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Computational Design for Landscape Architects
by Brendan HarmonThis book is a guide to computational design for landscape architects replete with extensive tutorials. It introduces algorithmic approaches for modeling and designing landscapes. The aim of this book is to use algorithms to understand and design landscape as a generative system, i.e. to harness the processes that shape landscape to generate new forms. An algorithmic approach to design is gently introduced through visual programming with Grasshopper, before more advanced methods are taught in Python, a high-level programming language. Topics covered include parametric design, randomness and noise, waves and attractors, lidar, drone photogrammetry, point cloud modeling, terrain modeling, earthworks, digital fabrication, and more. The chapters include sections on theory, methods, and either visual programming or scripting. Online resources for the book include code and datasets so that readers can easily follow along and try out the methods presented. This book is a much-needed guide, both theoretical and practical, on computational design for students, educators, and practitioners of landscape architecture.
Conceptions of Space and Place in Strategic Spatial Planning (RTPI Library Series)
by Simin Davoudi Ian StrangeBringing together authors from academia and practice, this book examines spatial planning at different places throughout the British Isles. Six illustrative case studies of practice examine which conceptions of space and place have been articulated, presented and visualized through the production of spatial strategies. Ranging from a large conurbation (London) to regional (Yorkshire and Humber) and national levels, the case studies give a rounded and grounded view of the physical results and the theory behind them. While there is widespread support for re-orienting planning towards space and place, there has been little common understanding about what constitutes ‘spatial planning’, and what conceptions of space and place underpin it. This book addresses these questions and stimulates debate and critical thinking about space and place among academic and professional planners.
Conceptual Landscapes: Fundamentals in the Beginning Design Process
by Simon M. BussiereConceptual Landscapes explores the dilemma faced in the early moments of design thinking through a gradient of work in landscape and environmental design media by both emerging and well-established designers and educators of landscape architecture. It questions where and, more importantly, how the process of design starts. The book deconstructs the steps of conceptualizing design in order to reignite pedagogical discussions about timing and design fundamentals, and to reveal how the spark of an idea happens – from a range of unique perspectives. Through a careful arrangement of visual essays that integrate analog, digital, and mixed-media works and processes, the book highlights differences between diverse techniques and triggers debate between design, representation, technology, and creative culture in the field. Taken together, the book’s visual investigation of the conceptual design process serves as a learning tool for aspiring designers and seasoned professionals alike. By situating student work alongside that of experienced teachers and landscape architects, the book also demystifies outdated notions of individual genius and sheds new light on the nearly universally messy process of discovery, bridged across years and diverse creative vocabularies in the conceptual design process. Lavishly illustrated with over 210 full color images, this book is a must-read for students and instructors in landscape architecture.
Concise Townscape
by Gordon CullenThis book pioneered the concept of townscape. 'Townscape' is the art of giving visual coherence and organization to the jumble of buildings, streets and space that make up the urban environment. It has been a major influence on architects, planners and others concerned with what cities should look like.
Concrete Canvas: How Street Art Is Changing the Way Our Cities Look
by Dr Lee BofkinWhat happens when you look at graffiti and street art as unlimited art forms instead of urban phenomena? Concrete Canvas does just that; investigating the media the artists work with, the canvases they work on, the themes that arise through their work, and the way their art redefines the spaces in which it is set.Concrete Canvas is filled with stunning photos of works from new and exciting artists, as well as established names, including Ron English, Phlegm, Daim, Invader and more. It examines how the curation of public space is affecting our cities and moving art into the future. Global Street Art is the largest online archive of street art photography. Here, its founder Lee Bofkin shares some of his best stories of documenting street art, which variously feature big guns, massive dogs and lots of abandoned buildings.
Concrete Crafts: Simple Projects from Jewelry to Place Settings, Birdbaths to Umbrella Stands
by Sania Hedengren Susanna Zacke Anna SkoogPouring concrete doesn't have to be left to the professionals-decorate your home with concrete poured, mixed, and molded by your own two hands! Versatile, inexpensive, and easily casted, concrete is the perfect medium for crafters, tinkerers, and home improvers. Now, lifelong crafters and interior designers Susanna Zacke and Sania Hedengren reveal more than thirty of their favorite, no-fuss casting projects.Decorate your kitchen table or outdoor patio with: Rhubarb leaf fruit bowls Clustered candleholders Birdbaths Patterned pots Flower vases Angel figurines And much more!Once you get started, you won't want to stop making trinkets and ornate arrangements for friends, family, and each room in your house. Plus, crafting with concrete is a great way to get outside and enjoy a beautiful, sunny day.Featuring step-by-step photos, easy-to-follow directions, and Susanna and Sania's expert tips, Concrete, the Perfect Hobby is the ultimate new guide to outdoor crafting. Pour out your creativity and discover the beautiful, practical items you can cast!
Concrete Garden Projects: Easy & Inexpensive Containers, Furniture, Water Features & More
by Camilla Arvidsson Malin NilssonFor gardeners and backyard do-it-yourselfers, concrete is a revelation. It's durable, weatherproof, impossible to steal, and it provides much-needed insulation for outdoor plants. Concrete weathers beautifully, softening around the edges, developing moss, and becoming more picturesque with age.Concrete Garden Projects takes advantage of concrete's numerous assets, showcasing an inspiring array of creative options. The step-by-step instructions for dozens of easy, do-it-yourself décor ideas include containers of all shapes and sizes, elegant benches and stools, miniature ponds and birdbaths, stepping stones, a barbecue, and a fire pit. The authors use a variety of molds easily found or made, household items like bowls and baking pans, and simple wooden frames and boxes. At pennies per pound, and so simple to use—just mix with water and pour—concrete is the key to hand-crafted backyard décor.
Condominium Governance and Law in Global Urban Context
by Randy K. Lippert; Stefan TreffersThis book examines condominium, property, governance, and law in international and conceptual perspective and reveals this urban realm as complex and mutating. Condominiums are proliferating the world over and transforming the socio-spatial organization of cities and residential life. The collection assembles arguably the most prominent scholars in the world currently working in this broad area and situated in multiple disciplines, including legal and socio-legal studies, political science, public administration, and sociology. Their analyses span condominium governance and law on five continents and in nine countries: the United States (US), China, Australia, the United Kingdom (UK), Canada, South Africa, Israel, Denmark, and Spain. Neglected issues and emerging trends related to condominium governance and law in cities from Tel Aviv to Chicago to Melbourne are discerned and analysed. The book pursues fresh empirical inquiries and cogent conceptual engagements regarding how condominiums are governed through law and other means. It includes accounts of a wide range of governance difficulties including chronic anti-social owner behaviour, short-term rentals, and even the COVID-19 pandemic, and how they are being dealt with. By uncovering crucial cross-national commonalities, the book reveals the global urban context of condominium governance and law as empirically rich and conceptually fruitful. The book will appeal to researchers and students in socio-legal studies, law, sociology, political science, urban studies, and public administration as well as journalists, social activists, policymakers, and condo owners/board members.
Condos in the Woods
by Rebecca L. ScheweScenic rural communities across the nation and around the world have been transformed as they have shifted away from extractive industries such as agriculture, mining, and forestry and toward recreation-based development relying on tourism, vacation homes, and retirees. These communities have built new economies and identities based on local natural resources and are highly dependent on the natural environment. With these changes have come new questions: Do retirees and seasonal residents fit into their new surroundings? Do longtime and new residents share the same values and visions for the future? Do diverse community members disagree about how to manage their forest and water resources? Condos in the Woodsexplores how these issues are reshaping community structure, employment, and inhabitants’ attitudes toward their environment in the Northwoods. Looking at trends from the 1970s to the present, this work moves from the national scale to the Pine Barrens region in northwestern Wisconsin and examines the approaches of residents to the management of their natural resources. At the heart of this story, the authors find that despite the diverse makeup of such communities, residents share many common goals and values and display more successful integration than previously expected.
Connecting Places, Connecting People: A Paradigm for Urban Living in the 21st Century
by Reena TiwariWhat is a better community? How can we reconfigure places and transport networks to create environmentally friendly, economically sound, and socially just communities? How can we meet the challenges of growing pollution, depleting fossil fuels, rising gasoline prices, traffic congestion, traffic fatalities, increased prevalence of obesity, and lack of social inclusion? The era of car-based planning has led to the disconnection of people and place in developed countries, and is rapidly doing so in the developing countries of the Global South. The unfolding mega-trend in technological innovation, while adding new patterns of future living and mobility in the cities, will question the relevance of face-to-face connections. What will be the ‘glue’ that holds communities together in the future? To build better communities and to build better cities, we need to reconnect people and places. Connecting Places, Connecting People offers a new paradigm for place making by reordering urban planning principles from prioritizing movement of vehicles to focusing on places and the people who live in them. Numerous case studies, including many from developing countries in the Global South, illustrate how this can be realized or fallen short of in practical terms. Importantly, citizens need to be engaged in policy development, to connect with each other and with government agencies. To measure the connectivity attributes of places and the success of strategies to meet the needs, an Audit Tool is offered for a continual quantitative and qualitative evaluation.
Conquer the Clutter: Strategies to Identify, Manage, and Overcome Hoarding
by Elaine Birchall Suzanne CronkwrightHow to take back your life when your things are taking over.Why does Cliff, a successful lawyer who regularly wins landmark cases, step over two-foot piles of paper whenever he opens his front door? Why do Joan and Paul ask Children's Services to take their three children instead of decluttering their home? Why does Lucinda feel intense pressure to hold onto her family's heirlooms even though she has no room for them? They have hoarding disorder, which an estimated 2% to 6% of the adult population worldwide experience.Conquer the Clutter offers hope to anyone affected by hoarding. Real-life vignettes, combined with easy-to-use assessment and intervention tools, support those who hoard—and those who care about them. Written by Elaine Birchall, a social worker dedicated to helping people declutter and achieve long-term control over their belongings, the book• provides an overview of hoarding, defining what it is—and is not• explains the difference between clutter and hoarding • describes different types of hoarding in detail, including impulse shopping, "closet" hoarding, and animal hoarding• debunks myths about hoarding and hoarders • explores the effects that hoarding has on relationships, on work, and on physical and financial health• presents a practical, step-by-step plan of action for decluttering• contains dedicated advice from individuals who have successfully overcome their hoarding disorderThe most comprehensive work about hoarding on the market, Conquer the Clutter discusses special populations who are not often singled out, such as the disabled and the elderly, and includes numerous worksheets to assist individuals in determining the scope of their hoarding disorder and tackling the problem. Over 40 pages of additional resources are available online at jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/conquer-clutter.
The Conscientious Gardener
by Peter Raven Sarah Hayden ReichardIn his influential A Sand County Almanac, published at the forefront of the environmental movement in 1949, Aldo Leopold described a new ecological ethic to guide our stewardship of the planet. In this inspiring book, Sarah Hayden Reichard tells how we can bring Leopold's far-reaching vision to our gardens to make them more sustainable, lively, and healthy places. Today, gardening practices too often damage the environment; we deplete resources in our own soil while mining for soil amendments in far away places, or use water and pesticides in ways that can pollute lakes and rivers. Drawing from cutting edge research on urban horticulture, Reichard explores the many benefits of sustainable gardening and gives straightforward, practical advice on topics such as pest control, water conservation, living with native animals, mulching, and invasive species. The book includes a scorecard that allows readers to quickly evaluate the sustainability of their current practices, as well as an extensive list of garden plants that are invasive, what they do, and where they should be avoided.
The Conscious Closet: The Revolutionary Guide to Looking Good While Doing Good
by Elizabeth L. ClineFrom journalist, fashionista, and clothing resale expert Elizabeth L. Cline, “the Michael Pollan of fashion,”* comes the definitive guide to building an ethical, sustainable wardrobe you'll love.Clothing is one of the most personal expressions of who we are. In her landmark investigation Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion, Elizabeth L. Cline first revealed fast fashion’s hidden toll on the environment, garment workers, and even our own satisfaction with our clothes. The Conscious Closet shows exactly what we can do about it. Whether your goal is to build an effortless capsule wardrobe, keep up with trends without harming the environment, buy better quality, seek out ethical brands, or all of the above, The Conscious Closet is packed with the vital tools you need. Elizabeth delves into fresh research on fashion’s impacts and shows how we can leverage our everyday fashion choices to change the world through style. Inspired by her own revelatory journey getting off the fast-fashion treadmill, Elizabeth shares exactly how to build a more ethical wardrobe, starting with a mindful closet clean-out and donating, swapping, or selling the clothes you don't love to make way for the closet of your dreams. The Conscious Closet is not just a style guide. It is a call to action to transform one of the most polluting industries on earth—fashion—into a force for good. Readers will learn where our clothes are made and how they’re made, before connecting to a global and impassioned community of stylish fashion revolutionaries. In The Conscious Closet, Elizabeth shows us how we can start to truly love and understand our clothes again—without sacrificing the environment, our morals, or our style in the process.*Michelle Goldberg, Newsweek/The Daily Beast
Conscious Food
by Jim Pathfinder EwingWhen did growing and eating food cease to be considered sacred? How did food lose its connection with health? Why is our food system out of control? What simple steps can we each take to profoundly change our world as a healthier place for us all? Journalist, author Jim PathFinder Ewing answers these and other questions with his new book, Conscious Food: Sustainable Growing, Spiritual Eating. Ewing provides a background on the emergence of agriculture and the declining connection with food as society evolved, particularly during times of war, and scrutinizes today's "conventional" farming that relies upon deadly toxins and unsustainable fossil fuels. The book outlines how modern people can avoid being victims of biocultural evolution and the resultant entropy of declining global and personal health - and instead contribute to the movement toward mindful food choices and better world health, both physically and spiritually. Ewing discusses how society can nurture the unseen Spirit world that permeates plants through adopting nondenominational spiritual understandings, and includes how-to examples for growing organic food and fostering a supportive community and urban agriculture, as well as notes for expanded resources.
The Conscious Kitchen: The New Way to Buy and Cook Food - to Protect the Earth, Improve Your Health, and Eat Deliciously
by Alexandra ZissuYour everyday food choices can change the world--and make meals taste better than ever For anyone who has read The Omnivore's Dilemma or seen Food, Inc. and longs to effect easy green changes when it comes to the food they buy, cook, and eat, The Conscious Kitchen is an invaluable resource filled with real world, practical solutions. Alexandra Zissu walks readers through every kitchen-related decision with three criteria in mind: what's good for personal health, what's good for the planet, and what tastes great. Learn, among other things, how to: - Keep pesticides, chemicals, and other harmful ingredients out of your diet- Choose when to spend your dollars on organic fruit and when to buy conventionally grown- Avoid plastic--including which kinds in particular and why- Figure out what seafood is safe to eat and is sustainable- Use COOL (country of origin labels) to your advantage- Determine if a vegetable is genetically modified just from reading its PLU (price look up) code- Decipher meat labels in the supermarket- Cook using the least energy--good for the earth and your wallet- Eat locally, even in winter - Understand what "natural" and other marketing terms really mean- Buy packaged foods wisely Navigate farmers' markets, giant supermarkets, and every shop in between to find the freshest and healthiest local ecologically grown and produced meat, dairy, fruits, and vegetables--no matter where you live With The Conscious Kitchen as your guide, you will never again stand in the market bewildered, wondering what to buy. You can feel confident you are making the best possible choices for you, your family, and our planet. ALEXANDRA ZISSU writes about green living, food, and parenthood. She is the author of The Conscious Kitchen, coauthor of The Complete Organic Pregnancy, and contributes the "Ask an Organic Mom" column to The DailyGreen.com. Her stories have appeared in The New York Times, The Green Guide, Cookie, Details, Bon Appétit, Self, and Health, among other publications. She is also a public speaker and "greenproofer," an eco-lifestyle consultant. Visit her website, www.alexandrazissu.com.
Conscious Money: Living, Creating, and Investing with Your Values for a Sustainable New Prosperity
by Patricia AburdeneWhy not make money and make a difference, too? A revolutionary blueprint for growing wealth, finding fulfillment, and changing the world by living your values. In the emerging era of Conscious Money, we achieve prosperity by tapping into the power of values, consciousness, and sound economic principles. By applying the wisdom of Conscious Money to your personal finances, you can build a foundation for sustainable wealth and true fulfillment. No longer will you need to choose between your core values and your paycheck. Instead you'll expand on-the-job creativity, grow income through conscious practices, and change the world as you: * identify your unique personal values; * break down barriers to financial success; * partner with companies that reflect your values; * express your values through conscious shopping; * tap into higher consciousness at the office; * harness your intuition to clarify financial choices; and * invest in enterprises that honor the planet.
Conservation and Planning: Changing Values in Policy and Practice
by Edward HobsonConserving historic buildings continues to excite and inflame opinion. The means of protecting such buildings and areas are well established but frequently suffer a lack of wider understanding. Conservation and Planning takes a detailed look at the way these processes have evolved and their use today by policy makers and local decision makers.This book presents original research into how national and local decision-makers construct and implement conservation of the built environment. The findings in this book challenge many of the assumptions supporting conservation.
Conservation and Restoration of Built Heritage: A History of Conservation Culture and its More Recent Developments (Built Heritage and Geotechnics)
by Salvatore D'AgostinoThe word conservation, when used in the context of the preservation of built heritage, implies an intrinsically complex concept that evolved over time, since it has been influenced by the perception of history throughout time. This volume emphasises why an understanding of the cultural evolution of the conservation approach must be considered a prerequisite for architects and engineers if they are to cooperate in full harmony with historic-artistic culture for the preservation of global built heritage. In particular, the volume highlights how, during the second half of the last century, the preservation process also involved engineering – the science of making practical applications of knowledge – which, for a long time, made an uncritical use of techniques and materials and devised interventions on historical heritage that were heavily invasive. The volume also devotes special attention to the problems related to seismic risk, to which Italy, Greece and Portugal are particularly prone. Problems that emerge during the crisis and reconstruction phases are dealt with in detail, as is scheduled maintenance, as this latter approach always constitutes an improvement in the performance of the monument and is the most appropriate tool for the conservation of the built heritage. Finally, the volume collects examples of building restoration with case studies of many outstanding monuments. The work will appeal to professionals and academics in the broader fields of civil engineering (both geotechnical and structural engineering), architecture, art history, the history of architecture, restoration and cultural heritage management. This book will: Provide a critical reading of the history of conservation; Discuss materials and techniques of ancient architecture; Cover seismic vulnerability and preservation of the historic integrity of the monument; Advocate an approach based on programmed maintenance; Feature numerous case histories, including St Mark’s Basilica in Venice and the complex restoration of the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris.
Conservation Design for Subdivisions: A Practical Guide To Creating Open Space Networks
by Randall G. ArendtIn most communities, land use regulations are based on a limited model that allows for only one end result: the production of more and more suburbia, composed of endless subdivisions and shopping centers, that ultimately covers every bit of countryside with "improvements." Fortunately, sensible alternatives to this approach do exist, and methods of developing land while at the same time conserving natural areas are available. In Conservation Design for Subdivisions, Randall G. Arendt explores better ways of designing new residential developments than we have typically seen in our communities. He presents a practical handbook for residential developers, site designers, local officials, and landowners that explains how to implement new ideas about land-use planning and environmental protection. Abundantly illustrated with site plans (many of them in color), floor plans, photographs, and renditions of houses and landscapes, it describes a series of simple and straightforward techniques that allows for land-conserving development. The author proposes a step-by-step approach to conserving natural areas by rearranging density on each development parcel as it is being planned so that only half (or less) of the buildable land is turned into houselots and streets. Homes are built in a less land-consumptive manner that allows the balance of property to be permanently protected and added to an interconnected network of green spaces and green corridors. Included in the volume are model zoning and subdivision ordinance provisions that can help citizens and local officials implement these innovative design ideas.
Conservation Directory 2015: The Guide to Worldwide Environmental Organizations
by Arlander C. BrownThe authority on natural resource use and management agencies around the world.Do you want to take action to protect Earth’s environment? Are you interested in learning more about wildlife conservation and environmental groups? The Conservation Directory 2015 is a great resource for budding environmental activists and scholars alike who want to achieve a peaceful, equitable, and sustainable future. This all-inclusive volume is an amazing resource that can help further these environmental goals.The new and revised 2015 edition of the Conservation Directory is the most comprehensive listing of conservation and environmental organizations yet published, with information on more than four thousand government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and colleges and universities, as well as more than eighteen thousand officials concerned with environmental conservation, education, and natural resource use and management.Each entry contains detailed contact information, including names, addresses, and telephone numbers. Also included are selected email and Internet addresses, descriptions of program areas, senior staff by name and responsibility, principal publications, and more. Entries are categorized by organization and state or country and are indexed alphabetically and by subject on topics ranging from acid rain to zoology. Each person listed in the directory is also indexed alphabetically.
Conservation Directory 2017: The Guide to Worldwide Environmental Organizations
by Lindsey BreuerDo you want to take action to protect Earth’s environment? Are you interested in learning more about wildlife conservation and environmental groups? The Conservation Directory 2017 is a great resource for budding environmental activists and scholars alike who want to achieve a peaceful, equitable, and sustainable future. This all-inclusive volume is an amazing resource that can help further these environmental goals.The new and revised 2017 edition of the Conservation Directory is the most comprehensive listing of conservation and environmental organizations yet published, with information on more than four thousand government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and colleges and universities, as well as more than eighteen thousand officials concerned with environmental conservation, education, and natural resource use and management.Each entry contains detailed contact information, including names, addresses, and telephone numbers. Also included are selected email and Internet addresses, descriptions of program areas, senior staff by name and responsibility, principal publications, and more. Entries are categorized by organization and state or country and are indexed alphabetically and by subject on topics ranging from acid rain to zoology. Each person listed in the directory is also indexed alphabetically.
Conservation for Cities: How to Plan & Build Natural Infrastructure
by Robert I. McdonaldIt's time to think differently about cities and nature. Understanding how to better connect our cities with the benefits nature provides will be increasingly important as people migrate to cities and flourish in them. All this urban growth, along with challenges of adapting to climate change, will require a new approach to infrastructure if we're going to be successful. Yet guidance on how to plan and implement projects to protect or restore natural infrastructure is often hard to come by.With Conservation for Cities, Robert McDonald offers a comprehensive framework for maintaining and strengthening the supporting bonds between cities and nature through innovative infrastructure projects. After presenting a broad approach to incorporating natural infrastructure priorities into urban planning, he focuses each following chapter on a specific ecosystem service. He describes a wide variety of benefits, and helps practitioners answer fundamental questions: What are the best ecosystem services to enhance in a particular city or neighborhood? How might planners best combine green and grey infrastructure to solve problems facing a city? What are the regulatory and policy tools that can help fund and implement projects? Finally, McDonald explains how to develop a cost-effective mix of grey and green infrastructure and offers targeted advice on quantifying the benefits.Written by one of The Nature Conservancy's lead scientists on cities and natural infrastructure, Conservation for Cities is a book that ecologists, planners, and landscape architects will turn to again and again as they plan and implement a wide variety of projects.
Conservation in the Age of Consensus
by John PendleburyThis new text on the subject of conservation in the built environment provides a unique holistic view on the understanding of the practice of conservation connecting it with wider societal and political forces. UK practice is used as a means, along with international examples, for bringing together a real understanding of practice with a social science analysis of the issues. The author introduces ideas about the meanings and values attached to historic environments and how that translates into public policies of conservation.
Conservation of Clay and Chalk Buildings
by Gordon T. PearsonThis publication provides practical guidance on appropriate methods of conservation and repair of earth buildings using traditional building materials. It is the first major work on the subject since Clough Williams-Ellis and the Eastwick-Fields published "Building in Cob, Pise and Stabilized Earth" in 1947. The book deals with the nature of clay and chalk, their qualities and characteristics, and the way in which they have been used to construct buildings. Advice is given on soils analysis, the philosophy of repair techniques and the factors to be considered before altering, converting or extending an earth building. The author primarily advocates repair techniques using traditional materials, but he also considers the role played by certain modern materials, and assesses their suitability.
Conservation of Historic Brick Structures
by Norbert Baer Fitz LivingstoneDespite the widespread use of brick construction throughout the world, there has been no major investigation into its deterioration and durability. This book provides the results of a major international study led by West Germany which examines the causes of decay in addition to the treatment and methods of conserving brickwork and historic mortars. The deterioration mechanisms discussed cover bio deterioration, salt damage and the effects of air pollutants and moisture on masonry. Considerable attention is also devoted to historic mortars and renders, their analysis, behaviour under the stress of air pollution and the development of compatible modern formulations. Conservation methods for brick masonry, including de-salination, protective coatings and injection grouting are examined in detail. A useful and extensive range of case study material is also provided. This volume represents the most comprehensive, state of the art overview of the conservation of historic brick masonry, and will be an invaluable source of reference for all conservation practitioners and researchers working in this field.