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Reporting Results
by David C. Van Aken William F. HosfordThis brief guide is ideal for science and engineering students and professionals to help them communicate technical information clearly, accurately, and effectively. The focus is on the most common communication forms, including laboratory reports, research articles, and oral presentations, and on common issues that arise in classroom and professional practice. This book will be especially useful to students in a first chemistry or physics laboratory course. Advanced courses will often use the same formatting as required for submission to technical journals or for technical report writing, which is the focus of this book. Good communication habits are appropriate in all forms of technical communication. This book is designed to help the reader develop effective communication skills. It is also ideal as a reference on stylistic and grammar issues throughout a technical career. Unlike most texts, which concentrate on writing style, this book also treats oral presentations, graphing, and analysis of data.
Reporting Sexual Violence and #MeToo in Asia: The View from Hong Kong, Mainland China, and Taiwan (Routledge Focus on Journalism Studies)
by Luwei Rose LuqiuThis book provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of news media and social media in the propagation and treatment of the global #MeToo movement.This comparative study uniquely spans Hong Kong, Taiwan, and mainland China—three culturally similar yet legally and politically distinct societies—to elucidate the variations in media systems in each society and the influence these differences bear on the role and impact of news media on social movements and rape culture. The author examines how journalistic coverage of rape cases and #MeToo has shaped public discourse, contributed to cyber activism, and influenced the strategies adopted by activists in these contexts, illuminating the complexities of news production processes, the influence of cultural contexts on media narratives, and the power of social media discourse. Taking into account the journalistic constraints and challenges in reporting sexual violence, effective strategies for public engagement and action are discussed alongside the potential for platforms to serve as support networks for survivors, proffering solutions for more effective and supportive reporting of sexual violence.Offering invaluable new insights into the relationship between news media and sexual violence, this book is recommended reading for advanced students and researchers of media, gender, and social change.
Reporting Skin and the Wounded Body in Victorian Britain
by Diana GarrisiDrawing on a wide range of primary sources, this book explains what made skin newsworthy in Victorian Britain. It represents a unique contribution to the media history of the human body by delving into the cultural and historical underpinnings of wound representation in Western culture. Employing a case study approach, the book provides a comprehensive exploration of the interplay between dermatology and the Victorian press. This work suggests that there was a mutually constitutive relationship between skin reporting and the formal evolution of news discourse during the nineteenth century. Narratives related to skin, such as wounds caused by corporal punishment, plagues resulting from neglect in workhouses, and occupational skin diseases, emerged as defining features of Victorian newspapers. Notably, media coverage of wounded skin assumed a central rhetorical position in debates pertaining to discipline, abuse, poverty, labour, and social norms, a legacy still discernible in contemporary journalism. Analysing the mediation of the wounded body in Victorian Britain offers a unique insight into the foundations of modern journalism. It sheds light on the impossibility of maintaining an objective framework when observing and reporting on bodies in pain. Paradoxically, news writers and commentators of that era navigated this challenge by encapsulating such narratives within rhetorical constructs that provided a template for the evolution of contemporary news values.
Reporting the Courts (Routledge Research in Journalism)
by Richard JonesThis book makes a critical intervention into debates about journalism and the crisis in local news. Interrogating the history and current practice of court coverage in the UK, the author argues for its importance as a central feature of both open justice and public interest reporting.The book challenges narratives of a decline in the perceived quality of local media. Yet it also highlights a reliance on major local press companies facing acute financial challenges, meaning court reporting faces a potentially precarious future. The book critically examines coverage of the courts in the context of financial crises, which have diminished both newspapers and the criminal justice system. How the norms of court journalism emerged and evolved are put under scrutiny, and the book then considers how court reporting is practiced today, including the use of cameras and social media as well as remote hearings during and since the pandemic. The author takes us inside a major murder trial and explores why court reporting remains worth preserving and enhancing.Offering recommendations which could help to maintain and extend coverage of the courts, this volume will interest students and scholars of journalism, mass communication, media studies, media law and communication studies.
Reporting the Cuban Revolution: How Castro Manipulated American Journalists (Media and Public Affairs)
by Leonard Ray TeelReporting the Cuban Revolution reveals the untold story of thirteen American journalists in Cuba whose stories about Fidel Castro's revolution changed the way Americans viewed the conflict and altered U.S. foreign policy in Castro's favor. Between 1956 and 1959, the thirteen correspondents worked underground in Cuba, evading the repressive censorship of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship in order to report on the rebellion led by Fidel Castro. The journalists' stories appeared in major newspapers, magazines, and national television and radio, influencing Congress to abruptly cut off shipments of arms to Batista in 1958. Castro was so appreciative of the journalists' efforts to publicize his rebellion that on his first visit to the United States as premier of Cuba, he invited the reporters to a private reception at the Cuban Embassy in Washington, where he presented them with engraved gold medals. While the medals revealed Castro's perception of the correspondents as like-minded partisans, the journalists themselves had no such intentions. Some had journeyed to Cuba in pursuit of scoops that could rejuvenate or jump-start their careers; others sought to promote press freedom in Latin America; still others were simply carrying out assignments from their editors. Bringing to light the disparate motives and experiences of the thirteen journalists who reported on this crucial period in Cuba's history, Reporting the Cuban Revolution is both a masterwork of narrative nonfiction and a deft analysis of the tension between propaganda and objectivity in the work of American foreign correspondents.
Reporting the Post-communist Revolution
by Robert SnyderThe events of 1989 were the material of great reporting. They also revealed the power of journalism. Long before people in Central and Eastern Europe liberated themselves, they discovered democratic freedom, putting to print their own ideas and chronicling events of the day. Indeed, long before they had democracies in law, they had imagined them on paper.In the Solidarity network that produced books and leaflets and news bulletins, in the essays of Václav Havel, in the samizdat publishing house in Budapest that used a portable printing machine, Eastern Europeans demonstrated the organic link between journalism and self-government. They showed how journalism nurtures the imagination, dialogue, and honesty that are basic to democratic life.If history had ended in 1989, there would be cause for easy optimism. The changes that swept Central and Eastern Europe passed with relatively little bloodshed. But agonies of the former Yugoslavia, convulsions of the former Soviet Union, and enduring battles with censors and would-be censors bedevil emerging democracies. Not only does much remain for journalists to cover in Central and Eastern Europe, in some places there the fate of journalism is still an open question. For all these reasons, Reporting the Fall of European Communism explores, not only the events of 1989, but new stories that have emerged in Central and Eastern Europe over the past decade. This volume will be of interest to media professionals, academics and others with an interest in the power of journalism.
Reporting US Politics: The Local TV Perspective
by Brian CalfanoWith a particular focus on the United States, this book offers a practical guide to writing and delivering sound political TV news coverage.Beginning with a historical overview of political reporting, and contextualizing political journalism and local TV news within wider industry issues, this book goes on to offer an essential understanding of the complex decision-making inherent in this critical form of journalism today. In accessible and engaging language, Calfano introduces students to all the basics of local political TV reporting—writing, shooting, editing, and producing—touching on long-form interviewing, political "talkbacks," election coverage, using data, and investigative journalism as a means of uncovering political stories. Readers will learn about working the political beats, from the City Hall to the Statehouse and from policy to budgets, in a way which is both compelling and ethical. A chapter on local, state, and federal government acts as a quick reference primer to the US political landscape. Each chapter includes a series of reflection exercises and ideas for exploring political coverage from the perspectives introduced, and case studies help readers translate what they’ve learned into real-world practice. This book also features a list of quick hacks for political reporters and a political resource list which TV news reporters and producers can go to for sources and government information.This textbook is essential reading for anyone aspiring to become a reporter, producer, or news manager in the United States and will also be of great value to students of Political Journalism, Broadcast Journalism, and Local TV News worldwide.
Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime (Digital Media And Society Ser.)
by Stuart Allan Barbie ZelizerReporting War explores the social responsibilities of the journalist during times of military conflict. News media treatments of international crises, especially the one underway in Iraq, are increasingly becoming the subject of public controversy, and discussion is urgently needed. Each of this book's contributors challenges familiar assumptions about war reporting from a distinctive perspective. An array of pressing issues associated with conflicts over recent years are identified and critiqued, always with an eye to what they can tell us about improving journalism today. Special attention is devoted to recent changes in journalistic forms and practices, and the ways in which they are shaping the visual culture of war, and issues discussed, amongst many, include: the influence of censorship and propaganda 'us' and 'them' news narratives access to sources '24/7 rolling news' and the 'CNN effect' military jargon (such as 'friendly fire' and 'collateral damage') 'embedded' and 'unilateral' reporters tensions between objectivity and patriotism. The book raises important questions about the very future of journalism during wartime, questions which demand public dialogue and debate, and is essential reading for students taking courses in news and news journalism, as well as for researchers, teachers and practitioners in the field.
Reporting War: How Foreign Correspondents Risked Capture, Torture and Death to Cover World War II
by Ray MoseleyThis &“excellent, wonderfully-researched&” chronicle of WWII journalism explores the lives and work of embedded reporters across every theater of war (Chris Ogden, former Time magazine bureau chief in London). Luminary journalists Ed Murrow, Martha Gellhorn, Walter Cronkite, and Clare Hollingworth were among the young reporters who chronicled World War II&’s daily horrors and triumphs for Western readers. In Reporting War, fellow foreign correspondent Ray Moseley mines their writings to create an exhilarating parallel narrative of the war effort in Europe, Pearl Harbor, North Africa, and Japan. This vivid history also explores the lives, methods, and motivations of the courageous journalists who doggedly followed the action and the story, often while embedded in the Allied armies. Moseley&’s sweeping yet intimate history draws on newly unearthed material to offer a comprehensive account of the war. Reporting War sheds much-needed light on an abundance of individual stories and overlooked experiences, including those of women and African-American journalists, which capture the drama as it was lived by reporters on the front lines of history.
Reporting World War II (World War II: The Global, Human, and Ethical Dimension)
by G. Kurt Piehler and Ingo TrauschweizerThis set of essays offers new insights into the journalistic process and the pressures American front-line reporters experienced covering World War II. Transmitting stories through cable or couriers remained expensive and often required the cooperation of foreign governments and the American armed forces. Initially, reporters from a neutral America documented the early victories by Nazi Germany and the Soviet invasion of Finland. Not all journalists strove for objectivity. During her time reporting from Ireland, Helen Kirkpatrick remained a fierce critic of that country’s neutrality. Once the United States joined the fight after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, American journalists supported the struggle against the Axis powers, but this volume will show that reporters, even when members of the army sponsored newspaper, Stars and Stripes were not mere ciphers of the official line.African American reporters Roi Ottley and Ollie Stewart worked to bolster the morale of Black GIs and undermined the institutional racism endemic to the American war effort. Women front-line reporters are given their due in this volume examining the struggles to overcome gender bias by describing triumphs of Thérèse Mabel Bonney, Iris Carpenter, Lee Carson, and Anne Stringer.The line between public relations and journalism could be a fine one as reflected by the U.S. Marine Corps’ creating its own network of Marine correspondents who reported on the Pacific island campaigns and had their work published by American media outlets. Despite the pressures of censorship, the best American reporters strove for accuracy in reporting the facts even when dependent on official communiqués issued by the military. Many wartime reporters, even when covering major turning points, sought to embrace a reporting style that recorded the experiences of average soldiers. Often associated with Ernie Pyle and Bill Mauldin, the embrace of the human-interest story served as one of the enduring legacies of the conflict.Despite the importance of American war reporting in shaping perceptions of the war on the home front as well as shaping the historical narrative of the conflict, this work underscores how there is more to learn. Readers will gain from this work a new appreciation of the contribution of American journalists in writing the first version of history of the global struggle against Nazi Germany, imperial Japan, and fascist Italy.
Reporting World War II: American Journalism 1938-1946
by Nancy Caldwell Sorel Anne Matthew Samuel Hynes Roger J. SpillerHere, for the first time in paperback, the work of more than 50 remarkable reporters has been drawn from original newspaper and magazine reports, radio transcripts, and wartime books to capture the intensity of World War II's unfolding drama.
Reposition Yourself: Living Life Without Limits
by T.D. JakesLife should be full of success, spirituality, and happy relationships, but we often settle for less—Reposition Yourself is a guide for living a more prosperous life through Christian principles.The star of BET&’s Mind, Body & Soul, and featured guest speaker on Oprah&’s Lifeclass, Potters House pastor T.D. Jakes offers readers the New York Times bestselling Reposition Yourself: Living Life Without Limits, an inspirational narrative self-help book that provides the spiritual underpinnings of his message about applying Christian principles to adjust to the many changes that life brings. In the vein of Joel Osteen&’s Become a Better You and Dr. Phil&’s Life Strategies, Reposition Yourself uses wisdom collected from more than thirty years of Jakes&’s experience counseling and working with high-profile and everyday people on financial, relational, and spiritual creativity on the path to an enriched life filled with contentment at every stage.
Reposition Yourself Reflections
by T. D. JakesT.D. Jakes offers readers of the New York Times bestseller Reposition Yourself: Living Life Without Limits a collection of scripture and quotes that provides the spiritual underpinnings of his message about applying Christian principles to adjust to the many changes that life brings. Reposition Yourself, the narrative book, uses wisdom collected from more than thirty years of Jakes's experience counseling and working with high-profile and everyday people on financial, relational, and spiritual creativity on the path to an enriched life filled with contentment at every stage. Reposition Yourself Reflections collects the words that ground Reposition Yourself solidly in biblical teachings. Reflections is an essential keepsake, to carry with you in moments when inspiration and encouragement are needed.
Repositioning Shakespeare: National Formations, Postcolonial Appropriations (Routledge Research In Shakespeare And Renaissance Studies #Vol. 2)
by Thomas CartelliRepositioning Shakespeare offers an original assessment of a broad range of texts and cultural events that appropriate Shakespeare. Examining these materials within the context of 'the nation' in a postcolonial era, Thomas Cartelli considers: * essays by Walt Whitman * the nineteenth-century play, 'Jack Cade' * novels by Aphra Behn, Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, Michelle Cliff, Tayeb Salih, Nadine Gordimer and Robert Stone * the 1849 Astor Place Riot Cartelli places particular emphasis on redefining the 'postcolonial' in order to find a place for America. In doing so, Repositioning Shakespeare makes a considerable contribution to the continuing debate about the uses we make of Shakespeare.
Represent and Destroy: Rationalizing Violence in the New Racial Capitalism (Difference Incorporated)
by Jodi MelamedIn the global convulsions in the aftermath of World War II, one dominant world racial order broke apart and a new one emerged. This is the story Jodi Melamed tells in Represent and Destroy, portraying the postwar racial break as a transition from white supremacist modernity to a formally antiracist liberal capitalist modernity in which racial violence works normatively by policing representations of difference. Following the institutionalization of literature as a privileged domain for Americans to get to know difference—to describe, teach, and situate themselves with respect to race—Melamed focuses on literary studies as a cultural technology for transmitting liberal racial orders. She examines official antiracism in the United States and finds that these were key to ratifying the country&’s global ascendancy. She shows how racial liberalism, liberal multiculturalism, and neoliberal multiculturalism made racism appear to be disappearing, even as they incorporated the assumptions of global capitalism into accepted notions of racial equality. Yet Represent and Destroy also recovers an anticapitalist &“race radical&” tradition that provides a materialist opposition to official antiracisms in the postwar United States—a literature that sounds out the violence of liberal racial orders, relinks racial inequality to material conditions, and compels desire for something better than U.S. multiculturalism.
Representaciones del intelectual: Ensayos sobre literatura clásica (Paidos Studio Ser.)
by Edward W. SaidSaid analiza la importancia de la visión ética y la lucha contra la arbitrariedad del poder por parte de los intelectuales. Pocos autores han alcanzado la talla moral e intelectual del profesor Said, cuya figura crece con el paso del tiempo. Respetado incluso por sus detractores, en este libro (seis magistrales conferencias del ciclo Reith, que inició, en 1948, Bertrand Russell) se analiza la importancia de la visión ética y la lucha contra la arbitrariedad del poder por parte de los intelectuales en nuestro tiempo. Said parte de la idea clásica del intelectual como francotirador, perturbador del status quo, un desmitificador obligado a la soledad del juicio ante el empuje de los medios de comunicación que moldean la opinión pública mundial. El intelectual, sostiene el profesor Said, deberá ser el encargado de descubrir esta manipulación. Encuadrados dentro de la sociedad de consumo, los intelectuales son vulnerables a la presión del poder y caen, en numerosas ocasiones, en la banalidad y la falta de sentido crítico. Frente a la cómoda complicidad, la principal misión del intelectual consistirá, a ojos de Edward W. Said -un pensador comprometido con su tiempo-, en defender la independencia de criterio. Esta posición, cuando es real, les llevará a vivir como marginados o, en el peor de los casos -la propia vivencia de Said-, como exiliados.
Representation: The Birth of Historical Reality from the Death of the Past (Columbia Themes in Philosophy)
by Franklin Rudolf AnkersmitWhat makes historical writing distinctive? In Representation, Franklin Rudolf Ankersmit—the preeminent figure in the philosophy of history today—offers a deeply original way of understanding the practice of historical writing and a powerful vindication of history as an empirical discipline. Based on a new reading of the philosophy of G. W. Leibniz, Ankersmit constructs a rigorous framework for understanding the nature of historical argument.Representation argues that while previous states of affairs have left evidence that can be used to formulate true statements, the past itself is irretrievably lost. A condition of historical writing is that the past as such does not exist. Historical texts are best understood as complex signs that mutually criticize one another to compose a historical reality fundamentally distinct from common-sense notions of the past.Representation casts an entirely new light on fundamental concepts such as historical truth, historical debate, and historical rationality. Cogent, forceful, and provocative, this book is the most ambitious work in the philosophy of history in many years.
Representation and Its Discontents: The Critical Legacy of German Romanticism
by Azade SeyhanAzade Seyhan provides a concise, elegantly argued introduction to the critical theory of German Romanticism and demonstrates how its approach to the metaphorical and linguistic nature of knowledge is very much alive in contemporary philosophy and literary theory. Her analysis of key thinkers such as Friedrich Schlegel and Novalis explores their views on rhetoric, systematicity, hermeneutics, and cultural interpretation. Seyhan examines German Romanticism as a critical intervention in the debates on representation, which developed in response to the philosophical revolution of German Idealism.Facing a chaotic political and intellectual landscape, the eighteenth-century theorists sought new models of understanding and new objectives for criticism and philosophy. Representation and Its Discontents identifies the legacy of this formative moment in modern criticism and suggests its relevance to contemporary discussions of post-structuralism, orientalism, theories of textuality, and the nature of philosophical discourse.
Representation in Children′s Literature: Reflecting Realities in the classroom
by CLPEThe under-representation of characters of colour in children′s literature in the UK is quantified in the CLPE′s award winning Reflecting Realities research.Through this research, the CLPE actively disrupts the demand-and-supply chain and holds the children′s publishing industry to account, encouraging it to do better. This book: * explores what Reflecting Realities teaches us; * empowers teachers to take positive to ensure classroom libraries are truly representative; * takes time to reflect on the research; * enables teachers to explore what constitutes quality representation; * includes practical support on how to translate this thinking into positive change in the classroom; * provides guidance for curating literature for young readers; * highlights how engagement with inclusive literature positively impacts school reading cultures and wider teaching and learning.
Representation in Children′s Literature: Reflecting Realities in the classroom
by CLPEThe under-representation of characters of colour in children′s literature in the UK is quantified in the CLPE′s award winning Reflecting Realities research.Through this research, the CLPE actively disrupts the demand-and-supply chain and holds the children′s publishing industry to account, encouraging it to do better. This book: * explores what Reflecting Realities teaches us; * empowers teachers to take positive to ensure classroom libraries are truly representative; * takes time to reflect on the research; * enables teachers to explore what constitutes quality representation; * includes practical support on how to translate this thinking into positive change in the classroom; * provides guidance for curating literature for young readers; * highlights how engagement with inclusive literature positively impacts school reading cultures and wider teaching and learning.
Representation, Inclusion and Social Justice in World Language Teaching: Research and Pedagogy for Inclusive Classrooms
by Lillie Padilla Rosti VanaThis volume introduces teaching methodologies for improving and incorporating representation, inclusion and social justice perspectives in the world language curriculum. Chapters present state-of-the-art research and cover many different language contexts, including French, Spanish, Mandarin, and Portuguese. Authors discuss difficult and hot topics, such as Critical Language Awareness, Critical Race Theory, non-binary language use in gendered languages, culturally sustaining curriculum, teaching heritage language speakers, and more. Ideal for graduate courses, students, and scholars in world language education, the volume offers new pathways and strategies for promoting diversity and equity in the classroom.
Representation Learning for Natural Language Processing
by Zhiyuan Liu Yankai Lin Maosong SunThis book provides an overview of the recent advances in representation learning theory, algorithms, and applications for natural language processing (NLP), ranging from word embeddings to pre-trained language models. It is divided into four parts. Part I presents the representation learning techniques for multiple language entries, including words, sentences and documents, as well as pre-training techniques. Part II then introduces the related representation techniques to NLP, including graphs, cross-modal entries, and robustness. Part III then introduces the representation techniques for the knowledge that are closely related to NLP, including entity-based world knowledge, sememe-based linguistic knowledge, legal domain knowledge and biomedical domain knowledge. Lastly, Part IV discusses the remaining challenges and future research directions.The theories and algorithms of representation learning presented can also benefit other related domains such as machine learning, social network analysis, semantic Web, information retrieval, data mining and computational biology. This book is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, researchers, lecturers, and industrial engineers, as well as anyone interested in representation learning and natural language processing.As compared to the first edition, the second edition (1) provides a more detailed introduction to representation learning in Chapter 1; (2) adds four new chapters to introduce pre-trained language models, robust representation learning, legal knowledge representation learning and biomedical knowledge representation learning; (3) updates recent advances in representation learning in all chapters; and (4) corrects some errors in the first edition. The new contents will be approximately 50%+ compared to the first edition. This is an open access book.
Representation Learning for Natural Language Processing
by Maosong Sun Zhiyuan Liu Yankai LinThis open access book provides an overview of the recent advances in representation learning theory, algorithms and applications for natural language processing (NLP). It is divided into three parts. Part I presents the representation learning techniques for multiple language entries, including words, phrases, sentences and documents. Part II then introduces the representation techniques for those objects that are closely related to NLP, including entity-based world knowledge, sememe-based linguistic knowledge, networks, and cross-modal entries. Lastly, Part III provides open resource tools for representation learning techniques, and discusses the remaining challenges and future research directions. The theories and algorithms of representation learning presented can also benefit other related domains such as machine learning, social network analysis, semantic Web, information retrieval, data mining and computational biology. This book is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, researchers, lecturers, and industrial engineers, as well as anyone interested in representation learning and natural language processing.
The Representation of Genocide in Graphic Novels: Considering The Role Of Kitsch (Palgrave Studies In Comics And Graphic Novels Ser.)
by Laurike in 't VeldThis book mobilises the concept of kitsch to investigate the tensions around the representation of genocide in international graphic novels that focus on the Holocaust and the genocides in Armenia, Rwanda, and Bosnia. In response to the predominantly negative readings of kitsch as meaningless or inappropriate, this book offers a fresh approach that considers how some of the kitsch strategies employed in these works facilitate an affective interaction with the genocide narrative. These productive strategies include the use of the visual metaphors of the animal and the doll figure and the explicit and excessive depictions of mass violence. The book also analyses where kitsch still produces problems as it critically examines depictions of perpetrators and the visual and verbal representations of sexual violence. Furthermore, it explores how graphic novels employ anti-kitsch strategies to avoid the dangers of excess in dealing with genocide. The Representation of Genocide in Graphic Novels will appeal to those working in comics-graphic novel studies, popular culture studies, and Holocaust and genocide studies.
The Representation of REFUGEES and MIGRANTS in European National Media Discourses from 2015 to 2017: A Contrastive Approach (Corpus Linguistics) (Linguistik in Empirie und Theorie/Empirical and Theoretical Linguistics)
by Annamária FábiánThough the refugee crisis was discussed in many countries e.g. in Greece, Hungary, Italy and Spain long before 2015, it began to receive cross- European press coverage only after Angela Merkel’s statement ‘Wir schaffen das!’ on the August 30th 2015 This data-based study focuses on, how journalists report on and leading politicians make statements about refugees, migrants and asylum seekers in media and frame these humans after Angela Merkels’ sentence in 2015 until the end of 2017. This volume uses mainly Corpus Linguistics but also Communicative Science for the analysis of labelling strategies and the usage of words, collocations and grammar systems used by journalists and politicians in different European countries in comparison. This empirical volume pictures language specific variation and change of labels. To enable a contrastive study between the press discourses of many European countries, every chapter analyses the data consisting of newspaper articles describing the discourse of a particular country, including discourses of some transit countries around the borders of the Schengen Area of the European Union, which barely have been covered in other studies.