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Found in Translation: The Unexpected Origins of Place Names
by Duncan MaddenFound in Translation: The Unexpected Origins of Place Names unravels the tangled threads of history and etymology to uncover the strange, intriguing and enlightening stories that have shaped the names of countries and places around the world.Starting in the world's second largest country, Canada, whose name means 'the village', renowned travel writer, Duncan Madden takes us on a spellbinding tour through the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania, visiting the weird and wonderful along the way. Learn about the Land Protected by Fire , otherwise known as Azerbaijan; drop by Hippopotamus, or Mali; and sail to the Land of Frizzy-Haired Men in Papua New Guinea.Found in Translation will entertain and inspire the culturally curious - armchair explorers and avid travellers, historians, linguists and lovers of language - painting a new perspective on the names, histories and origins of the places we live in and travel to. Visiting more than sixty countries across all six continents, Found in Translation includes the stories of Canada, USA, Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, Iceland, Ireland, UK, Germany, Russia, Italy, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Iraq, India, China, Thailand, Korea, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and many more...The foreword, written by bestselling author, explorer and photographer, Levison Wood, sets the context for this revelatory work that is part travelogue, history book and etymological reference.
Found in Translation: The Unexpected Origins of Place Names
by Duncan MaddenFound in Translation: The Unexpected Origins of Place Names unravels the tangled threads of history and etymology to uncover the strange, intriguing and enlightening stories that have shaped the names of countries and places around the world.Starting in the world's second largest country, Canada, whose name means 'the village', renowned travel writer, Duncan Madden takes us on a spellbinding tour through the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania, visiting the weird and wonderful along the way. Learn about the Land Protected by Fire , otherwise known as Azerbaijan; drop by Hippopotamus, or Mali; and sail to the Land of Frizzy-Haired Men in Papua New Guinea.Found in Translation will entertain and inspire the culturally curious - armchair explorers and avid travellers, historians, linguists and lovers of language - painting a new perspective on the names, histories and origins of the places we live in and travel to. Visiting more than sixty countries across all six continents, Found in Translation includes the stories of Canada, USA, Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, Iceland, Ireland, UK, Germany, Russia, Italy, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Iraq, India, China, Thailand, Korea, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and many more...The foreword, written by bestselling author, explorer and photographer, Levison Wood, sets the context for this revelatory work that is part travelogue, history book and etymological reference.
Found in Translation
by J. Michael WaltonIn considering the practice and theory of translating plays into English from Classical Greek from a theatrical perspective, Found in Translation also addresses wider issues of transferring any piece of theatre from a source into a target language. The history of translating classical tragedy and comedy, here fully investigated for the first time, demonstrates how through the ages translators have, wittingly or unwittingly, appropriated Greek plays and made them reflect socio-political concerns of their own era. Chapters are devoted to topics including verse and prose, mask and non-verbal language, stage directions and subtext and translating the comic. Among the plays discussed as 'case studies' are Aeschylus' Agamemnon, Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus and Euripides' Medea and Alcestis. The book concludes with a consideration of the boundaries between 'translation' and 'adaptation', followed by an Appendix of every translation of Greek tragedy and comedy into English from the 1550s to the present day.
The Foundation Center's Guide to Proposal Writing
by Jane C. GeeverIn the sixth edition of our essential Guide, author Jane C. Geever provides detailed instructions on preparing successful grant proposals. Incorporating the results of 40 interviews with grantmakers across the nation, the Guide reveals their priorities in reviewing submissions and provides insight into what makes a winning proposal. The Guide outlines the entire proposal-writing process: Pre-Proposal Planning Tips-This helps you decide when your nonprofit is ready to raise funds and determine how to best define your project. Components of the Proposal-Review actual cover letters, project descriptions, budgets, and examples of important follow-up communications with prospective donors. Guidance from Grantmakers-Interviews highlight new trends in grantmaking: preferred proposal formats, funder cultivation strategies, tips on re-submitting a rejected request, and on how to capture and sustain a grantmaker's interest. To illustrate key points, excerpts from successful grant proposals are inserted throughout the Guide. And a complete model proposal is included in the appendix. An updated bibliography features selected resources on proposal development, including web and print sources. Three new chapters are added to address the impact of online innovations on the grantmaking process, and to provide additional insights and tips on the funders' "due diligence" proposal review process. Established in 1956, the Foundation Center is the leading source of information about philanthropy worldwide. Through data, analysis, and training, it connects people who want to change the world to the resources they need to succeed. The Center maintains the most comprehensive database on U. S. and, increasingly, global grantmakers and their grants-a robust, accessible knowledge bank for the sector. It also operates research, educations, and training programs designed to advance knowledge of philanthrophy at every level.
Foundation Models for Natural Language Processing: Pre-trained Language Models Integrating Media (Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Theory, and Algorithms)
by Gerhard Paaß Sven GiesselbachThis open access book provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in research and applications of Foundation Models and is intended for readers familiar with basic Natural Language Processing (NLP) concepts. Over the recent years, a revolutionary new paradigm has been developed for training models for NLP. These models are first pre-trained on large collections of text documents to acquire general syntactic knowledge and semantic information. Then, they are fine-tuned for specific tasks, which they can often solve with superhuman accuracy. When the models are large enough, they can be instructed by prompts to solve new tasks without any fine-tuning. Moreover, they can be applied to a wide range of different media and problem domains, ranging from image and video processing to robot control learning. Because they provide a blueprint for solving many tasks in artificial intelligence, they have been called Foundation Models. After a brief introduction to basic NLP models the main pre-trained language models BERT, GPT and sequence-to-sequence transformer are described, as well as the concepts of self-attention and context-sensitive embedding. Then, different approaches to improving these models are discussed, such as expanding the pre-training criteria, increasing the length of input texts, or including extra knowledge. An overview of the best-performing models for about twenty application areas is then presented, e.g., question answering, translation, story generation, dialog systems, generating images from text, etc. For each application area, the strengths and weaknesses of current models are discussed, and an outlook on further developments is given. In addition, links are provided to freely available program code. A concluding chapter summarizes the economic opportunities, mitigation of risks, and potential developments of AI.
Foundation Myths in Ancient Societies: Dialogues and Discourses
by Naoíse Mac SweeneyThroughout the ancient world, origin stories were told across the ancient world in many different ways: through poetry, prose, monumental and decorative arts, and performance in civic and religious rituals. Foundation myths, particularly those about the beginnings of cities and societies, played an important role in the dynamics of identity construction and in the negotiation of diplomatic relationships between communities. Yet many ancient communities had not one but several foundation myths, offering alternative visions and interpretations of their collective origins.Seeking to explain this plurality, Foundation Myths in Ancient Societies explores origin stories from a range of classical and ancient societies, covering both a broad chronological span (from Greek colonies to the high Roman empire) and a wide geographical area (from the central Mediterranean to central Asia). Contributors explore the reasons several different, sometimes contradictory myths might coexist or even coevolve. Collectively, the chapters suggest that the ambiguity and dissonance of multiple foundation myths can sometimes be more meaningful than a single coherent origin narrative. Foundation Myths in Ancient Societies argues for a both/and approach to foundation myths, laying a framework for understanding them in dialogue with each other and within a wider mythic context, as part of a wider discourse of origins.Contributors: Lieve Donnellan, Alfred Hirt, Naoíse Mac Sweeney, Rachel Mairs, Irad Malkin, Daniel Ogden, Robin Osborne, Michael Squire, Susanne Turner.
Foundational African Writers: Peter Abrahams, Noni Jabavu, Sibusiso Nyembezi and Es’kia Mphahlele
by Bhekizizwe Peterson Khwezi Mkhize Makhosazana Xaba Jill Bradbury Hugo Canham Victoria J Collis-Buthelezi Simon Gikandi Anne-Maria Makhulu Athambile Masola Innocentia J Mhlambi Sikhumbuzo Mngadi Thando Njovane Obi Nwakanma James Ogude Christopher EW Ouma Stéphane Robolin Crain Soudien Tina Steiner Thuto Thipe Andrea ThorpeThis collection explores the complexities of black existence, and intellectual and cultural life in the work and legacies of centenarian writers, Peter Abrahams, Noni Jabavu, Sibusiso Cyril Lincoln Nyembezi and Es’kia Mphahlele
Foundational Principles of Task-Based Language Teaching (ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series)
by Martin EastThis book introduces readers to the concept of task-based language teaching (TBLT), a learner-centred and experiential approach to language teaching and learning. Based on the premise that language learners can enhance their second language acquisition (SLA) through engagement in communicative tasks that compel them to use language for themselves, TBLT stands in contrast to more traditional approaches. Accessible and comprehensive, this book provides a foundational overview of the principles and practice of TBLT and demystifies what TBLT looks like in the classroom. Complete with questions for reflection, pedagogical extensions for application in real classrooms and further reading suggestions in every chapter, this valuable and informative text is vital for anyone interested in TBLT, whether as students, researchers or teachers.
Foundations Aesthetics V 1 (Barnes And Noble Digital Library)
by I. A. RichardsFirst Published in 2001. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners: Research, Theory, Policy, and Practice
by Wayne WrightThis comprehensive textbook prepares all teachers to teach English language learners (ELLs). It is widely used in undergraduate and graduate programs, including: - Elementary and secondary teacher education - Literacy and special education - TESOL and bilingual education Wayne Wright's deep respect for educational practitioners and his passion for English language learners' right to a fair and full education are evident in every word he writes. His book and companion website offer a vision and pathway toward fostering dynamic learning communities across schools, teacher education programs, and communities to improve education for ELLs. The rest is up to us. -Nancy H. Hornberger, University of Pennsylvania New to the Third Edition The textbook and companion website are completely updated while retaining the practical features of the first and second editions. Readers will find: - New federal regulations, accountability requirements, and flexibility for ELLs under the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) - A stronger multilingual perspective on ELL education, with attention to new research, theory, and practice on dynamic bilingualism and translanguaging - New research on language, literacy, and content-area instruction for ELLs from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine - The integration of new principles by Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages for the exemplary teaching of ELLs - New information about the Seal of Biliteracy, now approved by more than 35 states and the District of Columbia
Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
by Colin BakerThe fifth edition of this bestselling book provides a comprehensive introduction to bilingualism and bilingual education. In a compact and clear style, its 19 chapters cover all the crucial issues in bilingualism at individual, group and national levels.
Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
by Colin Baker Wayne E. WrightThe seventh edition of this bestselling textbook has been extensively revised and updated to provide a comprehensive and accessible introduction to bilingualism and bilingual education in an everchanging world. <p><p> Written in a compact and clear style, the book covers all the crucial issues in bilingualism and multilingualism at individual, group and societal levels. Updates to the new edition include.
Foundations of Bilingual Memory
by Roberto R. Heredia Jeanette AltarribaFoundations of Bilingual Memory provides a valuable update to the field of bilingual memory and offers a new psychological perspective on how the bilingual mind encodes, stores, and retrieves information. This volume emphasizes theoretical issues, such as classic memory approaches, Compound-Coordinate Bilingualism, Bilingual Dual Coding Theory, and Working Memory, about which relatively little has been written in the bilingual domain. Also covered are: * The neuropsychology of bilingual memory * Applied issues (such as false memories and bilingualism, emotion and memory) * Empirical findings in support of the uniqueness of the different memory systems of the bilingual individual * Connectionist models of bilingualism The volume represents the first book of its kind, in stressing a memory perspective with regards to bilingual speakers. It can serve as an advanced text for both undergraduate and graduate level students and it will be of great interest to the growing number of bilingual teachers and university classes interested in understanding the bilingual mind, as well as in preparing teachers to work with the bilingual individual.
Foundations of Braille Literacy
by Evelyn J. Rex Alan J. Koenig Diane P. Wormsley Robert L. BakerHistorical perspectives on literacy for blind people; changing views on teaching, reading and writing; approaches and strategies for reading and writing Braille literacy.
Foundations of Community Journalism
by Reader, Bill and Hatcher, John A.Foundations of Community Journalism is the first and only book to focus on how to understand and conduct research in this ever-increasing field. With chapters written by established journalism scholars and teachers, this book provides students and researchers with an understanding of the multiple methods applied to the study of community journalism, such as historical, social-scientific, cultural/critical, and interdisciplinary approaches. It explains what community journalism is as a research concept and offers a range of different methods and theories that can be applied to community journalism research. Although there are numerous "how-to" community journalism manuals for students and newspaper editors, none focuses on how to conduct research into community journalism. The body of knowledge in Foundations of Community Journalism would take readers months, perhaps years, of independent work to gather, making this book a "must-have" volume and reference tool for anybody who is interested in the relationships between journalism and communities.
Foundations of Data and Digital Journalism
by Alex RichardsThis accessible, step-by-step guide is written for students and working professionals who want to better understand data journalism, web design, and the visualization of information. Foundations of Data and Digital Journalism recognizes a growing need for general data knowledge in newsrooms across the globe, including an understanding of what’s possible for both data reporting and presentation and how it can be achieved. It serves as a roadmap for students and working journalists who seek to understand what data is and how to find it; how to harness it most effectively for news; how to think critically about analysis results, potential shortcomings in the data, and the inclusion of appropriate context; and how to present compelling, data-driven stories online. Interviews with a diverse range of current practitioners help the reader gain a deeper understanding of how these tools and techniques are used in digitally focused newsrooms today. Taking a holistic approach to data journalism, this book enables readers to: ● Assess a data set with a critical eye, understanding what it shows, how it was created, and for what purpose. ● Master prominent and easily accessible software tools, including Google Sheets and R. ● Translate findings and conclusions into plain English for a news audience without overstating what the data can show or being misleading. ● Create impactful, attractive visualizations for an audience to explore. ● Understand how the modern web works, including HTML5, CSS3, and responsive webpage frameworks, like Bootstrap. This is an ideal textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate journalism students and for working professionals looking to expand their skillset. The book is supported with online student resources, including example datasets to support the material covered, available at Routledge.com.
Foundations of English: Reading and Writing Handbook for the College Student
by Hawkes Learning SystemsFoundations of English 2e Reading and Writing Handbook for the College Student
Foundations of Familiar Language: Formulaic Expressions, Lexical Bundles, and Collocations at Work and Play
by Diana SidtisA broad overview of the many kinds of unitary expressions found in everyday verbal and written communication, including their signature meaning, form, and usage, authored by a renowned scholar in the field Foundations of Familiar Language is renowned scholar Diana Sidtis's new contribution to the study of formulaic language through a wide-ranging overview of a large group of language behaviors that share characteristics of cohesion and familiarity, featuring a rational classification of fixed, familiar expressions into formulaic expressions, lexical bundles, and collocations. This unique volume offers a new approach to linguistic classification and construction grammar through a dual-process model of language competence rooted in linguistic, psycholinguistic, and neurolinguistic observations, combining insights drawn from foundational studies of psychology and neurology with contemporary theories of the differences between formulaic and propositional language. This approach offers a distinct and innovative contribution to scholarship in the field. The text contains resources for further study and research such as examples, research protocols, and lists of fixed, familiar expressions from the past and present. This authoritative volume: Describes the current state of knowledge and reviews experimental results, proposals, and models in a clear and straightforward manner Offers up-to-date surveys of the role of fixed expressions in education, social sciences, cognitive psychology, and brain science Features a wealth of engaging and relatable examples of formulaic expressions (conversational speech formulas, expletives, idioms, and proverbs), lexical bundles, and collocations Includes discussion of the use of fixed, familiar expressions in second language learning Presents new research data on the neurological foundations of familiar language drawn from clinical observations and experimental studies of stroke, dementia, and Parkinson’s disease Contains material from social media, magazines, newspapers, speeches, and other sources to illustrate the importance, abundance, and value of familiar language Sufficiently in-depth for specialists, while accessible to students and non-specialists, Foundations of Familiar Language is an essential resource for a wide range of readers, including linguists, child language specialists, psychologists, social scientists, neuroscientists, philosophers, educators, teachers of English as a second language, and those working in artificial intelligence and speech synthesis.
Foundations of General Linguistics: Linguistics: Foundations Of General Linguistics (Routledge Library Editions: Linguistics)
by Martin Atkinson Iggy Roca David KilbyThe first edition of this major introduction to linguistics rapidly established itself as an important student textbook, and a reference tool for those who already have some acquaintance with linguistics. This second edition has been updated and revised and includes new chapters on syntax and on current developments in generative grammar, as well as new material on the nature of language and on morphology. This book first provides a comprehensive critical review of the analytic tools and theories of linguistics and systematically surveys major concepts in phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Having established the basic nature and structure of language, the final part of the book engages some of the wider issues concerning the use of language in speaking and understanding (psycholinguistics), language development in children, social aspects of language (sociolinguistics), and historical language choice.
Foundations of Global Communication: A Conceptual Handbook
by Kai Hafez Anne GrüneThis book provides a wide-ranging theoretical and empirical overview of the disparate achievements and shortcomings of global communication. This exceptionally ambitious and systematic project takes a critical perspective on the globalization of communication. Uniquely, it sets media globalization alongside a plethora of other globalized forms of communication, ranging from the individual to groups, civil society groupings, commercial enterprises and political formations. The result is a sophisticated and impressive overview of globalized communication across various facets, assessing the phenomena for the extent to which they live up to the much-hyped claims of globalization’s potential to create a globally interdependent society. The setbacks of globalization, such as right-wing populism and religious fundamentalism, can only be understood if the shortcomings of global communication are taken more seriously. Covering all types of cross-border global communication in media, political and economic systems, civil societies, social media and lifeworlds of the individual, this unique book is invaluable for students and researchers in media, communication, globalization and related areas.
Foundations of Language and Literature: For Honors and Pre-AP English Courses
by Renée H. Shea John Golden Tracy Scholz<P>The key word in the title of this textbook is foundations. <P>Our purpose in writing the book is to provide opportunities for students to practice the most essential skills they will need in order to be successful in their freshman year, and to lay the groundwork for their path to AP® English. <P>In this book, students will find a wide range of texts — short stories, poems, essays, plays, myths, and images — and activities designed to build skills and then push them further. <P>We hope that it helps teachers create supportive yet challenging courses and helps students feel confident in making their voices heard.
Foundations of Language & Literature
by Renee H. Shea John Golden Tracy ScholzFoundations of Language and Literature provides all 9th grade ELA learners with the skills and practice needed to achieve success in high school and beyond.
The Foundations of Linguistic Theory: Selected Writings of Roy Harris (Routledge Library Editions: Linguistics)
by Nigel LoveFor Roy Harris, the fundamental problem about linguistics is that it has been led astray by the fact that we are capable intellectually of ‘decontextualising’ our own verbal behaviour. A whole interlocking system of doctrines about forms, meanings and communication has arisen designed to support the idea that one particular kind of decontextualising analysis is a prerequisite for, rather than a retrospective reflection on, that behaviour. Against this, in 13 essays collected here for the first time, Harris argues for a fresh start, which recognises that we create language ‘as we go’, both as individuals and as communities, just as we create our social structures, forms of artistic expression, moral values, and everything else we call civilisation. If Harris’s thought can be put in a nutshell, it is that all utterances (whether written or spoken) have to appear in a context, and that context is an integral part of the utterance. There is no such thing as a contextless utterance.