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Alexander the Great (SparkNotes Biography Guide)
by SparkNotesAlexander the Great (SparkNotes Biography Guide) Making the reading experience fun! SparkNotes Biography Guides examine the lives of historical luminaries, from Alexander the Great to Virginia Woolf. Each biography guide includes: An examination of the historical context in which the person lived A summary of the person&’s life and achievements A glossary of important terms, people, and events An in-depth look at the key epochs in the person&’s career Study questions and essay topics A review test Suggestions for further reading Whether you&’re a student of history or just a student cramming for a history exam, SparkNotes Biography guides are a reliable, thorough, and readable resource.
Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages
by Markus StockIn the Middle Ages, the life story of Alexander the Great was a well-traveled tale. Known in numerous versions, many of them derived from the ancient Greek Alexander Romance, it was told and re-told throughout Europe, India, the Middle East, and Central Asia. The essays collected in Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages examine these remarkable legends not merely as stories of conquest and discovery, but also as representations of otherness, migration, translation, cosmopolitanism, and diaspora.Alongside studies of the Alexander legend in medieval and early modern Latin, English, French, German, and Persian, Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages breaks new ground by examining rarer topics such as Hebrew Alexander romances, Coptic and Arabic Alexander materials, and early modern Malay versions of the Alexander legend. Brought together in this wide-ranging collection, these essays testify to the enduring fascination and transcultural adaptability of medieval stories about the extraordinary Macedonian leader.
Alexander the Great in the Roman Empire, 150 BC to AD 600
by Jaakkojuhani PeltonenThe life of Alexander the Great began to be retold from the moment of his death. The Greco-Roman authors used these stories as exemplars in a variety of ways. This book is concerned with the various stories of Alexander and how they were used in antiquity to promote certain policies, religious views, and value systems.The book is an original contribution to the study of the history and reception of Alexander, analysing the writings of over 70 classical and post-classical authors during a period of over 700 years. Drawing on this extensive range and quantity of material, the study plots the continuity and change of ideas from the early Roman Empire to the early Middle Ages.
Alexander von Humboldt-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung
by Ottmar EtteAlexander von Humboldt ist seit dem Ausgang des 20. Jahrhunderts in den unterschiedlichsten Wissensbereichen und Wissenschaftsfeldern zu einer bedeutenden Figur im öffentlichen Diskurs geworden. Das Handbuch macht das gewaltige Oeuvre Humboldts zugänglich und beschreibt Wege und Wirkungen dieses herausragenden Forschers, Gelehrten und Schriftstellers. Ausgehend von der Einsicht in die transdisziplinäre Ausrichtung der Humboldtschen Wissenschaft rekonstruiert es Verbindungen und Wechselwirkungen der unterschiedlichen Betätigungsfelder dieses Vordenkers einer vernetzten Welt. Im Werkteil werden nicht nur die großen Buchpublikationen, sondern auch die unselbständigen Schriften, die umfangreiche Korrespondenz und der Nachlass behandelt. Humboldts wissenschaftliche Aktivitäten werden aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln, von der Wissenschaftsgeschichte und den Naturwissenschaften bis hin zu Geschichts- und Sprachwissenschaft beleuchtet. Auch seine Tätigkeitsfelder in den Bereichen Politik und Diplomatie oder Kunst und Ästhetik werden diskutiert, schließlich die wichtigsten seiner Beziehungen zu Wissenschaftlern und Literaten.
Alexandrian Cosmopolitanism: An Archive
by Hala HalimInterrogating how Alexandria became enshrined as the exemplary cosmopolitan space in the Middle East, this book mounts a radical critique of Eurocentric conceptions of cosmopolitanism. The dominant account of Alexandrian cosmopolitanism elevates things European in the city’s culture and simultaneously places things Egyptian under the sign of decline. The book goes beyond this civilization/barbarism binary to trace other modes of intercultural solidarity.Halim presents a comparative study of literary representations, addressing poetry, fiction, guidebooks, and operettas, among other genres. She reappraises three writers—C. P. Cavafy, E. M. Forster, and Lawrence Durrell—who she maintains have been cast as the canon of Alexandria. Attending to issues of genre, gender, ethnicity, and class, she refutes the view that these writers’ representations are largely congruent and uncovers a variety of positions ranging from Orientalist to anticolonial. The book then turns to Bernard de Zogheb, a virtually unpublished writer, and elicits his camp parodies of elite Levantine mores in operettas, one of which centers on Cavafy. Drawing on Arabic critical and historical texts, as well as contemporary writers’ and filmmakers’ engagement with the canonical triumvirate, Halim orchestrates an Egyptian dialogue with theEuropean representations.
Alexandru D. Xenopol and the Development of Romanian Historiography (Routledge Library Editions: Historiography #33)
by Paul A. HiemstraDespite the criticism of his peers and the inattention of his successors, Alexandru Xenopol provided Romanian nationalistic historiography with a greater measure of respectability, especially with the general public. By the time of WWI a strong sense of national identity had become entrenched as an intellectually respectable mentality among Romania’s literate classes. This book examines Xenopol’s participation in the creation of this mentality in Romania during decades that were crucial to the development of institutionalized intellectual life and and educted behaviour in that country.
Alfie Explores A to Z: A Seek-and-Find Adventure (A Look-and-Locate Library Adventure)
by Jeff DrewJoin Alfie the bookworm as he travels through the alphabet from A to Z in this interactive seek-and-find picture book adventure.Meet Alfie the friendly bookworm and his pet dust bunny, Betty! When Betty runs off, Alfie travels through each letter in the alphabet searching for her—and finds much more along the way.From An Awesome Assembly of Animals to a Zamboni Ride Through the Zoo, follow Alfie and discover all the wild wonders of the alphabet—like a bobcat barber blindly buzzing a baboon, and a unicorn on a unicycle playing ukulele! What else can you spot?Part Where's Waldo, part I-Spy, this is an ABCs book unlike any other. Each letter of the alphabet is its own unique destination, with a richly illustrated scene full of creatures, objects, and actions that begin with the corresponding letter, a rhymed poem, and a guide to help young readers decode each scene!Whether reading alone or with the whole family, Alfie's A to Z delivers endless hours of entertainment, and children will love following along with the adorable characters as they learn the alphabet!
Alfred Bester
by Jad SmithAlfred Bester's classic short stories and the canonical novel The Stars My Destination made him a science fiction legend. Fans and scholars praise him as a genre-bending pioneer and cyberpunk forefather. Writers like Neil Gaiman and William Gibson celebrate his prophetic vision and stylistic innovations. Jad Smith traces the career of the unlikeliest of SF icons. Winner of the first Hugo Award for The Demolished Man , Bester also worked in comics, radio, and TV, and his intermittent SF writing led some critics to brand him a dabbler. In the 1960s, however, New Wave writers championed his work, and his reputation grew. Smith follows Bester's journey from consummate outsider to an artist venerated for foundational works that influenced the New Wave and cyberpunk revolutions. He also explores the little-known roots of a wayward journey fueled by curiosity, disappointment with the SF mainstream, and an artist's determination to go his own way.
Alfred Bester’s The Stars My Destination: A Critical Companion (Palgrave Science Fiction and Fantasy: A New Canon)
by D. Harlan WilsonIn this comprehensive study of The Stars My Destination, D. Harlan Wilson makes a case for the continued significance of Alfred Bester’s SF masterwork, exploring its distinctive style, influences, intertextuality, affect, and innovation as well as its extensive metafictional properties. In Stars, Bester established himself as a son of the pulp-SF and high-modernist writers that preceded him and a forefather to the New Wave and cyberpunk movements that followed his lead. Wilson’s study depicts Bester as an SF insider as much as an outlier, writing in the spirit of the genre but breaking with the fixation on hard science in favor of psychological interiority, literary experimentation, and adult themes. The book combines close-readings of the novel with broader concerns about contemporary media, technoculture, and the current state of SF itself. In Wilson’s view, SF is a moribund artform, and Stars foresaw the inevitable science fictionalization of our benighted world. With scholarly lucidity and precision, Wilson shows us that Stars pointed the way to what we have (un)become.
Alfred Lord Tennyson
by Harold BlooomEssays by T. S. Eliot, G. M. Young, Cleanth Brooks, Marshall McLuhan, Robert Langbaum, Christopher Ricks, John Rosenberg, John Hollander, Harold Bloom, A. Dwight Culler, and Robert Bernard Martin.
Alfred Tarski: Philosophy of Language and Logic
by Douglas PattersonThis study looks to the work of Tarski's mentors Stanislaw Lesniewski and Tadeusz Kotarbinski, and reconsiders all of the major issues in Tarski scholarship in light of the conception of Intuitionistic Formalism developed: semantics, truth, paradox, logical consequence.
Alfred Tarski and the "Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages": A Running Commentary with Consideration of the Polish Original and the German Translation (Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science #39)
by Monika GruberThis book provides adetailed commentary on the classic monograph by Alfred Tarski, and offers areinterpretation and retranslation of the work using the original Polish textand the English and German translations. In the original work, Tarski presentsa method for constructing definitions of truth for classical, quantificationalformal languages. Furthermore, using the defined notion of truth, hedemonstrates that it is possible to provide intuitively adequate definitions ofthe semantic notions of definability and denotation and that the notion in astructure can be defined in a way that is analogous to that used to definetruth. Tarski's piece is considered to be one of the major contributions tologic, semantics, and epistemology in the 20th century. However, the authorpoints out that some mistakes were introduced into the text when it wastranslated into German in 1935. As the 1956 English version of the work wastranslated from the German text, those discrepancies were carried over in additionto new mistakes. The author has painstakingly compared the three texts,sentence-by-sentence, highlighting the inaccurate translations, offeringexplanations as to how they came about, and commenting on how they haveinfluenced the content and suggesting a correct interpretation of certainpassages. Furthermore, the author thoroughly examines Tarski's article,offering interpretations and comments on the work.
Alfred Tarski on Scientific Semantics (Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science #62)
by David Hitchcock Magda StroińskaThis book tells the story of the landmark event in modern logic whereby Alfred Tarski became “the man who defined truth”. Alfred Tarski’s classic monograph on truth became known internationally in 1935, when he presented its ideas in German at an international conference and collaborated in preparation of its German translation. This book provides the first English translation of the Polish version of Tarski’s conference paper, which for purposes of comparison is printed side-by-side with a new exact English translation of the German version. It offers for the first time a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the paper, and for the first time a description and analysis of the discussion of the paper immediately after its presentation. It discusses 22 substantive differences between the two versions. The book also extracts from recently discovered correspondence about the German translation of the truth monograph how it was decided to produce such a translation, the process of vetting and changing the translation, changes requested by Tarski, objections to the appeal to intuition in the Polish original (supported by a list of those appeals with their replacements in the German and English translations), other translational issues, discrepancies other than those concerning appeals to intuition between the Polish original and its German translation, the “Keystone cops” saga of Tarski’s off-prints, and monetary matters. It lists from Tarski’s journal his skiing, mountaineering and tourist trips in 1935, and describes his companions on those trips. An electronic supplement translates or summarizes the complete correspondence, with comments, and includes images from Tarski’s journal of his itineraries of his 1935 trips, with the editors' explanatory comments.
Alfred Tennyson
by Andrew LangINTRODUCTION. IN writing this brief sketch of the Life of Tennyson, and this attempt to appreciate his work, I have rested almost entirely on the Bio- graphy by Lord Tennyson with his kind per- mission and on the text of the Poems. <P> <P> As to the Life, doubtless current anecdotes, not given in the Biography, are known to me, and to most people. But as they must also be familiar to the author of the Biography, I have not thought it desirable to include what he rejected. The works of the localisers I liave not read Tennyson disliked these researches, as a rule, and they appear to be unessential, and often hazardous. The professed commentators I have not consulted. It appeared better to give ones own impressions of the Poems, unaffected by the impressions of others, except in one or two cases where matters of fact rather than of taste seemed to be in question. Thus on two or three points I have ventured to differ from a distinguished living critic, and have given the reasons for my dissent. . .
Alfred's Ipa Made Easy: A Guidebook For The International Phonetic Alphabet
by Anna WentlentHow many years has it been since your last diction class? This handy guidebook is an easy reference for the symbols used in IPA: what they look like and how they are pronounced. Example words for every symbol are included in English, Latin, Italian, German, French, and Spanish. And an online resource includes recorded demonstrations of every sound. A clear and concise tool for singing in foreign languages, equally useful in the choir room and the vocal studio.
Un álgebra embrujada
by William OspinaPersonajes de la talla de Poe, Neruda, Chesterton y Shakespeare sondescritos por la exquisita pluma de William Ospina. De poetas y soñadores, de sortilegios y malabarismos, está hecho estelibro de ensayos. Y en efecto, como un hechicero que va sumandoingredientes a su humeante marmita, William Ospina ha convocado lasartes mágicas de Poe y Chesterton, de Eliot y Neruda; de Alfonso Reyes yEstanislao Zuleta; de José Asunción Silva y Jorge Isaacs; de Quevedo,Shakespeare, Dickens y Borges, para conmovernos hasta lo más hondo yllevarnos a tener la implacable certeza de que la vida sin ellos, sinsus textos, sería menos luminosa, perdería mucha de su gracia.
Algebra for Cryptologists (Springer Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics and Technology)
by Alko R. MeijerThis textbook provides an introduction to the mathematics on which modern cryptology is based. It covers not only public key cryptography, the glamorous component of modern cryptology, but also pays considerable attention to secret key cryptography, its workhorse in practice. Modern cryptology has been described as the science of the integrity of information, covering all aspects like confidentiality, authenticity and non-repudiation and also including the protocols required for achieving these aims. In both theory and practice it requires notions and constructions from three major disciplines: computer science, electronic engineering and mathematics. Within mathematics, group theory, the theory of finite fields, and elementary number theory as well as some topics not normally covered in courses in algebra, such as the theory of Boolean functions and Shannon theory, are involved. Although essentially self-contained, a degree of mathematical maturity on the part of the reader is assumed, corresponding to his or her background in computer science or engineering. Algebra for Cryptologists is a textbook for an introductory course in cryptography or an upper undergraduate course in algebra, or for self-study in preparation for postgraduate study in cryptology.
Algebraic Geometry for Coding Theory and Cryptography: IPAM, Los Angeles, CA, February 2016 (Association for Women in Mathematics Series #9)
by Everett W. Howe Kristin E. Lauter Judy L. WalkerCovering topics in algebraic geometry, coding theory, and cryptography, this volume presents interdisciplinary group research completed for the February 2016 conference at the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM) in cooperation with the Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM). The conference gathered research communities across disciplines to share ideas and problems in their fields and formed small research groups made up of graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, junior faculty, and group leaders who designed and led the projects. Peer reviewed and revised, each of this volume's five papers achieves the conference's goal of using algebraic geometry to address a problem in either coding theory or cryptography. Proposed variants of the McEliece cryptosystem based on different constructions of codes, constructions of locally recoverable codes from algebraic curves and surfaces, and algebraic approaches to the multicast network coding problem are only some of the topics covered in this volume. Researchers and graduate-level students interested in the interactions between algebraic geometry and both coding theory and cryptography will find this volume valuable.
Algebraic Structures in Natural Language
by Jean-Philippe BernardyAlgebraic Structures in Natural Language addresses a central problem in cognitive science concerning the learning procedures through which humans acquire and represent natural language. Until recently algebraic systems have dominated the study of natural language in formal and computational linguistics, AI, and the psychology of language, with linguistic knowledge seen as encoded in formal grammars, model theories, proof theories and other rule-driven devices. Recent work on deep learning has produced an increasingly powerful set of general learning mechanisms which do not apply rule-based algebraic models of representation. The success of deep learning in NLP has led some researchers to question the role of algebraic models in the study of human language acquisition and linguistic representation. Psychologists and cognitive scientists have also been exploring explanations of language evolution and language acquisition that rely on probabilistic methods, social interaction and information theory, rather than on formal models of grammar induction. This book addresses the learning procedures through which humans acquire natural language, and the way in which they represent its properties. It brings together leading researchers from computational linguistics, psychology, behavioral science and mathematical linguistics to consider the significance of non-algebraic methods for the study of natural language. The text represents a wide spectrum of views, from the claim that algebraic systems are largely irrelevant to the contrary position that non-algebraic learning methods are engineering devices for efficiently identifying the patterns that underlying grammars and semantic models generate for natural language input. There are interesting and important perspectives that fall at intermediate points between these opposing approaches, and they may combine elements of both. It will appeal to researchers and advanced students in each of these fields, as well as to anyone who wants to learn more about the relationship between computational models and natural language.
Algeria: The Dark Decade of Terrorism (Novel #1)
by Bellaredj BoudaoudIn this story, the author denounces religious fanaticism, assassins, attacks, intolerance, hypocrisy and even a total incomprehension of Islam. A religion that preaches peace and not violence. Generally speaking, violence is inherent in human nature. It takes a commendable effort to suppress it. Our father Adam had two sons: one killed the other. Monotheistic religions strive to neutralize tendencies towards violence through patience, piety and love of neighbor. The author portrays here a realistic and sometimes picturesque image of the life of a people he loves, plunged into the chaos of history, with its violence and dangers, its hopes and passions. Little by little, the truth and exactitude of the details, the non-documentary precision, A religion that preaches peace and not violence.
Algerian Imprints: Ethical Space in the Work of Assia Djebar and Hélène Cixous
by Brigitte Weltman-AronBorn and raised in French Algeria, Assia Djebar and Hélène Cixous represent in their literary works signs of conflict and enmity, drawing on discordant histories so as to reappraise the political on the very basis of dissensus.In a rare comparison of these authors' writings, Algerian Imprints shows how Cixous and Djebar consistently reclaim for ethical and political purposes the demarcations and dislocations emphasized in their fictions. <P><P>Their works affirm the chance for thinking afforded by marginalization and exclusion and delineate political ways of preserving a space for difference informed by expropriation and nonbelonging. Cixous's inquiry is steeped in her formative encounter with the grudging integration of the Jews in French Algeria, while Djebar's narratives concern the colonial separation of "French" and "Arab," self and other. Yet both authors elaborate strategies to address inequality and injustice without resorting to tropes of victimization, challenging and transforming the understanding of the history and legacy of colonized space.
Algerian Languages in Education: Conflicts and Reconciliation
by Salim Bouherar Abderrezzaq GhafsiThis book examines the role of foreign languages and cultures in the Algerian educational system, highlighting how cultural imperialism and supremacy persist through damaging language ideologies and the privileging of colonial languages such as French and English. The authors challenge the claim that the Algerian educational system can be considered ‘neutral’, arguing instead that it was and still is the outcome of a conflict between Arabised and Francophone elites, serving strategic and ideological objectives rather than cultural or pedagogical goals. This book will be relevant to students and scholars of language education, language policy and planning, and the history and politics of the Arab and Muslim world, especially those interested in the influence of Western languages and cultures and the democratisation of educational systems.
The Algerian New Novel: The Poetics of a Modern Nation, 1950-1979
by Valérie K. OrlandoDisputing the claim that Algerian writing during the struggle against French colonial rule dealt almost exclusively with revolutionary themes, The Algerian New Novel shows how Algerian authors writing in French actively contributed to the experimental forms of the period, expressing a new age literarily as well as politically and culturally. Looking at canonical Algerian literature as part of the larger literary production in French during decolonization, Valérie K. Orlando considers how novels by Rachid Boudjedra, Mohammed Dib, Assia Djebar, Nabile Farès, Yamina Mechakra, and Kateb Yacine both influenced and were reflectors of the sociopolitical and cultural transformation that took place during this period in Algeria. Although their themes were rooted in Algeria, the avant-garde writing styles of these authors were influenced by early twentieth-century American modernists, the New Novelists of 1940s–50s France, and African American authors of the 1950s–60s. This complex mix of influences led Algerian writers to develop a unique modern literary aesthetic to express their world, a tradition of experimentation and fragmentation that still characterizes the work of contemporary Algerian francophone writers.
The Algerian War Retold: Of Camus’s Revolt and Postwar Reconciliation (Routledge Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Literature)
by Meaghan EmeryThe Algerian War Retold: Of Camus’s Revolt and Postwar Reconciliation focuses on specific aspects of Albert Camus’s ethical thought through a study of his writings in conjunction with late 20th- and early 21st-century works written by Franco-Maghrebi authors on the topic of the Algerian War (1954-1962). It combines historical inquiry with literary analysis in order to examine the ways in which Camus’s concept of revolt -- in his novels, journalistic writing, and philosophical essays -- reverberates in productions pertaining to that war. Following an examination of Sartre’s and Camus’s debate over revolution and violence, one that in another iteration asks whether FLN-sponsored terrorism was justified, The Algerian War Retold uncovers how today’s writers have adopted paradigms common to both Sartre’s and Camus’s oeuvres when seeking to break the silence and influence France’s national narrative. In the end, it attempts to answer the critical questions raised by literary acts of violence, including whether Camusian ethics ultimately lead to justice for the Other in revolt. These questions are particularly poignant in view of recent presidential declarations in response to years of active pressure applied by associations and other citizens’ groups, prompting the French government to acknowledge the state’s abandonment of the harkis, condemn the repression of peaceful protest, and recognize the French army’s systematic use of torture in Algeria.
Algernon, Charlie, and I: A Writer's Journey
by Daniel KeyesThe author of Flowers for Algernon discusses the highs & lows of the writing life, as well as his methods for creating fiction.In his bestselling novel Flowers for Algernon, Daniel Keyes created an unlikely duo—a laboratory mouse and a man—who captured the hearts of millions of readers around the world. Now, in Algernon, Charlie, and I, Keyes reveals his methods of creating fiction as well as the heartbreaks and joys of being published. For the first time, readers, writers, teachers, and students can glimpse the creative life behind this cherished novel.Includes the original novelette version of Flowers for Algernon