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Poland under German Occupation, 1939-1945: New Perspectives (Vermont Studies on Nazi Germany and the Holocaust #9)
by Jonathan Huener and Andrea LöwAs a unique and innovative addition to the scholarship on Nazi Germany, the Holocaust, and modern Polish history, this volume provides fresh analysis on the Nazi occupation of Poland. Through new questions and engaging untapped sources the leading historians who have contributed to this volume provide original scholarship to steer debates and expand the historiography surrounding Nazi racial and occupation policies, Polish and Jewish responses to them, persecution, police terror, resistance, and complicity.
Polari - The Lost Language of Gay Men (Routledge Studies in Linguistics #Vol. 1)
by Paul BakerPolari is a secret form of language mainly used by homosexual men in London and other cities during the twentieth century. Derived in part from the slang lexicons of numerous stigmatised and itinerant groups, Polari was also a means of socialising, acting out camp performances and reconstructing a shared gay identity and worldview among its speakers. This book examines the ways in which Polari was used in order to construct 'gay identities', linking its evolution to the changing status of gay men and lesbians in the UK over the past fifty years.
Police Aesthetics: Literature, Film, and the Secret Police in Soviet Times
by Cristina VatulescuThis volume, at once a history of Soviet cinema and a primer on the historiographical analysis of secret police files, provides an interesting multi-disciplinary discussion of the police in film, police as film makers and the criminal as subject in the darkest corners of the Soviet police state. Arguing that the levels of implicit and explicit control exercised by secret police authorities in Stalin-era Russia created a cultural framework in which art, literature and film, even those not directly affected by the regime, bore the unmistakable mark of their influence. Vatulescu is a professor of comparative literature at New York University. Annotation ©2011 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Policía: Vivencias desde la Transición a Sudamérica, pasando por País Vasco y Expo 92
by Andrés Díaz MuñozLa realidad siempre supera a la ficción. La obra narra las vivencias y anécdotas profesionales del autor del libro, con una trayectoria profesional cercana al medio siglo. Inicia su crónica desde su ingreso en la corporación, continúa con la transición política española y, a lo largo de la narración, da cuenta de sus vivencias y anécdotas. <P><P>Desde cinco años antes de la Exposición Universal de Sevilla y hasta doce días antes de su conclusión, ostentó el cargo de responsable de los servicios de Información de la Policía, donde cesó a petición propia. Siendo Comisario Principal de la Policía, ocupó el cargo de Agregado de Interior en Bolivia, que ejerció durante cerca de siete años, bajo el paraguas de diplomático. <P><P>El ejercicio de su trabajo en Iberoamérica le dio a conocer aspectos curiosos de las policías de aquellos países, así como vivir directamente los conflictos que se originaron hasta la llegada de Evo Morales. Unlibro escrito con un lenguaje coloquial y desenfadado que resulta ameno y curioso para el lector.
The Policies of Genocide: Jews and Soviet Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany (Routledge Library Editions: Nazi Germany and the Holocaust)
by Gerhard HirschfeldOne of the darkest passages in German history is examined in this book (originally published in 1986) by five leading German historians of the Third Reich. The authors establish that a direct link existed between the widespread deaths of Soviet prisoners of war and the extermination of Jews and implicate the German army in the policies of genocide to a far greater degree than was previously thought. The situation of the inmates of camps is analysed and evidence provided of resistance action even among those facing death.
Policies, Politics, and Ideologies of English-Medium Instruction in Asian Universities: Unsettling Critical Edges (Routledge Studies in English-Medium Instruction)
by Pramod K. Sah and Fan FangAgainst the backdrop of uncritical promotions of English-Medium instruction (EMI) in higher education globally, this edited volume maps out the political, ideological, and policy-related issues of EMI programs in multilingual and multicultural universities in Asia. In this volume, EMI researchers and practitioners involved in different Asian countries and regions have collaboratively unpacked the critical dimensions of EMI programs in higher education, with a goal to provide must-needed resources for researchers, graduate students, higher education leaders, and policymakers. This volume is the first of its kind in that it provides an exclusive and critical tapestry of EMI at multilingual universities from all parts of Asia, including Central Asia (Kazakhstan), East Asia (Mainland China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan), South Asia (Bangladesh and Nepal), Southeast Asia (Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam), and Western Asia (United Arab Emirates). The key takeaway for the reader is to not only understand the current phenomenon of EMI in Asian universities but to also learn the dark side of its policies, programs, and practices that have led to unequal teaching and learning spaces in diverse societies. This collection will be of interest to scholars and policymakers in English-medium instruction, English language teaching, TESOL, and applied linguistics.
Policing Gender and Alicia Giménez Bartlett's Crime Fiction (New Hispanisms: Cultural and Literary Studies)
by Nina L. MolinaroAlicia Giménez Bartlett’s popular crime series, written in Spanish and organized around the exploits of Police Inspector Petra Delicado and Deputy Inspector Fermin Garzon, is arguably the most successful detective series published in Spain during the previous three decades. Nina L. Molinaro examines the tensions between the rhetoric of gender differences espoused by the woman detective and the orthodox ideology of the police procedural. She argues that even as the series incorporates gender differences into the crime series formula, it does so in order to correct women, naturalize men’s authority, sanction social hierarchies, and assuage collective anxieties. As Molinaro shows, with the exception of the protagonist, the women characters require constant surveillance and modification, often as a result of men’s supposedly intrinsic protectiveness or excessive sexuality. Men, by contrast, circulate more freely in the fictional world and are intrinsic to the political, psychological, and economic prosperity of their communities. Molinaro situates her discussion in Petra Delicado’s contemporary Spain of dog owners, ¡Hola!, Russian cults, and gated communities.
Policing Intimacy: Law, Sexuality, and the Color Line in Twentieth-Century Hemispheric American Literature
by Jenna Grace SciutoIn Policing Intimacy: Law, Sexuality, and the Color Line in Twentieth-Century Hemispheric American Literature, author Jenna Grace Sciuto analyzes literary depictions of sexual policing of the color line across multiple spaces with diverse colonial histories: Mississippi through William Faulkner’s work, Louisiana through Ernest Gaines’s novels, Haiti through the work of Marie Chauvet and Edwidge Danticat, and the Dominican Republic through writing by Julia Alvarez, Junot Díaz, and Nelly Rosario. This literature exposes the continuing coloniality that links depictions of US democracy with Caribbean dictatorships in the twentieth century, revealing a set of interrelated features characterizing the transformation of colonial forms of racial and sexual control into neocolonial reconfigurations. A result of systemic inequality and large-scale historical events, the patterns explored herein reveal the ways in which private relations can reflect national occurrences and the intimate can be brought under public scrutiny. Acknowledging the widespread effects of racial and sexual policing that persist in current legal, economic, and political infrastructures across the circum-Caribbean can in turn bring to light permutations of resistance to the violent discriminations of the status quo. By drawing on colonial documents, such as early law systems like the 1685 French Code Noir instated in Haiti, the 1724 Code Noir in Louisiana, and the 1865 Black Code in Mississippi, in tandem with examples from twentieth-century literature, Policing Intimacy humanizes the effects of legal histories and leaves space for local particularities. By focusing on literary texts and variances in form and aesthetics, Sciuto demonstrates the necessity of incorporating multiple stories, histories, and traumas into accounts of the past.
Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages
by Mari C. JonesLanguage policy issues are imbued with a powerful symbolism that is often linked to questions of identity, with the suppression or failure to recognise and support a given endangered variety representing a refusal to grant a 'voice' to the corresponding ethno-cultural community. This wide-ranging volume, which explores linguistic scenarios from across five continents, seeks to ignite the debate as to how and whether the interface between people, politics and language can affect the fortunes of endangered varieties. With chapters written by academics working in the field of language endangerment and members of indigenous communities on the frontline of language support and maintenance, Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages is essential reading for researchers and students of language death, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics, as well as community members involved in native language maintenance.
Policy Development in TESOL and Multilingualism: Past, Present and the Way Forward
by Christine Coombe Kashif Raza Dudley ReynoldsThe book is of interest to scholars of multilingualism, language teachers, researchers, and administrators who are developing policies on teaching English and promoting multilingualism. Given its scope, this edited collection provides an overview of how multilingualism is transforming the practice of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) in diverse contexts around the world. It serves as a platform for discussions related to policy enactment where TESOL and multilingualism are viewed as collaborative endeavours and approaches the topic from three different angles. The first section of the book provides critical examinations of previous initiatives and accomplishments in the area of language policy development and implementation. The second section describes current projects and initiatives intended to expand and strengthen the field of TESOL while providing space for local and indigenous languages to develop. The third and last part of the book highlights policy development areas that need special consideration in order to develop a form of TESOL that builds on and contributes to multilingualism.
Policy Discourses in Malaysian Education: A nation in the making (Routledge Critical Studies in Asian Education)
by Suseela Malakolunthu Nagappan C. RengasamySince independence in 1957, Malaysia has become a globally-recognised industrial trading partner. With a 60% Muslim population, it also enjoys the reputation of being a moderate and peaceful nation. However, with just a short time left to realising its Vision 2020 of developed nationhood, the pathway of nation building still seems ambiguous. There is a brewing tension in its race and ethnic relations which has permeated the various fronts, namely politics, society, economics and education. This book analyses the education policies that have been formulated and implemented in Malaysia since independence. It demonstrates how these policy enactments have influenced the nation’s growth and transformation, and the challenges faced in creating a model of equity and multicultural co-existence among its racially and ethnically diversified people. Shedding light on these issues, it points towards the major mending that is needed for Malaysia to become a truly developed nation. Chapters include: Education of ethnic minorities in Malaysia: Contesting issues in a multiethnic society Access and equity issues in Malaysian higher education Graduate employability in government discourse: A critical perspective This comprehensive book is a case study on Malaysia that will supplement researchers and advance students in their understanding of a multi-racial society’s perspective and attitude towards education.
Policy Impacts on Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Indian Education: Special Emphasis on Punjab (India Studies in Business and Economics)
by Jatinder S. BediThe book focuses on the state of education and on the levels of inequality among gender, rural–urban and social groups. Taking into account the various findings from existing literature on the qualitative and quantitative aspects of education, it uses empirical findings based on a revised methodology to draw new conclusions. This revised method was devised to define the size of population eligible for enrollment and was then employed to estimate the Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) and Gross Literacy Rate (GLR) at various completed education levels, using age-wise data from the Population Census, 2011. This methodology is based on the concept that among those eligible for enrollment/literacy, a few never get chance to enrol and others achieve various levels of literacy by remaining engaged in formal or informal education up to various ages. The book comes up with findings that have deep significance so far as policy making is concerned towards improving the state of education in India. There are fourteen hypotheses that the book proposes based on the study and each hypothesis is accompanied with policy suggestions. Interestingly, one of the hypotheses is that arbitrariness of government policies creates more problems and, as such, before proposing a policy change the government needs to put in more effort and time in planning and come up with carefully chalked out processes. In addition to being a valuable resource for researchers working in this area, the book has huge policy implications and think tanks working towards improving education in India.
Policy, Media, and the Shaping of Spain-Morocco Relations: Discursive Representations of Migration to Ceuta and Melilla
by Farah AliThis book uses sociolinguistic approaches to explore how media discourse on undocumented migration informs Morocco-Spain political relations. Historically, much of the contact between these two nations has been through conquest - first through the Umayyad Caliphate taking control of the Iberian Peninsula (then called Hispania) in the 8th century, and then through Spain’s occupation of northern Morocco in the 20th century. Though these historical roots have undoubtedly played a role in shaping present-day Morocco-Spain relations, migration has also become another critical element, as the majority of legally authorized migration to Spain comes from Morocco. Additionally, Morocco serves as a sojourn for much of the undocumented migration to the Spanish autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, both of which are enclaves in Morocco and common entry points for North African and Sub-Saharan African immigrants. Migration to Ceuta and Melilla has therefore become a flashpoint for anti-immigration attitudes that are frequently perpetuated in political and media discourse. The author uses these cities as a case study, situating them within the wider context of both immigration-related policies and news articles in order to examine how migration is represented in Spain and Morocco. The book connects media discourse with policy discourse, and addresses how these mediums (1) co-construct anti-immigration and xenophobic ideologies, and (2) shape and are shaped by the somewhat strained relations between Spain and Morocco. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Discourse Analysis, Sociolinguistics, Migration Studies and Migration Policy, Media Studies and Political Communication.
La polis literaria: El boom, la Revolución y otras polémicas de la Guerra Fría
by Rafael RojasAmérica Latina vivió intensamente la Guerra Fría en la política, pero también en la cultura. La Revolución cubana jugó un papel central en aquel conflicto, en buena medida, por haber sido un movimiento político que en el lapso de una década recorrió casi todas las facetas de la izquierda regional. La polis literaria nos muestra ese camino y pone voz a todos los intelectuales de aquella época. La querella ideológica de la Guerra Fría, en los años sesenta y setenta, reformuló el gran tema cultural de las identidades nacionales y el latinoamericanismo, que se discutía desde la guerra de 1898 en el Caribe, y la nueva novela fue sometida a indagaciones críticas encontradas a partir de diversas ideologías de izquierda. Ése fue el contexto de la entrada en escena del llamado boom de la nueva novela latinoamericana. Una generación de escritores nacida, fundamentalmente, entre los años veinte y treinta, como Julio Cortázar, Augusto Roa Bastos, Gabriel García Márquez, Carlos Fuentes, José Donoso o Guillermo Cabrera Infante, comenzó a publicar cuentos y novelas en los años previos al triunfo de la Revolución cubana, en enero de 1959. El oficio de la literatura, o específicamente de la novela, al que aspiraban aquellos escritores, formó parte del conflicto ideológico de la Guerra Fría. La literatura latinoamericana no podía imaginarse al margen de la oposición a las dictaduras y de la lucha de la izquierda por el socialismo o la democracia. Con una nueva mirada a los escritores del boom, Rafael Rojas nos muestra las poéticas y luchas intelectuales y sociales de esa literatura que transformó y dio una vuelta de tuerca a lo llamado latinoamericano.
Polish: An Essential Grammar (Routledge Grammar Workbooks Ser.)
by Dana BielecPolish: An Essential Grammar is a user-friendly guide to all the important structures of this fascinating language. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of Polish in short, readable sections. Key features include: New chapter on studying an inflected language, including detailed analysis of a typical text Comprehensive descriptions of the parts of speech covered Information presented clearly and logically in table form Wealth of real-life examples Nine clearly-presented appendices. This grammar is an invaluable asset to anyone wishing to master the Polish language as it is spoken today. Two companion books, Basic Polish: A Grammar and Workbook and Intermediate Polish: A Grammar and Workbook, provide more detailed practice in the language.
Polish Camp Literature (Routledge Studies in Twentieth-Century Literature)
by Arkadiusz MorawiecPolish Camp Literature expands the boundaries of Polish camp literature, which has so far been defined too narrowly. This restricted outlook has been determined by politics, ideology, the scarcity of historical knowledge, the lack of literary research, and frequent manipulation concerning terms such as "concentration camp", "forced labor camp", and "death camp". Camp literature was initially limited to "Lager" literature (pertaining to Nazi German camps). Over time, gulag literature (pertaining to Soviet camps) came to be included as well. It turns out that Polish camp literature is much more extensive and richer. This volume consists of mini-monographs on Polish literary works concerning either a specific camp or a specific type (system) of camps. The chapters devoted to gulag literature (i.e. texts about the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp and Lager literature (i.e. texts about Konzentrationslager Buchenwald) expand on established findings, while the following chapters deal with topics previously unexplored, namely, the literature relating to Polish camps, such as the prewar Place of Isolation in Bereza Kartuska and the postwar communist concentration and labor camps in Łambinowice and Jaworzno, the Spanish (Francoist) Campo de Concentración de Miranda de Ebro, and the Japanese Unit 731 and its research center in Pingfang (Manchuria), which included – on top of laboratories and chemical and bacteriological weapons production units – a prison, a gas chamber, and crematoria. This book is intended to provide the impetus not just for further investigation into the unknown and insufficiently recognized areas of Polish camp literature, but also – through embedding the Polish literary output in the context of other national literatures, and by means of their cross-comparison – for charting a map of world camp literature.
Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Comprehensive Grammars)
by Iwona SadowskaPolish: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to the grammar system for intermediate to advanced learners of Polish. It presents an accessible and systematic description of the language, focusing on real patterns of use in contemporary Polish. The Grammar is a comprehensive work and an invaluable resource for students and anyone interested in linguistics and the way modern Polish works. Features include: coverage of all parts of speech full cross referencing well selected and illuminating examples. The book is organised in such a way to promote a thorough understanding of Polish at all levels of structure; the sound system, formation of word and phrases and sentence construction. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, providing clear explanations and examples of each point. Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar is the essential reference work on Polish grammar for all learners and users of the language.
Polish Culture in Britain: Literature and History, 1772 to the Present
by Maggie Ann Bowers Ben DewThis edited volume explores the historical, cultural and literary legacies of Polish Britain, and their significance for both the British and Polish nations. The focus of the book is twofold. First, it investigates the history of Polish immigration and the ways in which Polish immigrants have conceptualised their own experiences and encounters with Britain and the British. Second, it examines how Poles and Poland have been represented by Anglophone writers in both fictional and non-fictional forms of discourse. Inevitably, these issues are intertwined. Polish experiences of Britain have been shaped, in part, by British ideas about Poland, just as British notions of Poland have been transformed by the emergence of large and culturally active Polish communities in the UK. By studying these issues together, this volume develops a wide-ranging and original analysis of Polish Britain.
The Polish Elite and Language Sciences: A Perspective of Global Historical Sociology
by Tomasz ZaryckiThis book revisits the modern history of Poland, from the perspective of its social sciences. The book makes this case study a model for the application of Bourdieu’s approach to the historical analysis of non-core Western societies. The book is, in other words, a reflexive study of the application of Bourdieu’s social theory. At the same time, it also critically studies the application of Western social theory in Poland, which is largely seen as a peripheral country. The study of Polish social sciences, with particular emphasis on linguistics and literary studies, points to the peculiar dynamics of peripheral intellectual and academic fields and their external dependencies. These insights offer a critical extension of Bourdieu’s theory of state and social elites beyond the Western core focusing on how the theories can be used in the reinterpretation and expansion of post-colonial theory, global history and comparative studies of post-communism. The book will be suitable for scholars and students of all those interested in the social theory of Pierre Bourdieu, global historical sociology, societies in Central and Eastern , socio-linguistics, literary studies and political sociology.
Polish For Dummies
by Daria GabryanczykEverything you need to speak Polish quickly and confidently Polish For Dummies gets you started with Polish language basics, so you can communicate with friends and loved ones, work and travel in Poland, or just enjoy the excitement of learning a new language. You'll learn the foundations of Polish grammar and how to engage in basic conversations. With the tried-and-true Dummies language learning method, you'll start speaking authentically right away, so you can interact in everyday situations. You'll also learn about social and cultural references that will help you keep up in Polish conversations. With access to audio files for dialogs in the book, you can improve your listening and pronunciation, too. This book makes it easy and practical to become a Polish speaker. Learn tips and tricks for improving your Polish language skills Access helpful verb conjugation tables, essential vocabulary lists, and straightforward pronunciation guides Master everyday words and phrases Discover Polish history, culture, and common colloquial expressions Polish For Dummies is perfect for anyone who wants to learn the basics of the Polish language or brush up on what they already know—no previous experience needed.
The Polish Hearst: Ameryka-Echo and the Public Role of the Immigrant Press
by Anna D Jaroszynska-KirchmannArriving in the U.S. in 1883, typesetter Antoni A. Paryski founded a publishing empire that earned him the nickname "The Polish Hearst." His weekly Ameryka-Echo became a defining publication in the international Polish diaspora and its much-read letters section a public sphere for immigrants to come together as a community to discuss issues in their own language. Anna D. Jaroszynska-Kirchmann mines seven decades' worth of thoughts expressed by Ameryka-Echo readers to chronicle the ethnic press's long-overlooked role in the immigrant experience. Open and unedited debate harkened back to homegrown journalistic traditions, and The Polish Hearst opens the door on the nuances of an editorial philosophy that cultivated readers as important content creators. As Jaroszynska-Kirchmann shows, ethnic publications in the process forged immigrant social networks and pushed notions of education and self-improvement throughout Polonia.
Polish Literature and Genocide (Routledge Studies in Twentieth-Century Literature)
by Arkadiusz MorawiecPolish Literature and Genocide presents the attitude of national literature to the twentieth-century acts of genocide. This volume examines the reflection of the Holocaust and the massacre in Srebrenica in a rich, detailed, and comprehensive way, expanding the existing research and, in some cases, challenging the former sometimes ossified ideas. Polish literature also records what had been largely overlooked: the extermination of disabled and mentally ill people, the Roma and Sinti, and the Soviet prisoners of war by the Nazis. This volume includes analysis of the literary works of Władysław Szlengel, the most prominent Polish-language poet in the Warsaw ghetto; the peculiar reception of Julian Tuwim’s famous poem for children “Locomotive;” the memoir of Leon Weliczker, a prisoner of the Janowska concentration camp in Lviv and a member of the ‘death brigade’ (Sonderkommando); the origins of Medallions by Zofia Nałkowska, who ‘processed’ historical documents into literature and contributed to the making of professor Rudolf Spanner’s ‘dark legend’, and the textual origins of Tadeusz Różewicz’s ‘poetry after Auschwitz.’ Furthermore, this volume addresses issues related to the genesis and function of ‘genocide literature’ –– aesthetic, cognitive, ideological, and social. This volume will be a crucial resource for academics interested in key debates within Holocaust studies.
Polish Memories
by Witold Gombrowicz Bill JohnstonAlthough Witold Gombrowicz's unique, idiosyncratic writings include a three-volume Diary, this voluminous document offers few facts about his early life in Poland before his books were banned there and he went into voluntary exile. Polish Memories-a series of autobiographical sketches Gombrowicz composed for Radio Free Europe during his years in Argentina in the late 1950s-fills the gap in our knowledge.Written in a straightforward way without his famous linguistic inventions, the book presents an engaging account of Gombrowicz's childhood, youth, literary beginnings, and fellow writers in interwar Poland and reveals how these experiences and individuals shaped his seemingly outlandish concepts about the self, culture, art, and society. In addition, the book helps readers understand the numerous autobiographical allusions in his fiction and brings a new level of understanding and appreciation to his life and work.
Polish Theory of History and Metahistory in Topolski, Pomian, and Tokarczuk: From Hayden White and Beyond (Routledge Approaches to History)
by Jan PomorskiThis book traces the development of the Polish theory of history, analysing how Jerzy Topolski, Krzysztof Pomian, and Olga Tokarczuk have both built upon and transgressed the metahistorical theories of American historian Hayden White. Poland’s reception of White’s work has gone through different phases, from distancing to a period of fascination and eventual critical analysis, beginning with Topolski's methodological school in the 1980s. Topolski played a major role in international debates on historical theory in the second half of the 20th century. The book’s second study is a rare opportunity for English-speaking audiences to engage with the thoughts of Pomian, a philosopher and historian of ideas who has both complemented and developed theories of historical cognition independently from White. In the final chapter, the book presents a study of the historical imagination in 21st-century Central and Eastern Europe through the work of novelist Tokarczuk, the winner of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature. In considering the contributions of these three thinkers, the book explores the active process by which past becomes history and thus motivates contemporary actions and realities. By deconstructing and reconstructing contemporary theories of history, this research is a unique contribution to the fields of historiography and the philosophy of history.
Polish vs. American Courtroom Discourse: Inquisitorial and Adversarial Procedures of Witness Examination in Criminal Trials
by Grażyna Anna BednarekPolish vs. American Courtroom Discourse brings together the fields of discourse analysis and socio-legal studies to identify, illustrate and explain the cross-cultural similarities and disparities between the inquisitorial and adversarial procedures of witness examination in criminal trials.