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1983: The World at the Brink
by Taylor Downing1983 was a supremely dangerous year - even more dangerous than 1962, the year of the Cuban Missile Crisis. In the US, President Reagan massively increased defence spending, described the Soviet Union as an 'evil empire' and announced his 'Star Wars' programme, calling for a shield in space to defend the US from incoming missiles.Yuri Andropov, the paranoid Soviet leader, saw all this as signs of American aggression and convinced himself that the US really meant to attack the Soviet Union. He put the KGB on alert to look for signs of an imminent nuclear attack. When a Soviet fighter jet shot down Korean Air Lines flight KAL 007 after straying off course over a sensitive Soviet military area, President Reagan described it as a 'terrorist act' and 'a crime against humanity'. The temperature was rising fast.Then at the height of the tension, NATO began a war game called Able Archer 83. In this exercise, NATO requested permission to use the codes to launch nuclear weapons. The nervous Soviets convinced themselves this was no exercise but the real thing.This is an extraordinary and largely unknown Cold War story of spies and double agents, of missiles being readied, of intelligence failures, misunderstandings and the panic of world leaders. With access to hundreds of extraordinary new documents just released in the US, Taylor Downing is able to tell for the first time the gripping but true story of how near the world came to the brink of nuclear war in 1983.1983: The World at the Brink is a real-life thriller.
1984 New Orleans World's Fair, The (Images of America)
by Bill CotterIn 1984, the city of New Orleans hosted the last world's fair held in the United States. Conceived as part of an ambitious effort to revitalize a dilapidated section of the city and establish New Orleans as a year-round tourist destination, it took more than 12 years of political intrigue and design changes before the gates finally opened. Stretching 84 acres along the Mississippi River, the fair entertained more than seven million guests with a colorful collection of pavilions, rides, and restaurants during its six-month run. While most world's fairs lose money, the 1984 New Orleans World's Fair had the dubious distinction of going bankrupt and almost closing early. However, the $350-million investment did succeed in bringing new life to the area, which is now home to the city's convention center and a bustling arts district.
The 1984–1985 Miners' Strike in Nottinghamshire: If Spirit Alone Won Battles: The Diary of John Lowe
by Jonathan Symcox Dennis SkinnerBritain&’s year-long miners&’ strike against the Thatcher administration is vividly recounted in this diary of one of its most vocal leaders. John Lowe was at the forefront of the fight for jobs during the miners strike of 1984-85. He led from the front, as the elected chairman of Clipstone Colliery&’s strike committee in the county of Nottinghamshire. The dirty war fought by the Thatcher Government to defeat the National Union of Mineworkers transformed Lowe from passive family man into a dedicated activist. Witness to many disturbing events, he recorded his experiences in a diary that is presented here in full, along with photographs, correspondence, court documents, and other materials. Lowe tells of the initial scramble to organize; the London rally that police tried to turn into a riot; his arrest and fast-tracking through the court system; the legendary pensioner friend beaten at a police roadblock; the slow trickle back to work; the dreaded day the strike ended; and first harrowing weeks back at the coalface among people he despised. With the scars left by the dispute still fresh upon him, Lowe reflected on events at both the local and national level. This volume is also a testament to the unquenchable spirit of men and women with a just cause.
1988. El fin de la ilusión: Charly, Calamaro y los Redondos; Monzón, Olmedo, Asís y Alfonsín; Federico Moura y Miguel Abuelo. Un año de amor, locura y muerte.
by Martín ZarielloUna semblanza divertida y reflexiva sobre 1988, un año bisagra en el rock nacional y en la vida cultural, política y social del país. Martín Zariello pone su lupa pop en el paisaje agridulce de esa época. El año en que -recién acababa de irse de este mundo Luca- mueren Federico Moura y Miguel Abuelo, el primer gobierno del retorno democrático entra en crisis y con él, el sueño entero de una generación parece desvanecerse. Una semblanza divertida y reflexiva sobre 1988, un año bisagra en el rock nacional y en la vida cultural, política y social del país. Como un rompecabezas, piezas aparentemente inconexas con los rostros de Alfonsín, Charly García, Luis Alberto Spinetta, Carlos Monzón, Cerati, Los Redonditos, Fito Páez, Alberto Olmedo, Rico & Seineldín y hasta Ricardo Piglia y Jorge Asís forman la trama de un año que, a tres décadas, pide urgente una revisión que soslaye las trampas de la nostalgia. Martín Zariello pone su lupa pop en el paisaje agridulce de ese año bisagra. El año en que -recién acaba de morir Luca- mueren Federico Moura y Miguel Abuelo, el primer gobierno del retorno democrático entra en crisis y con él, el sueño entero de una generación parece desvanecerse. Los capítulos: Alfonsín Live on tour 88 - Maral 39 - Amnesty es un lugar del que nadie puede regresar - Hipótesis alrededor de una canción de Cacho Castaña - Argentinos pero simpáticos - Pelusón of Foucault - Todos los femicidios, el femicidio - Sida intelectual - Te tendrás que cuidar - Los años del "rock pobre" -El amor antes del amor - Spaguetti del rock - La vanguardia era así - El futuro ya llegó
1989: End of the Twentieth Century (A Norton Documents Reader)
by James Carter Cynthia Paces1989: End of the Twentieth Century offers a comparative look at one of the most eventful years in world history. Nineteen eighty-nine marked the end of the Cold War, the fall of the Berlin Wall, the end of apartheid, and the "Beijing Spring" protests in Tiananmen Square. This engaging reader focuses on critical questions like "Why was the world caught by surprise by these events?" and "Why did the revolutions in Eastern Europe and in South Africa end in jubilation, while the protests in China ended in tragedy?" The original essay and the rich collection of documents in this volume explore both the long-term trends an the immediate causes that led to this series of events in 1989 that changed the world forever.
1989: Bob Dylan Didn't Have This to Sing About
by Joshua CloverIn a tour de force of lyrical theory, Joshua Clover boldly reimagines how we understand both pop music and its social context in a vibrant exploration of a year famously described as "the end of history." Amid the historic overturnings of 1989, including the fall of the Berlin Wall, pop music also experienced striking changes. Vividly conjuring cultural sensations and events, Clover tracks the emergence of seemingly disconnected phenomena--from grunge to acid house to gangsta rap--asking if "perhaps pop had been biding its time until 1989 came along to make sense of its sensibility." His analysis deftly moves among varied artists and genres including Public Enemy, N.W.A., Dr. Dre, De La Soul, The KLF, Nine Inch Nails, Nirvana, U2, Jesus Jones, the Scorpions, George Michael, Madonna, Roxette, and others. This elegantly written work, deliberately mirroring history as dialectical and ongoing, summons forth a new understanding of how "history had come out to meet pop as something more than a fairytale, or something less. A truth, a way of being."
1989: Democratic Revolutions At The Cold War's End - A Brief History With Documents (Bedford Cultural Editions)
by Padraic KenneyA series of democratic transformations in the 1980s ended the cold war and ushered in the present era. This volume by Padraic Kenney uses six case studies from this period — Poland, the Philippines, Chile, South Africa, Ukraine, and China — to explore common characteristics of global political change while highlighting the differing strategies and perspectives of the people who sought to free themselves from dictatorship. <p><p> A general introduction to the volume examines key trends in the decades leading up to the changes, tracing the paths that dictatorships and opposition movements took in their fateful confrontations. The first chapter with documents surveys the central ideas of this age of democratic, nonviolent revolution, and sets a framework for considering the case studies in the chapters that follow.
1989: A Global History of Eastern Europe (New Approaches to European History #59)
by James Mark Bogdan C. Iacob Tobias Rupprecht Ljubica SpaskovskaThe collapse of the Berlin Wall has come to represent the entry of an isolated region onto the global stage. On the contrary, this study argues that communist states had in fact long been shapers of an interconnecting world, with '1989' instead marking a choice by local elites about the form that globalisation should take. Published to coincide with the thirtieth anniversary of the 1989 revolutions, this work draws on material from local archives to international institutions to explore the place of Eastern Europe in the emergence, since the 1970s, of a new world order that combined neoliberal economics and liberal democracy with increasingly bordered civilisational, racial and religious identities. An original and wide-ranging history, it explores the importance of the region's links to the West, East Asia, Africa, and Latin America in this global transformation, reclaiming the era's other visions such as socialist democracy or authoritarian modernisation which had been lost in triumphalist histories of market liberalism.
1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe - Updated Edition (Princeton Studies in International History and Politics #147)
by Mary Elise SarotteHow the political events of 1989 shaped Europe after the Cold War1989 explores the momentous events following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the effects they have had on our world ever since. Based on documents, interviews, and television broadcasts from Washington, London, Paris, Bonn, Berlin, Warsaw, Moscow, and a dozen other locations, 1989 describes how Germany unified, NATO expansion began, and Russia got left on the periphery of the new Europe.This updated edition contains a new afterword with the most recent evidence on the 1990 origins of NATO's post-Cold War expansion.
1989 and the West: Western Europe since the End of the Cold War (Routledge Studies in Modern European History)
by Eleni Braat Pepijn CorduwenerBack in 1989, many anticipated that the end of the Cold War would usher in the ‘end of history’ characterized by the victory of democracy and capitalism. At the thirtieth anniversary of this momentous event, this book challenges this assumption. It studies the most recent era of contemporary European history in order to analyse the impact, consequences and legacy of the end of the Cold War for Western Europe. Bringing together leading scholars on the topic, the volume answers the question of how the end of the Cold War has affected Western Europe and reveals how it accelerated and reinforced processes that shaped the fragile (geo-)political and economic order of the continent today. In four thematic sections, the book analyses the changing position of Germany in Europe; studies the transformation of neoliberal capitalism; answers the question how Western Europe faced the geopolitical challenges after the Berlin Wall came down; and investigates the crisis of representative democracy. As such, the book provides a comprehensive and novel historical perspective on Europe since the late 1980s.
1989 as a Political World Event: Democracy, Europe and the New International System in the Age of Globalization (Global Order Studies)
by Jacques RupnikThis book is not about the events of 1989, but about 1989 as a world event. Starting with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet bloc it examines the historical significance and the world brought about by 1989. When the Cold War ended in Europe it ushered in a world in which the international agenda is set outside Europe, in America or Asia. The book critically examines and moves beyond some of the conveniently simple paradigms proposed in the nineties, by leading political scientists such as Fukuyama and Huntington, to show how the events of 1989 meant different things to different parties. This was an anti-utopian revolution, a symbol of the possibility of non-violent transitions to democracy, which raised the hopes of world-wide democratic changes. Contributors show how 1989 can be seen as the founding moment of a globalized world, but equal attention should be given to the dispersion of its meanings and the exhaustion of some of its main trends associated with the post-1989 era. Europe was reunited, yet it is in crisis. Twenty years on, global markets have brought about a global financial crisis. The fall of the Berlin Wall was celebrated as the advent of free movement in a world without borders. Now however, we can see that new borders, walls, fences have since been built. With an introductory essay by Vaclav Havel, 1989 as a Political World Event will be of interest to scholars of European Politics and International Relations.
The 1989 Coup d'Étát in Paraguay: The End of a Long Dictatorship, 1954–1989 (Latin America at War #11)
by Antonio Luis SapienzaThe year 1989 was crucial for Paraguay. After a long period of 35 years of dictatorship, General Alfredo Stroessner was finally overthrown by a violent coup d’état. In a sort of prophetic way, he once said, "I came to power by arms and I will only leave by arms,” and that came true on 2 February of that year. The 1989 Coup d’état in Paraguay discusses Stroessner’s climb to power during a coup of 1954, fraudulent elections that got him reelected seven times, and the ways Stroessner kept himself afloat through cooperation with the armed forces, a right-wing political party, and the USA. Arguably, longing to maintain his popularity, the dictator launched a large number of major development projects, including construction of roads, water and sewage facilities, three big hydroelectric power stations, and a buildup of an airline. At the same time, abuse of human rights and oppression of any kind of political opposition became a norm: dozens of political prisoners were tortured and even executed, and thousands driven into exile. As could be expected from a dictator with a military background, Stroessner prompted a major expansion and a buildup of the armed forces and the police, too. Nevertheless, it was the armed forces of Paraguay that brought about his demise: the coup that finally ended Stroessner’s rule was planned by General Andres Rodriguez, the Commander of the I Army Corps – and then with full support of large segments of the Army, Air Force and the Navy of Paraguay. A detailed description of the coup in question, and how Stroessner was driven into exile in Brazil, is the centerpiece of this narrative. Thirty years since the fall of Stroessner’s regime, many things have changed in Paraguay: still, many remain the same. Containing over 100 photographs, color profiles, maps and extensive tables, The 1989 Coup d’etat in Paraguay is a unique study and a source of reference about an important episode in Latin American history.
1989 in Central Europe: A Counterrevolution (Central and Eastern European Perspectives on International Relations)
by Paweł UkielskiThe literature on the fall of communism contains numerous interpretations of the changes that took place in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, while debates about how best to characterize the fall of the communist regimes have raged for many years. Researchers continue to ponder and argue over how ‘revolutionary’, as opposed to ‘evolutionary’ (or ‘reformatory’) these changes were. In this new study, author Paweł Ukielski proposes the term ‘counterrevolution’ to describe the historical process that took place and uses it as an analytical construct to better understand the crisis of Soviet communism and the subsequent transitions that took place.
1990: Russians Remember a Turning Point
by Irina ProkhorovaAlthough 1989 and 1991 witnessed more spectacular events, 1990 was a year of embryonic change in Russia: Article 6 of the constitution was abolished, and with it the Party's monopoly on political power. This fascinating collection of documentary evidence crystalizes the aspirations of the Russian people in the days before Communism finally fell.It charts--among many other social developments--the appearance of new political parties and independent trade unions, the rapid evolution of mass media, the emergence of a new class of entrepreneurs, a new openness about sex and pornography and a sudden craze for hot-air ballooning, banned under the Communist regime.1990 is a reminder of the confusion and aspirations of the year before Communism finally collapsed in Russia, and a tantalizing glimpse of the paths that may have been taken if Yeltsin's coup had not forced the issue in 1991.
1990: Russians Remember a Turning Point
by Irina Prokhorova Arch TaitAlthough 1989 and 1991 witnessed more spectacular events, 1990 was a year of embryonic change in Russia: Article 6 of the constitution was abolished, and with it the Party's monopoly on political power. This fascinating collection of documentary evidence crystalises the aspirations of the Russian people in the days before Communism finally fell. It charts - among many other social developments - the appearance of new political parties and independent trade unions, the rapid evolution of mass media, the emergence of a new class of entrepreneurs, a new openness about sex and pornography and a sudden craze for hot-air ballooning, banned under the Communist regime. 1990 is a reminder of the confusion and aspirations of the year before Communism finally collapsed in Russia, and a tantalising glimpse of the paths that may have been taken if Yeltsin's coup had not forced the issue in 1991.
1990: Russians Remember a Turning Point
by Arch Tait Irina ProkhorovaAlthough 1989 and 1991 witnessed more spectacular events, 1990 was a year of embryonic change in Russia: Article 6 of the constitution was abolished, and with it the Party's monopoly on political power. This fascinating collection of documentary evidence crystalises the aspirations of the Russian people in the days before Communism finally fell. It charts - among many other social developments - the appearance of new political parties and independent trade unions, the rapid evolution of mass media, the emergence of a new class of entrepreneurs, a new openness about sex and pornography and a sudden craze for hot-air ballooning, banned under the Communist regime. 1990 is a reminder of the confusion and aspirations of the year before Communism finally collapsed in Russia, and a tantalising glimpse of the paths that may have been taken if Yeltsin's coup had not forced the issue in 1991.
The 1990s: From the Persian Gulf War to Y2K (Decades of the Twentieth Century)
by Stephen FeinsteinThe Decades of the 20th Century series uses short articles and numerous photos to introduce young readers to the people and events that made news and changed history in the twentieth century. -- Highlighting important happenings in politics, science, sports, the arts and entertainment, and environmental issues, the series also focuses on interesting topics like the lifestyles, fashions, and fads that have made each decade of the century unique and memorable. -- Curriculum based and useful for reports.
The 1990s
by Richard A. SchwartzAimed at students and general readers, this reference collects hundreds of eyewitness accounts to provide an overview of the 1990s as they were experienced by people from all segments of society. These accounts include (for example) diary entries, letters, speeches, and newspaper articles. Each chapter covers one year and features an introductory essay and chronology. The text of a number of critical documents--such as the Charters of Paris for a New Europe--are found in the appendix, along with 20 capsule biographies of key figures.
The 1990s Decade in Photos: The Rise of Technology (Amazing Decades in Photos)
by Jim CorriganMiddle school readers will find out about the important world, national, and cultural developments of the decade 1990-1999.
The 1991 Child Support Act: Failure Foreseeable and Foreseen
by Leanne McCarthy-CotterThis book assesses the 1991 Child Support Act and demonstrates how its failure was ‘foreseeable’ and ‘foreseen’. It provides an understanding of the creation, and failure, of the Act, as well as providing an examination of the British policy-making process. The book re-introduces the ‘stages approach’ as an appropriate framework for examining policy-making in general, and analysing policy failure in particular. It draws on evidence gained through interviews, official documents, unpublished consultation responses, Parliamentary debates, and materials from pressure groups and think-tanks, as well as academic literature. The 1991 Child Support Act is seen as one of the most controversial and notorious policy failures in Britain. However it has received relatively little academic attention. An in-depth analysis of the policy-making process that led to the development and passage of this deeply flawed policy has largely been neglected: this book fills that gap.
1994: Perder y fingir
by Thomas NelsonThe book narrates how, in a few months, Amalia transforms from a naive girl to a critical teenager and begins to see the country in which she lives from a new perspective.Amalia is a middle-class high school girl in Mexico from 1994. Attend a very rigid and traditional Catholic school. Along with Luisa, her best friend, Amalia begins to break the rules dictated by society: the parties begin and discover the boys of the opposite sex.Each of the characters in this story: her parents, her cousin Pablo, Luisa, her boyfriend Román, all contribute a small grain of sand in this awakening that leads Amalia to discover that the world is not how they wanted to tell it.There is a great nostalgia for the nineties today: music, fashion and television series constantly evoke this time. Brenda Legorreta's novel easily leads readers to that crucial year in the life of the country.El libro narra cómo, en unos cuantos meses, Amalia se transforma de chica ingenua a una adolescente crítica y comienza a ver el país en el que vive desde una nueva perspectiva.Amalia es una chica de preparatoria de clase media en el México de 1994. Asiste a una escuela católica, muy rígida y tradicional. Junto con Luisa, su mejor amiga, Amalia empieza a romper las reglas dictadas por la sociedad: comienzan las fiestas y a descubrir a los chicos del sexo opuesto. Cada uno de los personajes en esta historia: sus padres, su primo Pablo, Luisa, su novio Román, todos aportan un pequeño grano de arena en este despertar que lleva a Amalia a descubrir que el mundo no es como se lo han querido contar.Existe una gran nostalgia por los noventa en la actualidad: la música, la moda y las series de televisión evocan esta época constantemente. La novela de Brenda Legorreta lleva a los lectores con facilidad a ese año crucial para la vida del país.
The 1994 Mexican Economic Crisis: The Role of Government Expenditure and Relative Prices
by Eliot Kalter Armando RibasThe Role of Government Expenditure and Relative Prices
1995
by W. Joseph CampbellA hinge moment in recent American history, 1995 was an exceptional year. Drawing on interviews, oral histories, memoirs, archival collections, and news reports, W. Joseph Campbell presents a vivid, detail-rich portrait of those memorable twelve months. This book offers fresh interpretations of the decisive moments of 1995, including the emergence of the Internet and the World Wide Web in mainstream American life; the bombing at Oklahoma City, the deadliest attack of domestic terrorism in U.S. history; the sensational "Trial of the Century," at which O.J. Simpson faced charges of double murder; the U.S.-brokered negotiations at Dayton, Ohio, which ended the Bosnian War, Europe's most vicious conflict since the Nazi era; and the first encounters at the White House between Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky, a liaison that culminated in a stunning scandal and the spectacle of the president's impeachment and trial. As Campbell demonstrates in this absorbing chronicle, 1995 was a year of extraordinary events, a watershed at the turn of the millennium. The effects of that pivotal year reverberate still, marking the close of one century and the dawning of another.
1996: Reliving the Legend-Packed, Dynasty-Stacked, Most Iconic Sports Year Ever
by Jon FinkelOn its 25th anniversary, relive the legend-stacked, dynasty-packed, most iconic sports year ever with the athletes, teams, and more whose collective influence affected every aspect of a generation of sports and pop culture fans—Jordan, Shaq, Iverson, Kobe, Gretzky, Tiger, Griffey, Jeter, Tyson, the Cowboys, the Yankees, the Bulls, The Rock, Stone Cold, Kentucky, Florida, Agassi, Graf, the Williams Sisters, Happy Gilmore, Space Jam, the Olympics in Atlanta, Muhammad Ali, the Magnificent Seven and more! Take a rollicking tour through the sports world of 1996, when debuts, comebacks, movies, and pop culture crossover changed the sports landscape forever. From college to the Olympics to the pros; from the NBA to golf, tennis, and boxing, 1996 was home to athletes and teams who were among the best marketed, most beloved, colorful, and greatest in history. In 1996: A Biography, sportswriter and author Jon Finkel uncovers the stories behind the stories while interviewing a who’s who of ’96ers to reveal in thrilling detail how their collective influence on sports and pop culture still resonates to this day. For those of us who remember when Iverson, Kobe, The Rock and Stone Cold, the MLS and the WNBA all debuted; when the US Women’s Olympic Gymnastics Team—the Magnificent Seven—won gold for the first time in history; when Mike Tyson and Magic Johnson made their comebacks; when MTV’s Rock n’ Jock, Michael Jordan’s Space Jam, and ESPN’s Dan Patrick and Stuart Scott were the bomb; when the Fun ’n’ Gun offense changed college football; when Ken Griffey Jr. ran for president (really! remember?); when Derek Jeter won Rookie of the Year, Favre marched to his first Super Bowl and Jerry Maguire had everyone saying “show me the money”. . . . 1996 is a sports time machine you’ve got to take for a spin.
1996 And The End of History
by David Stubbs1996 And The End of History examines the year as it panned out in the UK not just in politics but in music, light entertainment and sport. It was the zenith of a decade which will go down as remarkably untroubled bymodern standards; following the collapse of the Berlin Wall, prior to 9/11, in which political conditions of peace and apparent economic prosperity created an overall mood of frivolity, postmodern anti-seriousness and a desire to get back to sunnier times before the grim onset of the strife-ridden 70's and 80's.