. Patel Jose F. Arocha Jessica S. AnckerEnormous advances in information technology have permeated essentially all facets of life in the past two decades. Formidable challenges remain in fostering tools that enhance productivity but are sensitive to work practices. Cognitive Informatics (CI) is the multidisciplinary study of cognition, information and computational sciences that investigates all facets of human computing including design and computer-mediated intelligent action, thus is strongly grounded in methods and theories from cognitive science. As an applied discipline, it has a close affiliation with human factors and human-computer interaction, and provides a framework for the analysis and modeling of complex human performance in technology-mediated settings and contributes to the design and development of better information systems. In recent years, CI has emerged as a distinct area with special relevance to biomedicine and health care. In addition, it has become a foundation for education and training of health informaticians, the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology initiating a program including CI as one of its critical elements to support health IT curriculum development. This book represents a first textbook on cognitive informatics andwill focus on key examples drawn from the application of methods and theories from CI to challenges pertaining to the practice of critical-care medicine (CCM). Technology is transforming critical care workflows andre-organizing patient care management processes. CCM has proven to be a fertile test bed for theories and methods of cognitive informatics. CI, in turn, has contributed much to our understanding of the factors that result in complexity and patient errors. The topic is strongly interdisciplinary and will be important for individuals from a range of academic and professional backgrounds, including critical care specialists, psychologists, computer scientists, medical informaticians, and anthropologists.
Cognitive Informatics in Health and Biomedicine: Case Studies on Critical Care, Complexity and Errors (Health Informatics)
by Vimla L. Patel David R. Kaufman Trevor CohenEnormous advances in information technology have permeated essentially all facets of life in the past two decades. Formidable challenges remain in fostering tools that enhance productivity but are sensitive to work practices. Cognitive Informatics (CI) is the multidisciplinary study of cognition, information and computational sciences that investigates all facets of human computing including design and computer-mediated intelligent action, thus is strongly grounded in methods and theories from cognitive science. As an applied discipline, it has a close affiliation with human factors and human-computer interaction, and provides a framework for the analysis and modeling of complex human performance in technology-mediated settings and contributes to the design and development of better information systems. In recent years, CI has emerged as a distinct area with special relevance to biomedicine and health care. In addition, it has become a foundation for education and training of health informaticians, the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology initiating a program including CI as one of its critical elements to support health IT curriculum development. This book represents a first textbook on cognitive informatics andwill focus on key examples drawn from the application of methods and theories from CI to challenges pertaining to the practice of critical-care medicine (CCM). Technology is transforming critical care workflows andre-organizing patient care management processes. CCM has proven to be a fertile test bed for theories and methods of cognitive informatics. CI, in turn, has contributed much to our understanding of the factors that result in complexity and patient errors. The topic is strongly interdisciplinary and will be important for individuals from a range of academic and professional backgrounds, including critical care specialists, psychologists, computer scientists, medical informaticians, and anthropologists.
The Cognitive Life of Maps
by Roberto CasatiThe &“mapness of maps&”—how maps live in interaction with their users, and what this tells us about what they are and how they work.In a sense, maps are temporarily alive for those who design, draw, and use them. They have, for the moment, a cognitive life. To grapple with what this means—to ask how maps can be alive, and what kind of life they have—is to explore the core question of what maps are. And this is what Roberto Casati does in The Cognitive Life of Maps, in the process assembling the conceptual tools for understanding why maps have the power they have, why they are so widely used, and how we use (and misuse) them.Drawing on insights from cognitive science and philosophy of mind, Casati considers the main claims around what maps are and how they work—their specific syntax, peculiar semantics, and pragmatics. He proposes a series of steps that can lead to a precise theory of maps, one that reveals what maps have in common with diagrams, pictures, and texts, and what makes them different. This minimal theory of maps helps us to see maps nested in many cognitive artifacts—clock faces, musical notation, writing, calendars, and numerical series, for instance. It also allows us to tackle the issue of the territorialization of maps—to show how maps can be used to draw specific spatial inferences about territories. From the mechanics of maps used for navigation to the differences and similarities between maps and pictures and models, Casati's ambitious work is a cognitive map in its own right, charting the way to a new understanding of what maps mean.
Cognitive Mapping: Past, Present and Future (Frontiers of Cognitive Science)
by Rob Kitchin and Scott FreundschuhThis important work brings together international academics from a variety of disciplines to explore the topic of spatial cognition on a 'geographic' scale. It provides an overview of the historical origins of the subject, a description of current debates and suggests directions for future research.
Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind Fourth Edition
by Michael S. Gazzaniga Richard B. Ivry George R. MangunThe first textbook for the course, and still the market leader, Cognitive Neuroscience has been thoroughly refreshed, rethought, and reorganized to enhance students' and instructors' experience. The table of contents and the chapters themselves have been reorganized to improve the logical flow of the narrative, and the world renowned author team has kept the book fully up to date on the latest research in this fast moving field.
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory: An Introduction
by Howard EichenbaumThis clear and accessible textbook introduces students to the brain's remarkable capacity for memory.
Cognitive Ontology: Taxonomic Practices in the Mind-Brain Sciences
by Muhammad Ali KhalidiThe search for the 'furniture of the mind' has acquired added impetus with the rise of new technologies to study the brain and identify its main structures and processes. Philosophers and scientists are increasingly concerned to understand the ways in which psychological functions relate to brain structures. Meanwhile, the taxonomic practices of cognitive scientists are coming under increased scrutiny, as researchers ask which of them identify the real kinds of cognition and which are mere vestiges of folk psychology. Muhammad Ali Khalidi present a naturalistic account of 'real kinds' to validate some central taxonomic categories in the cognitive domain, including concepts, episodic memory, innateness, domain specificity, and cognitive bias. He argues that cognitive kinds are often individuated relationally, with reference to the environment and etiology of the thinking subject, whereas neural kinds tend to be individuated intrinsically, resulting in crosscutting relationships among cognitive and neural categories.
Cognitive Penetrability and the Epistemic Role of Perception (Palgrave Innovations in Philosophy)
by Athanassios RaftopoulosThis book is about the interweaving between cognitive penetrability and the epistemic role of the two stages of perception, namely early and late vision, in justifying perceptual beliefs. It examines the impact of the epistemic role of perception in defining cognitive penetrability and the relation between the epistemic role of perceptual stages and the kinds (direct or indirect) of cognitive effects on perceptual processing. The book presents the argument that early vision is cognitively impenetrable because neither is it affected directly by cognition, nor does cognition affect its epistemic role. It also argues that late vision, even though it is cognitively penetrated and, thus, affected by concepts, is still a perceptual state that does not involve any discursive inferences and does not belong to the space of reasons. Finally, an account is given as to how cognitive states with symbolic content could affect perceptual states with iconic, analog content, during late vision.
Cognitive Plausibility in Natural Language Processing (Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies)
by Lisa Beinborn Nora HollensteinThis book explores the cognitive plausibility of computational language models and why it’s an important factor in their development and evaluation. The authors present the idea that more can be learned about cognitive plausibility of computational language models by linking signals of cognitive processing load in humans to interpretability methods that allow for exploration of the hidden mechanisms of neural models. The book identifies limitations when applying the existing methodology for representational analyses to contextualized settings and critiques the current emphasis on form over more grounded approaches to modeling language. The authors discuss how novel techniques for transfer and curriculum learning could lead to cognitively more plausible generalization capabilities in models. The book also highlights the importance of instance-level evaluation and includes thorough discussion of the ethical considerations that may arise throughout the various stages of cognitive plausibility research.
Cognitive Pluralism
by Steven HorstPhilosophers have traditionally assumed that the basic units of knowledge and understanding are concepts, beliefs, and argumentative inferences. In Cognitive Pluralism, Steven Horst proposes that another sort of unit -- a mental model of a content domain -- is the fundamental unit of understanding. He argues that understanding comes not in word-sized concepts, sentence-sized beliefs, or argument-sized reasoning but in the form of idealized models and in domain-sized chunks. He argues further that this idea of "cognitive pluralism" -- the claim that we understand the world through many such models of a variety of content domains -- sheds light on a number of problems in philosophy.Horst first presents the "standard view" of cognitive architecture assumed in mainstream epistemology, semantics, truth theory, and theory of reasoning. He then explains the notion of a mental model as an internal surrogate that mirrors features of its target domain, and puts it in the context of ideas in psychology, philosophy of science, artificial intelligence, and theoretical cognitive science. Finally, he argues that the cognitive pluralist view not only helps to explain puzzling disunities of knowledge but also raises doubts about the feasibility of attempts to "unify" the sciences; presents a model-based account of intuitive judgments; and contends that cognitive pluralism favors a reliabilist epistemology and a "molecularist" semantics. Horst suggests that cognitive pluralism allows us to view rival epistemological and semantic theories not as direct competitors but as complementary accounts, each an idealized model of different dimensions of evaluation.
Cognitive Pluralism
by Steven HorstAn argument that we understand the world through many special-purpose mental models of different content domains, and an exploration of the philosophical implications.Philosophers have traditionally assumed that the basic units of knowledge and understanding are concepts, beliefs, and argumentative inferences. In Cognitive Pluralism, Steven Horst proposes that another sort of unit—a mental model of a content domain—is the fundamental unit of understanding. He argues that understanding comes not in word-sized concepts, sentence-sized beliefs, or argument-sized reasoning but in the form of idealized models and in domain-sized chunks. He argues further that this idea of “cognitive pluralism”—the claim that we understand the world through many such models of a variety of content domains—sheds light on a number of problems in philosophy.Horst first presents the “standard view” of cognitive architecture assumed in mainstream epistemology, semantics, truth theory, and theory of reasoning. He then explains the notion of a mental model as an internal surrogate that mirrors features of its target domain, and puts it in the context of ideas in psychology, philosophy of science, artificial intelligence, and theoretical cognitive science. Finally, he argues that the cognitive pluralist view not only helps to explain puzzling disunities of knowledge but also raises doubts about the feasibility of attempts to “unify” the sciences; presents a model-based account of intuitive judgments; and contends that cognitive pluralism favors a reliabilist epistemology and a “molecularist” semantics. Horst suggests that cognitive pluralism allows us to view rival epistemological and semantic theories not as direct competitors but as complementary accounts, each an idealized model of different dimensions of evaluation.
Cognitive Relativism and Social Science
by Diederick RavenModern epistomology has been dominated by an empiricist theory of knowledge that assumes a direct individualistic relationship between the knowing subject and the object of knowledge. Truth is held to be universal, and non-individualistic social and cultural factors are considered sources of distortion of true knowledge. Since the late 1950s, this view has been challenged by a cognitive relativism asserting that what is true is socially conditioned. This volume examines the far-reaching implications of this development for the social sciences.Recently, cognitive relativism has become a key issue of debate in anthropology, philosophy, and sociology. In anthropology this is illustrated by a growing awareness of the similarity of all systems of knowledge. In philosophy it is exemplified by the realization that traditional monolithic and absolutist concepts of truth have increasingly lost any power to make sense and to convince. In sociology it is visible in a renewal of interest in a general sociology of knowledge. Yet, in spite of this convergence of interests, practitioners of these three disciplines have on the whole shown no inclination to reach a consensus on the terms of reference that could facilitate an interdisciplinary approach.Cognitive Relativism and Social Science aims to do just this. It is a working assumption of this volume that, as far as the subject of cognitive relativism is concerned, anthropologists, philosophers, and sociologists should join forces rather than try to deal with the challenges of cognitive relativism within strictly imposed boundaries that normally separate academic disciplines. Only when they work together will it be possible to treat the problems posed by cognitive relativism in an adequate way. This volume provides the results of attempts to communicate on cognitve relativism across disciplinary boundaries. This is must reading in the philosophy of social science and in social research theory.
Cognitive Remediation for Psychological Disorders: Therapist Guide
by Alice Medalia Nadine Revheim Tiffany HerlandsIndividuals who suffer from chronic mental disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, often experience cognitive deficits. For example, they may have difficulty with attention, memory, processing speed, abstract reasoning, and problem solving, among others. Cognitive remediation is an evidence-based behavioral treatment for people who are experiencing cognitive impairments that interfere with daily functioning. This volume contains all the information you need to set up a cognitive remediation program or "Learning Center" where clients can strengthen their cognitive skills. The program described is a group-based treatment that provides highly individualized learning, by allowing group members to work at their own pace on cognitive tasks carefully chosen to be both engaging and remedial. The goals of the Neuropsychological and Educational Approach to Cognitive Remediation (NEAR) are to provide a positive learning experience to each and every client, to promote independent learning, and to promote optimal cognitive functioning in daily life. Clients come to the Learning Center for 60 - 90 minute sessions at least twice a week. Sessions are structured to enhance motivation and learning through a set of instructional techniques that are carefully implemented as outlined in this manual. Guidelines for effectively administering therapy and running a successful program as a cognitive remediation specialist are set forth in the chapters of this book.
Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind
by Jay D. Friedenberg Gordon W. Silverman Michael J. SpiveyCognitive Science provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the study of the mind. The authors examine the mind from the perspective of different fields, including philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, networks, evolution, emotional and social cognition, linguistics, artificial intelligence, robotics, and the new framework of embodied cognition. Each chapter focuses on a particular disciplinary approach and explores methodologies, theories, and empirical findings. Substantially updated with new and expanded content, the Fourth Edition reflects the latest research in this rapidly evolving field.
Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind
by Michael J. Spivey Jay D. Friedenberg Gordon W. SilvermanCognitive Science provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the study of the mind. The authors examine the mind from the perspective of different fields, including philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, networks, evolution, emotional and social cognition, linguistics, artificial intelligence, robotics, and the new framework of embodied cognition. Each chapter focuses on a particular disciplinary approach and explores methodologies, theories, and empirical findings. Substantially updated with new and expanded content, the Fourth Edition reflects the latest research in this rapidly evolving field.
Cognitive Semantics of Artificial Intelligence: A New Perspective (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Alexander RaikovThis book addresses the issue of cognitive semantics’ aspects that cannot be represented by traditional digital and logical means. The problem of creating cognitive semantics can be resolved in an indirect way. The electromagnetic waves, quantum fields, beam of light, chaos control, relativistic theory, cosmic string recognition, category theory, group theory, and so on can be used for this aim. Since the term artificial intelligence (AI) appeared, various versions of logic have been created; many heuristics for neural networks deep learning have been made; new nature-like algorithms have been suggested. At the same time, the initial digital, logical, and neural network principles of representation of knowledge in AI systems have not changed a lot. The researches of these aspects of cognitive semantics of AI are based on the author's convergent methodology, which provides the necessary conditions for purposeful and sustainable convergence of decision-making.
Cognitive Therapies in Action: Evolving Innovative Practice
by Kevin T. Kuehlwein Hugh RosenOffers an overview of the broad range of cognitive therapeutic approaches, including state-of-the-art innovations. The authors present extensive case examples to demonstrate how to apply these therapy models to a range of clients, including those suffering from psychoses and personality disorders.
Cognitive Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Guide for Professionals
by Sabine Wilhelm Aaron T. Beck Gail S. SteketeeTwo OCD experts provide therapists with a breakthrough treatment model employing purely cognitive treatment methods, proven effective for people with pure obsessions, harming, religious, and sexual obsessions, as well as checking and mental rituals.
Cognitive Tutor: Custom-Tailored Pedagogical Approach (Advanced Technologies and Societal Change)
by Ninni Singh Vinit Kumar Gunjan Jacek M. ZuradaThis book illustrates the design, development, and evaluation of personalized intelligent tutoring systems that emulate human cognitive intelligence by incorporating artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is an advanced field of research. It is particularly used in the field of education to increase the effectiveness of teaching and learning techniques. With the advancement of internet technology, there is a rapid growth in web based distance learning modality. This mode of learning is better known as the e-learning system. These systems present low intelligence because they offer a pre-identified learning frame to their learners. The advantage of these systems is to offer to learn anytime and anyplace without putting emphasis on a learner's needs, competency level, and previous knowledge. Every learner has different grasping levels, previous knowledge, and preferred mode of learning, and hence, the learning process of one individual may significantly vary from other individuals. This book provides a complete reference for students, researchers, and industry practitioners interested in keeping abreast of recent advancements in this field. It encompasses cognitive intelligence and artificial intelligence which are very important for deriving a roadmap for future research on intelligent systems.
Coincidence or Destiny?: Stories of Synchoronicity That Illuminate Our Lives
by Phil Cousineau“A delightful reflection of our communal experience of moments that defy rational explanation” from the bestselling author and award-winning filmmaker (NAPRA ReView).The pricking anticipation of a phone call seconds before ringing, the premonition dream of birth exactly nine months before, the chance meeting that opens a new career path, the eerie realization of a loved one’s death half a world away . . . From Jung to Einstein, across boundaries of culture and time, people have recognized the potential for synchronicity to reveal a hidden order to seeming random events, and to offer a glimpse of one’s destiny.In Coincidence or Destiny? bestselling author Phil Cousineau shares more than eighty stories of coincidence, some simple, and some so extraordinary they challenge our belief system. Coincidence or Destiny? threads together what the author calls “sly winks of fate” from ordinary individuals around the world, to well-known scholars such as Larry Dossey and Huston Smith to famous movies such as Casablanca, each story demonstrates how meaningful coincidences can profoundly change and guide people’s lives.“Many things happen to us in life that are fraught with meaning. Amazing coincidences that become turning points in the road. Happenstance events that suddenly become pieces of the puzzle of our lives. Put them together, and you may find an answer to why things are the way they are. [Coincidence or Destiny?] is a wonderful collection of such times.” —Gannett News Service
Colazione con la dieta Wheat Belly
by Sarah Sophia Giancarlo AvellinoColazione con la dieta Wheat Belly Principi essenziali, volume 44 Per anni i ricercatori ci hanno parlato intensamente dell'importanza di una dieta nutriente e bilanciata. La longevità, come il benessere generale, è stata associata all'adozione di una prima colazione sana. Iniziare la giornata con il piede giusto deve prevedere alimenti che diano carburante all'organismo, potenzino l'energia e consentano la massima attenzione. Prendere la giusta direzione può fare la differenza nelle tue prestazioni al lavoro o a casa. Impara a goderti la vita un po' di più, aumenta la sicurezza in te stesso e adotta uno stile volto al benessere semplicemente modificando cosa assumi a colazione. Decidi subito di voler fare la differenza. Se rientri nella categoria dei milioni di persone che iniziano la giornata saltando la colazione o prendendo cornetto e cappuccino al volo andando al lavoro, è giunto il momento di fare due chiacchiere. Così facendo è come se iniziassi la giornata ai piedi di una collina e ti aspetti che mente e corpo la scalino con pochissima o zero energia. Magari il motivo è che non hai fame. Hai ancora sullo stomaco lo spuntino di mezzanotte, perché anche il tuo sistema digestivo è entrato in pausa mentre dormivi. Al risveglio ti senti come se avessi un mattone sullo stomaco, che ti rallenta e ti intralcia nei movimenti. Non dovrebbe andare così. Adottare uno stile di vita positivo potrà senz'altro darti cambiamenti notevoli, e non esiste momento migliore di adesso per iniziare con una modifica fondamentale - la prima colazione. Il libro di ricette di colazioni Wheat Belly è un vero must per chi desidera ottenere maggiore energia, perdita di peso e un aspetto positivo per iniziare la giornata. Impara ciò che migliaia di persone già sanno benissimo: eliminando determinati ingredienti, come il grano, dalla prima colazione quotidiana rallenterai l'accumulo
Cold Hands, Warm Heart
by Jill WolfsonI want to be normal and go to school and cut PE classes. I want a boyfriend and a trip to Paris. I want to pierce my ears. I want to eat salty pretzels and fried calamari rings. I want a new heart. Dani was born with her heart on the wrong side of her body. In her fifteen years of life, she's had more doctors' appointments, X rays, and tests and eaten more green hospital Jell-O than she cares to think about. Fourteen-year-old Amanda is a competitive gymnast, her body a small package of sleek muscles, in perfect health. The two girls don't know each other, don't go to the same school, don't have any friends in common. But their lives are about to collide.
The Cold, Hard Facts About Science And Medicine In Colonial America
by Elizabeth RaumTravel back to a time when: No one knew what germs were or that they made you sick. People believed the moon had magical powers. Step into the lives of the colonists, and learn the cold, hard facts about science and medicine in colonial America.
Cold Noses at the Pearly Gates: A Book of Hope (second edition)
by Gary KurzFrom the book: Employing his Bible education and more than 20,000 hours of personal Bible study, the author thoughtfully and convincingly addresses a question that is often on our minds, but seldom uttered aloud, that of animal afterlife. Organizing his research and thoughts into [an] easy to understand format, he approaches the reader with the heart of one who has personally known loss, seeking to provide comfort and hope. Since being published in 1996, Cold Noses at the Pearly Gates has earned modest fame and recognition via chapters of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, independent animal shelters, radio interviews and Psychiatrists desiring to use portions of the book as part of their grief recovery regimen for their patients. Most importantly to the author however, are the countless letters of appreciation he has received from readers who have been helped through his work. No guide dog user should be without this book. Cold Noses at the Pearly Gates will present the reader with concepts! and ideas they may never have considered before. Some may scoff Others may shrug at their uncertainty. But those who know and love their animals for the wonderful personalities they are will assimilate very well to the logical conclusions drawn by this author.