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Knowing What is Good for You: A Theory of Prudential Value and Well-Being
by Tim E. TaylorAn examination of the philosophical issues surrounding prudential value: what it is for something to be good for a person; and well-being: what it is for someone's life to go well. It critically analyses competing approaches, and proposes a new subjective account that addresses key weaknesses of existing theories.
Knowing What Things Are: An Inquiry-Based Approach (Synthese Library #466)
by André J. AbathThis book provides an account of what is to know what things are, focusing on kinds, both natural (such as water) and social (such as marriage). It brings tools from an area that has received much attention in recent years, the epistemology of inquiry. The knowledge of what things are is to be understood as resulting from successful inquiries directed at questions of the form ‘What is x?’, where x stands for a given kind of thing. The book also addresses knowledge-wh in general (which includes knowledge-who and knowledge-where), as well as the phenomenon of ignorance regarding what things are and our obligations in respect to knowing what things are. It also brings to light new avenues of research for those interested in the relation between the knowledge of what things are and concept possession and amelioration.‘Knowing What Things Are’ should be of interest to researchers in Epistemology, Philosophy of Language, Metaphysics, Philosophy of Mind, Social Philosophy and Linguistics.
Knowledge and Democracy: A 21st Century Perspective
by Nico StehrThe relationship of knowledge and liberties in modern societies presents a multitude of fascinating issues that deserve to be explored more systematically. The production of knowledge is dynamic, and the conditions and practice of freedom is undergoing transformation. These changes ensure that the linkages between liberty and knowledge are always subject to changes. In the past, the connection between scientific knowledge, democracy, and emancipation seemed self-evident. More recently, the close linkage between democracy and knowledge has been viewed with skepticism. This volume explores the relationship between knowledge and democracy, Do they support each other, do they mutually depend on each other, or are they perhaps even in conflict with each other? Does knowledge increase the freedom to act? If additional knowledge contributes to individual and social well being, does it also enhance freedoms? Knowledge and Democracy focuses on the interpenetration of knowledge, freedom and democracy, and does so from various perspectives, theoretical as well as practical. Modern societies are transforming themselves into knowledge societies. This has a fundamental impact on political systems and the relationship of citizens to large social institutions. The contributors to this book systemically explore whether, and in what ways, these modern-day changes and developments are connected to expansion of the capacities of individual citizens to act. They focus on the interrelation of democracy and knowledge, and the role of democratic institutions, as well as on the knowledge and social conduct of actors within democratic institutions. In the process of investigation, they arrive at a new platform for future research and theory, one that is sensitive to present-day societal conflicts, cleavages, and transformations generated by new knowledge. In this way, this volume will attract the interest of political scientists, sociologists, economists and students within various disciplines.
Knowledge and Power in Prehistoric Societies
by Lynne KellyIn this book, Lynne Kelly explores the role of formal knowledge systems in small-scale oral cultures in both historic and archaeological contexts. In the first part, she examines knowledge systems within historically recorded oral cultures, showing how the link between power and the control of knowledge is established. Analyzing the material mnemonic devices used by documented oral cultures, she demonstrates how early societies maintained a vast corpus of pragmatic information concerning animal behavior, plant properties, navigation, astronomy, genealogies, laws and trade agreements, among other matters. In the second part Kelly turns to the archaeological record of three sites, Chaco Canyon, Poverty Point and Stonehenge, offering new insights into the purpose of the monuments and associated decorated objects. This book demonstrates how an understanding of rational intellect, pragmatic knowledge and mnemonic technologies in prehistoric societies offers a new tool for analysis of monumental structures built by non-literate cultures.
Knowledge and the Economy
by Johannes Glückler Martina El Meskioui Peter MeusburgerThe broad spectrum of topics surrounding what is termed the 'knowledge economy' has attracted increasing attention from the scientific community in recent years. The nature of knowledge-intensive industries, the spatiality of knowledge, the role of proximity and distance in generating functional knowledge, the transfer of knowledge via networks, and the complex interplay between knowledge, location and economic development are all live academic issues. This book, the fifth volume in Springer's Knowledge and Space series, focuses on the last of these: the multiple relationships between knowledge, the economy, and space. It reflects the conceptual and methodological multidisciplinarity emerging from this scholarship, yet where there has up to now been a notable lack of communication between some of the contributing disciplines, resulting in lexical and other confusions, this volume brings concord and to foster interdisciplinarity. These complications have been especially evident in our understanding of the spatiality of knowledge, the part that spatial contexts play in knowledge creation and diffusion, and the relevance of face-to-face contacts, all of which are addressed in these pages. The material here is grouped into four sections--knowledge creation and economy, knowledge and economic development, knowledge and networks, and knowledge and clusters. It assembles new concepts and original empirical research from geography, economics, sociology, international business relations, and management. The book addresses a varied audience interested in the historical and spatial foundations of the knowledge economy and is intended to bridge some of the gaps between the differing approaches to research on knowledge, the economy, and space.
Knowledge-augmented Methods for Natural Language Processing (SpringerBriefs in Computer Science)
by Meng Jiang Bill Yuchen Lin Shuohang Wang Yichong Xu Wenhao Yu Chenguang ZhuOver the last few years, natural language processing has seen remarkable progress due to the emergence of larger-scale models, better training techniques, and greater availability of data. Examples of these advancements include GPT-4, ChatGPT, and other pre-trained language models. These models are capable of characterizing linguistic patterns and generating context-aware representations, resulting in high-quality output. However, these models rely solely on input-output pairs during training and, therefore, struggle to incorporate external world knowledge, such as named entities, their relations, common sense, and domain-specific content. Incorporating knowledge into the training and inference of language models is critical to their ability to represent language accurately. Additionally, knowledge is essential in achieving higher levels of intelligence that cannot be attained through statistical learning of input text patterns alone. In this book, we will review recent developmentsin the field of natural language processing, specifically focusing on the role of knowledge in language representation. We will examine how pre-trained language models like GPT-4 and ChatGPT are limited in their ability to capture external world knowledge and explore various approaches to incorporate knowledge into language models. Additionally, we will discuss the significance of knowledge in enabling higher levels of intelligence that go beyond statistical learning on input text patterns. Overall, this survey aims to provide insights into the importance of knowledge in natural language processing and highlight recent advances in this field.
Knowledge Development in Early Childhood
by Tanya Kaefer Ashley PinkhamSynthesizing cutting-edge research from multiple disciplines, this book explores how young children acquire knowledge in the "real world" and describes practical applications for early childhood classrooms. The breadth and depth of a child's knowledge base are important predictors of later literacy development and academic achievement. Leading scholars describe the processes by which preschoolers and primary-grade students acquire knowledge through firsthand experiences, play, interactions with parents and teachers, storybooks, and a range of media. Chapters on exemplary instructional strategies vividly show what teachers can do to build children's content knowledge while also promoting core literacy skills.
Knowledge & Discourse: Towards an Ecology of Language
by Colin Barron Nigel Bruce David NunanKnowledge and Discourse presents an ecological approach to the study of discourse in social, academic and professional practices. It brings together distinguished scholars from diverse cultures - India, China, Australia, Canada among others - and disciplines - linguistics, anthropology, sociology, philosophy. The chapters collectively illustrate the ecological approach by exploring how language makes connections between subjective experiences as people construct meaning and action.This book offers the reader a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to the study of language as discourse, questioning traditional views of disciplinary knowledge and the role of discourse in the pursuit, construction and compartmentalisation of such knowledge. Through the variety of disciplines, experiences and approaches, the contributors show how the world and word are contingent on each other. The notions of connectivity, contingency and change are themes that run through the book, and in the interweaving of these themes readers will find persuasive illustrations of an ecological approach to applied linguistics.
Knowledge Engineering and Semantic Web
by Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo Petr KřemenThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and the Semantic Web, KESW 2016, held in Prague, Czech Republic, in September 2016. The 17 revised full papers presented together with 9 short papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 53 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on ontologies; information and knowledge extraction; data management; applications.
Knowledge Graph and Semantic Computing: Semantic, Knowledge, and Linked Big Data
by Huajun Chen Heng Ji Le Sun Haixun Wang Tieyun Qian Tong RuanThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the first China Conference on Knowledge Graph and Semantic Computing, CCKS, held in Beijing, China, in September 2016. The 19 revised full papers presented together with 6 shared tasks were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on knowledge representation and learning; knowledge graph construction and information extraction; linked data and knowledge-based systems; shared tasks.
Knowledge in Change: The Semiotics of Cognition and Conversion (Law and Visual Jurisprudence #8)
by Jan M. BroekmanAll knowledge is always a matter of change, as this book underlines. All knowledge links You and Me to Reality. This process of positioning cognition has become heavily influenced by conversion. Its cultural background is in this book named ‘the New Plural’: a worldview based on combinations of Analog, Digital, AI and Quantum understandings of reality.The New Plural, combined with in-depth observations on the Subject in new forms of knowledge formation, forms the background theme of the book. To understand the Subject as defined in past centuries, like Kant’s so-called ‘split ego’ or Voegelin’s ‘flow’, are outlined together with Husserl’s ‘phenomenology of ego-positions’. Today, one encounters the Subject transformed into a Self with other forms that replace the traditional Subject and its position. The dynamics of the Self are therefore broader than any Selfie can picture. What the book calls ‘the Self in digital culture’ and for what it introduces the name Self-E, is therefore essential for a semiotic observation of all actual patterns and practices of communication.The decentering of the Subject changed human cognition. The book introduces ‘The 3-S Triad’ (composed of the ‘Subject–Self–Self-E’), which has taken the place and functions of the classical Subject and its dynamics. Cognition has assumed a different position in the heart and mind of every human being. At the same time, the influence of ‘The New Plural’ has grown, making digital thought formation the leading pattern and foundation of today’s knowledge. That different view on human identity made knowledge as understanding and its traditional grasping disappear. All fragments of planetary life were subjected to a newly conceived and often digitally anchored fitting. That forms one of the most powerful and global challenges to the human mind. What if we conclude about climate change that our knowledge fits the problems concerned? The book’s final pages outline an epistemological path through such complex zones of knowledge! But its broad and encompassing background question remains, what the concept of change really means when it is challenged to clarify the topic we name climate change.
Knowledge, Literacy, and Elementary Education in the Old Babylonian Period (SpringerBriefs in History of Science and Technology)
by Robert Middeke-ConlinThis book examines education as a means to explore knowledge and literacy in the Old Babylonian period. It further employs a new method to research these topics. Contrary to numerous existing studies on the subject, the author examines elementary education globally, that is, in pursuit of Old Babylonian education in its entirety. Typically, education is examined in a piecemeal fashion. It's as if education centered on lexicography alone or mathematics alone. This work encompasses a view about educational content and knowledge systems, as opposed to only specific aspects or branches of them. In doing so, a characterization of institution and society is made possible allowing the work to open new general perspectives on Mesopotamian knowledge, literacy, and education.
Knowledge Machines: Language and Information in a Technological Society (Language In Social Life)
by Denise E. MurrayProvides a wide-ranging survey of the sociolinguistic issues raised by the impact of information technology. The author demonstrates how and in which ways the new technologies both affect human communication and are in turn affected by the way people communicate using the technologies.
Knowledge Management in the Digital Newsroom
by Stephen QuinnIf you are an editor or newsroom manager seeking new and more efficient ways of managing the ever increasing flow of information through your newsroom, this book will provide the information you need to make informed decisions about crucial organisational and equipment changes. Case studies from newsrooms worldwide are used to present an overview of the information management tools and processes that are available to help journalists and media executives deal with information. Answers are suggested for some of the most pressing issues, including:What are the factors driving change in newsrooms?How are news organizations around the world re-organising their newsrooms to deal with information in new ways?How are the opposing needs to cut costs and yet maintain journalistic quality being met?What digital tools are currently available, e.g. for computer-assisted reporting?How can reporters become more mobile?How can trainee journalists be better prepared for operating within the changing newsroom environment?Each chapter is supplemented by a 'how to learn more' section, suggesting further resources for tackling each issue. Whether you are planning major change in your newsroom or simply wish to keep up with the latest industry trends, this is the book you have been waiting for.
Knowledge Resistance in High-Choice Information Environments (Routledge Studies in Media, Communication, and Politics)
by Jesper StrömbäckThis book offers a truly interdisciplinary exploration of our patterns of engagement with politics, news, and information in current high-choice information environments. Putting forth the notion that high-choice information environments may contribute to increasing misperceptions and knowledge resistance rather than greater public knowledge, the book offers insights into the processes that influence the supply of misinformation and factors influencing how and why people expose themselves to and process information that may support or contradict their beliefs and attitudes. A team of authors from across a range of disciplines address the phenomena of knowledge resistance and its causes and consequences at the macro- as well as the micro-level. The chapters take a philosophical look at the notion of knowledge resistance, before moving on to discuss issues such as misinformation and fake news, psychological mechanisms such as motivated reasoning in processes of selective exposure and attention, how people respond to evidence and fact-checking, the role of political partisanship, political polarization over factual beliefs, and how knowledge resistance might be counteracted. This book will have a broad appeal to scholars and students interested in knowledge resistance, primarily within philosophy, psychology, media and communication, and political science, as well as journalists and policymakers. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
The Kojiki
by Gustav HeldtChronicles the mythical origins of Japan's islands and their ruling dynasty through a diverse array of genealogies, tales, and songs
Kojo Laing, Robert Browning and Affiliative Literature: Relational Worlds
by Joseph HankinsonThis book compares the Victorian British poet Robert Browning and the twentieth-century Ghanaian poet and novelist Kojo Laing—two writers whose texts frequently foreground multi-scalar transregional cartographies, points of connection and translation, and imaginative kinships between different linguistic and cultural communities. Starting from the numerous and surprising points of connection and resemblance between both authors’ texts, this book puts pressure on critical practices that would keep writers like Laing and Browning separate, positing instead the importance of paying attention to the transnational, cross-cultural, and cross-temporal imaginative relationships texts themselves generate. By comparing two writers whose texts represent different points of view on a number of shared and congruent contexts, this book seeks an original way of understanding the relationship between texts and (post-) colonial contexts, texts and other texts. Browning’s and Laing’s shared tendency to foreground trans- and post-national cartographies of relation and difference, and their similarly translational aesthetics, both demand a probing of the disciplinary separation between ‘English Literature’ and ‘Comparative Literature’, as well as ‘literature’ and ‘comparison’, and a fresh awareness of the ways in which literature itself makes comparisons and affiliations. It also involves a version of ‘world literature’ intent on accentuating the relational worlds (linguistic, imaginative, ethical) that texts themselves generate; a criticism sensitive to the ways in which writers from different times and places can still be seen to overlap.
The Kokinshū: Selected Poems (Translations from the Asian Classics)
by Torquil DuthieCompiled in the early tenth century, the Kokinshū is an anthology of some eleven hundred poems that aimed to elevate the prestige of vernacular Japanese poetry at the imperial court. From shortly after its completion to the end of the nineteenth century, it was celebrated as the cornerstone of the Japanese vernacular poetic tradition. The composition of classical poetry, other later poetic forms such as linked verse and haikai, and vernacular Japanese literary writing in its entirety (including classic works such as Murasaki Shikibu’s Tale of Genji and Sei Shōnagon’s Pillow Book) all draw from the Kokinshū.This book offers an inviting and immersive selection of roughly one-third of the anthology in English translation. Torquil Duthie focuses on rendering the poetic language of the Kokinshū as a whole, in such a way that readers can understand and experience how its poems work together to create a literary world. He emphasizes that classical Japanese poems do not stand alone as self-contained artifacts but take part in an ongoing intertextual conversation. Duthie provides translations and interpretations of the two prefaces to the Kokinshū, which deeply influenced Japanese literary aesthetics. The book also includes critical essays on various aspects of the anthology and its history. This translation helps specialist and nonspecialist readers alike appreciate the beauty and richness of the Kokinshū, as well as its significance for the Japanese literary tradition.
Kollektive Autor:innenschaft – digital/analog (Kontemporär. Schriften zur deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur #19)
by Michael Gamper Anna Luhn Nina Tolksdorf Paul WolffDas Thema der kollektiven Autor:innenschaft, bereits in den 1990er Jahren mit Blick auf die damals neuen technologischen Möglichkeiten breiter diskutiert, scheint aktuell erneut auf ein wachsendes Interesse zu stoßen, etwa unter dem Stichwort der ›Kollaboration‹. Der vorliegende Band fragt nach der Schwellenfunktion der digitalen Wende, die sich in eine Folge von weiteren medialen, epistemischen, ästhetischen und sozialen Schwellen und historisierbaren Konstellationen einreiht, die Konzepte von kollektiver Autorschaft/Autor:innenschaft hervorgebracht und grundsätzlich verändert haben. Die partizipatorische Kultur sowie Verfahren der »produsage«, die sich in den medialen Konvergenzbewegungen der jüngeren Vergangenheit feststellen lassen, haben Zurechnungsstrategien von Autorschaft, an denen lange festgehalten wurde, außer Kurs gebracht. Dazu sind auch die in der Tradition der Avantgarden stehenden Projekte der generativen Codeliteratur zu zählen, die sich von den auf und mittels Plattformen produzierten und distribuierten Texten durch das vorausgesetzte Code-Wissen und den gezielten Gebrauch digitaler Technik unterscheiden lassen. Wurde die automatische Generierung von Text in der Vergangenheit oft als Auslagerung von Autor:innenschaft auf die Maschine konzipiert, rückt hier die Frage nach der »Arbeitsteilung zwischen Mensch und Maschine« in den Vordergrund.
Kommunikation in sozialen Medien: Aussagekraft, Grenzen und Potenziale
by Simone SchmidtIn diesem Lehrbuch werden zentrale und klassische Kommunikationsmodelle vorgestellt, die für das Medien- und Kommunikationsmanagement relevant sind. Ausgewählte Modelle und Theorien werden an die Social-Media-Kommunikation jeweils weiterentwickelt und angepasst, um die Aussagekraft, Grenzen und Potenziale für Aktivitäten in den sozialen Medien auszuloten.
Kommunikation und Gesellschaft - systemtheoretisch beobachtet: Sprache, Schrift, einseitige Massen- und digitale Online-Medien
by Iris ThyeDieses Buch setzt sich in wissenschaftlicher Exegese mit dem von Niklas Luhmann konstituierten systemtheoretischen Begriff der Kommunikation auseinander. Eine evolutionär angelegte Analyse der verschiedenen Kommunikationsmedien folgt der begriffstechnisch präparierten Leitfrage, welche Veränderungen Sprache, Schrift, einseitige Massen- und digitale Online-Medien bei den drei basalen Komponenten der Kommunikation - Information, Mitteilung, Verstehen - bewirken. Wenn Kommunikation mit Luhmann als die grundlegende soziale Operation zu verstehen ist, die Gesellschaft allererst konstituiert, dann lässt sich zeigen, dass insbesondere technisch bedingte Umwälzungen in der Kommunikation - Buchdruck, elektronische Medien, Web 2.0 - bahnbrechende Veränderungen in der Gesellschaft, ihren Strukturen und Semantiken begünstigen und vorantreiben.
Kommunikationswissenschaft: Selbstbeschreibung einer Sozialwissenschaft (essentials)
by Manfred RühlEine Theorie der Kommunikationswissenschaft als Funktionssystem der Weltgesellschaft gibt es bisher nicht. Neu ist die Unterscheidung und die Synthese der sechs Kommunikationskomponenten Sinn, Information, Thema, Mitteilung, Gedächtnis und Verstehen, die Kommunikation unter mitweltbedingten Einschränkungen ermöglichen. Für die Funktion, die Kommunikationswissenschaft von anderen Funktionssystemen der Weltgesellschaft unterscheidet, wird das Erneuern bewahrten Kommunikationswissens vorgeschlagen.
Kommunikativer Konstruktivismus
by Jo Reichertz Reiner Keller Hubert KnoblauchDie Welt wartet nicht dort draußen darauf, entdeckt zu werden, sondern wir schaffen sie Tag für Tag neu - und zwar vor allem mittels kommunikativen Handelns. Deshalb ändert sich die Wirklichkeit tagtäglich und mit ihr auch die soziale Ordnung und die Normen und Werte, die unserem Handeln Bedeutung verleihen. Das ist die Grundposition des hier vorgestellten Kommunikativen Konstruktivismus. Die versammelten Beiträge versuchen zum einen, den Ansatz des kommunikativen Konstruktivismus theoretisch zu begründen. Zum zweiten wird der Ansatz in empirischen Arbeiten umgesetzt, die sich mit den unterschiedlichen Themen in verschiedenen soziologischen Teildisziplinen (Wissenschaftssoziologie, Migrationssoziologie, Mediensoziologie) beschäftigen. Zum dritten beinhaltet der Band Arbeiten, die Anschlüsse zu anderen Disziplinen herstellen, wie etwa zu der Stadt- und Regionalplanung, der Organisationsforschung und der Kommunikationswissenschaft.
Kompakt-Lexikon Sprechwissenschaft
by Christa M. HeilmannDas Lexikon enthält sämtliche für die Sprechwissenschaft relevanten Begriffe – insgesamt etwa 1000 Lemmata, ausgewählt auf Basis der sprechwissenschaftlichen Fachliteratur der letzten vierzig Jahre. Die Terminologie der Disziplin speist sich neben den facheigenen Teilgebieten aus Nachbarwissenschaften wie der Psychologie, der Sprachwissenschaft, der Phonetik, der Poetik sowie der Logopädie und Phoniatrie. Das Nachschlagewerk bildet diese interdisziplinäre Vielfalt ab und bietet damit erstmals passgenaues lexikalisches Wissen für das Fachgebiet.
Kon-Tiki
by Thor Heyerdahl"Am going to cross Pacific on a wooden raft to support a theory that the South Sea islands were peopled from Peru. Will you come? ...Reply at once." That is how six brave and inquisitive men came to seek a dangerous path to test a scientific theory. On a primitive raft made of forty-foot balsa logs and named "Kon-Tiki" in honor of a legendary sun king, Heyerdahl and five companions deliberately risked their lives to show that the ancient Peruvians could have made the 4,300-mile voyage to the Polynesian islands on a similar craft. On every page of this true chronicle-from the actual building of the raft through all the dangerous and comic adventures on the sea, to the spectacular crash-landing and the native islanders' hula dances-each reader will find a wholesome and spellbinding escape from the twenty-first century.