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The Routledge Intermediate Persian Course: Farsi Shirin Ast, Book Two
by Dominic Parviz Brookshaw Pouneh Shabani-JadidiThe Routledge Intermediate Persian Course, second edition, is an intermediate level Persian textbook written specifically for English-speaking university students that incorporates the guidelines of the American Council of Teaching Foreign Languages and those of the Common European Framework of Reference in its tasks and activities. The diversity of the texts in this textbook helps to familiarize students with a range of literary genres and provides them with the necessary building blocks to continue reading on their own. One of the distinctive features of this book is its content-based and task-based approach to learning the language; all the material provided has been carefully selected to support and enhance a student-centred class environment. In addition, all the texts are real texts and excerpts extracted from books published in Iran. As with The Routledge Introductory Persian Course , all the texts in this volume are available online in the form of audio files. These texts are recorded by native speakers and available for instructors and students to download freely at www.routledge.com/9781032319728. The Routledge Intermediate Persian Course: Farsi Shirin Ast, Book Two, second edition, follows on where the first textbook ends and is ideal for all intermediate learners of Persian in their second year of study.
The Routledge Intermediate Polish Reader: Polish through the press, internet and contemporary literature
by Aniela Grundy Oscar SwanThe Routledge Intermediate Polish Reader is designed for intermediate students of Polish and includes a wide range of graded texts. The readings are taken from an assortment of contemporary Polish writing, including extracts from modern literature and articles from magazines and newspapers. The texts have been specifically selected to ensure that students receive maximum exposure to topics relevant to Polish language, history, culture and society, making this Reader an engaging and stimulating resource with a meaningful cultural context. Each reading is fully supported by: a general introduction text-related comprehension questions and extensive vocabulary exercises explanations of any difficult grammar structures encountered in the text a comprehensive glossary at the back of the book detailed cultural-historical notes answer key grammar supplement Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Polish Reader is an essential tool for vocabulary learning and increasing reading proficiency.
The Routledge Intermediate Russian Reader
by Lydia BuravovaThe Routledge Intermediate Russian Reader has been specially designed for intermediate, upper intermediate and advanced learners of Russian and comprises a wide range of graded readings. The materials include authentic extracts from mass media and literature by renowned modern writers such as A. Slapovsky, E. Grishkovets, A. Starobinets and M. Shishkin. The texts have been specifically selected to ensure that students receive maximum exposure to topics relevant to Russian language, history, culture and society, making the Reader an engaging and stimulating resource with a meaningful cultural context. Each reading is supported by: a general introduction supportive exercises consolidating students’ knowledge of frequent grammar and vocabulary structures from the texts text related comprehension questions and classroom tasks to help students build up strong and productive spoken and written skills a vocabulary list with English translation and answer key to the exercises for helpful reference lists for further reading, suggested topics for essays and discussions and internet research tasks to encourage proactive further learning. Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Russian Reader is an essential tool for increasing language proficiency, developing reading skills and enriching learners’ cultural knowledge. Internet links to the tasks are available at www.routledge.com/9780415678872
The Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader: A Genre-Based Approach to Reading as a Social Practice
by Noriko Iwasaki Yuri KumagaiThe Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader: A Genre-Based Approach to Reading as a Social Practice is designed for intermediate to advanced learners of Japanese and presents twenty-five authentic texts taken from a wide range of media and literary sources, which promote a deeper understanding of Japan among readers. The book is divided into ten genre-based chapters, allowing the learner to focus on the textual features relevant to that genre. Key features include: Selected texts covering topics related to Japanese language, society and culture encountered in the Japanese media, from news reports to interviews, book reviews, short stories and editorials. Word lists for challenging vocabulary and kanji provided throughout to aid comprehension and learning. Pre-reading activities to enable familiarity with the topic, the text’s background and words to be encountered in the reading passages. Short grammar explanations of essential structures. Questions to help comprehension, raise awareness of genre features, promote critical reading, and to encourage the reader to think more deeply about the content. Opportunities to write passages, utilizing what has been learned by reading the text. Vocabulary and grammar lists at the back of the book. The Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader emphasizes reading as a purposeful social act, which requires readers to make meaning of the text by considering the authors’ choices in language (scripts, vocabulary, styles) in the text. The learners are guided to situate each text in society (for example, the author, target audience, social-cultural background related to the subject) in order to understand the social significance of reading and writing. This book aims to help learners develop the ability to critically read and write in Japanese for their own social purposes. It is suitable for both class use and independent study.
The Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader: Political and Cultural Articles
by Senel SymonsThe Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader has been specially designed for intermediate and advanced learners of Turkish and comprises a broad selection of graded readings. Written by prominent Turkish academics and journalists, the collection of modern texts presented here have been carefully selected to ensure students receive maximum exposure to current political and cultural issues related to Turkey; from gender, ethnicity, religion and social class through to arts and history. Each reading is fully supported by: an introduction written by an expert in the related field a vocabulary list with English translation and vocabulary in context short grammar explanations of any difficult structures encountered in the text comprehension questions directly text related, language exercises and subject specific questions to generate class-discussion and essay writing in Turkish a key to comprehension questions and language exercises a list of suggested further reading (online support). Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Turkish Reader is an essential tool for increasing language proficiency and enriching the learners’ socio-cultural knowledge of Turkey. Companion website available at http://www.senelsymons.co.uk/books/ Introductions in English by: Prof. Dr. E. Fuat Keyman, Koç University, Prof. Dr. Ümit Cizre, Bilkent University, Dr. Can Dündar, journalist, writer, columnist, director, Dr. Martin Stokes, Oxford University, Prof. Dr. Cemil Koçak, Sabanc? University, Prof. Dr. Fatih Selami Mahmuto?lu, ?stanbul University, Prof. Dr. Fatma Gök, Bo?aziçi University, Prof. Dr. Dilek Cindo?lu, Bilkent University, Prof. Dr. Y?ld?z Silier, Bo?aziçi University, Prof. Dr. Ay?egül Kibaro?lu, Middle East Technical University, Prof. Dr. Oya Pancaro?lu, Bo?aziçi University, Prof. Dr. Meliz Ergin, Koç University, Prof. Dr. Özlem Tür, Middle East Technical University, Prof. Dr. Ay?e Uydurano?lu, Bilgi University, Prof. Dr. Zeynep Gambetti, Bo?aziçi University, Prof. Dr. Saime Özçürümez, Bilkent University, Prof. Dr. Kür?ad Ertu?rul, Middle East Technical University, Dr. Selin Akyüz-?a?maz, Bilkent University. The articles in Turkish by: Prof. Dr. Murat Belge, Bilgi University, Prof. Dr. Orhan Tekelio?lu, Bahçe?ehir University, Prof. Dr. E. Fuat Keyman, Koç University, Murat Yetkin, journalist, columnist, lecturer, Radikal, Prof. Dr. Türker Alkan, Çankaya University, Prof. Dr. Bask?n Oran, Ankara University, Prof. Dr. Hakan Hakeri, Ondokuz May?s University; Cem Erciyes, journalist, Radikal, Dr. Fikret Bila, journalist, columnist, Milliyet, Prof. Dr. ?ahin Alpay, Bahçe?ehir University, Prof. Dr. Mümtaz‘er Türköne, Gazi University, Prof. Dr. Mahnaz Gümrükçüo?lu, Sakarya University, Dr. Ali Bayramo?lu, journalist, Yeni ?afak, Prof. Dr. Hakk? Uyar, Dokuz Eylül University, Ay?e Hür, historian, journalist, columnist, Taraf.
The Routledge Intermediate Welsh Reader
by Gareth KingThe Routledge Intermediate Welsh Reader is a comprehensive reader designed to provide varied, stimulating and up-to-date reading material for learners of Welsh at the intermediate level. The Welsh Reader provides a bridge between basic literacy skills and the ability to read full novels and newspapers in Welsh. It consists of thirty-five authentic readings, graded on the basis of complexity of vocabulary, grammar and syntax. These readings are drawn from a range of contemporary sources such as newspapers and magazines as well as novels and historical works. It is ideal for learners who already possess a knowledge of essential grammar and vocabulary and who wish to expand their knowledge of the language through contextualized reading material. Key features include: extracts of modern literature and newspaper/magazine articles vocabulary lists for quick reference short grammar explanations of any complicated structures initial consonant mutations marked typographically comprehension and discussion questions full answer key Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Welsh Reader is an essential tool for facilitating vocabulary learning and increasing reading proficiency.
The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia (Routledge International Handbooks)
by Andy Kirkpatrick Anthony J. LiddicoatThis must-have handbook offers a comprehensive survey of the field. It reviews the language education policies of Asia, encompassing 30 countries sub-divided by regions, namely East, Southeast, South and Central Asia, and considers the extent to which these are being implemented and with what effect. The most recent iteration of language education policies of each of the countries is described and the impact and potential consequence of any change is critically considered. Each country chapter provides a historical overview of the languages in use and language education policies, examines the ideologies underpinning the language choices, and includes an account of the debates and controversies surrounding language and language education policies, before concluding with some predictions for the future.
The Routledge International Handbook of Positioning Theory (Routledge International Handbooks)
by Luk Van Langenhove Cynthia H. Brock Mary B. McVee Bo Allesøe ChristensenThis handbook is the first of its kind to explore Positioning Theory. Taking inspiration from the groundwork set by Rom Harré and collaborators such as Bronwyn Davies, Fathali Moghaddam, Luk Van Langenhove, and others the book explores the emergence, historical context, and disciplinary applications of Positioning Theory and its basic precepts as a social psychological theory.This volume encompasses over 20 chapters across four sections, assimilating cross-disciplinary insights that try to understand the theoretical underpinnings, methodological applications, and contemporary relevance of Positioning Theory. Part 1 explores the movement of scholarly figures and their numerous works on the subject. It discusses the foundational origins and the historical contexts of the existing theories on positioning and new directions for scholarship. Part 2 examines the methodological and narrative investigations used for data analysis in positioning research, navigating through the epistemological orientations and theoretical landscapes of Positioning Theory. Part 3 explores numerous applications across disciplines to consider the reach and influence of positioning within and across multiple disciplines. Lastly, the authors contemplate the future directions for Positioning Theory.Featuring researchers from leading research institutions from across the globe, the book is important reading for scholars interested in positioning and Positioning Theory. We recommend this handbook for graduate-level courses in social psychology, communication, discourse studies and related disciplines.
The Routledge International Handbook of Research on Writing (Routledge Handbooks in Communication Studies)
by Rosalind HorowitzThis scholarly research Handbook aggregates the broad-ranging, interdisciplinary, multidimensional strands of writing research from scholars worldwide and brings them together into a common intellectual space. This is the first such international compilation. Now in its second edition, the Handbook inaugurates a wide scope of international research advancement, with attention to writing at all levels of schooling and in all life situations. It provides advanced surveys of scholarship on the histories of world and child writing and literacy; interconnections between writing, reading, and speech; digital writing; writing in communities; writing in the sciences and engineering; writing instruction and assessment; and writing and disability. A section on international measures for assessment of writing is a new addition to this compendium of research. This Handbook serves as a comprehensive resource for scholars, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates in writing studies and rhetoric, composition, creative expression, education, and literacy studies.
Routledge International Handbook of Schools and Schooling in Asia (Routledge International Handbooks)
by Kerry J. Kennedy John Chi-Kin LeeThis comprehensive handbook is the ultimate reference work, providing authoritative and international overviews of all aspects of schools and schooling in Asia. Split into 19 sections it covers curriculum, learning and assessment, private supplementary tutoring, special education, gender issues, ethnic minority education and LGBTQI students in Asian schools. The volume displays the current state of the scholarship for schools and schooling in Asia including emerging, controversial and cutting-edge contributions using a thematic approach. The content offers a broad sweep of the region with a focus on theoretical, cultural and political issues as well as identifying educational issues and priorities, such as curriculum, assessment, teacher education, school leadership, etc., all of which impact students and learning in multiple ways. The Routledge International Handbook of Schools and Schooling in Asia brings together experts in each area to contribute their knowledge, providing a multidimensional and rich view of the issues confronting the region’s school and education systems.
The Routledge Introduction to African American Literature (Routledge Introductions to American Literature)
by D. Quentin MillerThe Routledge Introduction to African American Literature considers the key literary, political, historical and intellectual contexts of African American literature from its origins to the present, and also provides students with an analysis of the most up-to-date literary trends and debates in African American literature. This accessible and engaging guide covers a variety of essential topics such as: Vernacular, Oral, and Blues Traditions in Literature Slave Narratives and Their Influence The Harlem Renaissance Mid-twentieth century black American Literature Literature of the civil rights and Black Power era Contemporary African American Writing Key thematic and theoretical debates within the field Examining the relationship between the literature and its historical and sociopolitical contexts, D. Quentin Miller covers key authors and works as well as less canonical writers and themes, including literature and music, female authors, intersectionality and transnational black writing.
The Routledge Introduction to American Comics (Routledge Introductions to American Literature)
by Andrew J. Kunka Rachel R. MillerThis accessible, up-to-date textbook covers the history of comics as it developed in the US in all of its forms: political cartoons and newspaper comic strips, comic books, graphic novels, minicomics, and webcomics. Over the course of its six chapters, this introductory textbook addresses the artistic, cultural, social, economic, and technological impacts and innovations that comics have had in American history. Readers will be immersed in the history of American comics—from its origins in 18th-century political cartoons and late 19th-century newspaper strips to the rise of the wildly popular comic book, the radical, grassroots collectives that grew out of the underground comix movement of the 1960s and 1970s, all the way through contemporary longform graphic novels, the vibrant self-publishing scene, and groundbreaking webcomics. The Routledge Introduction to American Comics guides students, researchers, archivists, and even fans of the medium through a contemporary history of comics, attending to how a diverse range of creators and researchers have advanced the art form in key ways since its inception as a foundational art of American popular culture. In this way, it is uniquely suited to readers engaged in the study of comics, as well as those interested in the creation of comics and graphic narratives.
The Routledge Introduction to American Drama (Routledge Introductions to American Literature)
by Paul ThifaultThis volume provides an accessible and engaging guide to the study of American dramatic literature. Designed to support students in reading, discussing, and writing about commonly assigned American plays, this text offers timely resources to think critically and originally about key moments on the American stage. Combining comprehensive coverage of the core plays from the post-Revolutionary era to the present, each chapter includes: historical and cultural context of each of the plays and their distinctive literary features clear introductions to the ongoing critical debates they have provoked collaborative prompts for classroom or online discussion annotated bibliographies for further research With its accessible prose style and clear structure, this introduction spotlights specific plays while encouraging students to contemplate timely questions of American identity across its selected span of US theatrical history.
The Routledge Introduction to American Life Writing (Routledge Introductions to American Literature)
by Amy Monticello Jason TuckerThe stories of lived experience offer powerful representations of a nation’s complex and often fractured identity. Personal narratives have taken many forms in American literature. From the letters and journals of the famous and the lesser known to the memoirs of former slaves to hit true crime podcasts to lyric essays to the curated archives we keep on social media, life writing has been a tool of both the influential and the disenfranchised to spark cultural and political evolution, to help define the larger identity of the nation, and to claim a sense of belonging within it. Taken together, individual stories of real American lives weave a tapestry of history, humanity, and art while raising questions about the veracity of memory and the slippery nature of truth. This volume surveys the forms of life writing that have contributed to the richness of American literature and shaped American discourse. It examines life writing as a rhetorical tool for social change and explores how technological advancement has allowed ordinary Americans to chronicle and share their lives with others.
The Routledge Introduction to American Modernism (Routledge Introductions to American Literature)
by Linda Wagner-MartinThe modernist period was crucial for American literature as it gave writers the chance to be truly innovative and create their own distinct identity. Starting slightly earlier than many guides to modernism this lucid and comprehensive guide introduces the reader to the essential history of the period including technology, religion, economy, class, gender and immigration. These contexts are woven of into discussions of many significant authors and texts from the period. Wagner-Martin brings her years of writing about American modernism to explicate poetry and drama as well as fiction and life-writing. Among the authors emphasized are Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Willa Cather, John Dos Passos, William Carlos Williams, Mike Gold, James T. Farrell, Clifford Odets, John Steinbeck and countless others. A clear and engaging introduction to an exciting period of literature, this is the ultimate guide for those seeking an overview of American Modernism.
The Routledge Introduction to American Postmodernism (Routledge Introductions to American Literature)
by Linda Wagner-MartinThe Routledge Introduction to American Postmodernism offers readers a fresh, insightful overview to all genres of postmodern writing. Drawing on a variety of works from not only mainstream authors but also those that are arguably unconventional, renowned scholar Linda Wagner-Martin gives the reader a solid framework and foundation to reading, understanding, and appreciating postmodern literature since its inception through the present day.
The Routledge Introduction to American Renaissance Literature (Routledge Introductions to American Literature)
by Larry J. ReynoldsExamining the most frequently taught works by key writers of the American Renaissance, including Poe, Emerson, Fuller, Douglass, Hawthorne, Melville, Thoreau, Jacobs, Stowe, Whitman, and Dickinson, this engaging and accessible book offers the crucial historical, social, and political contexts in which they must be studied. Larry J. Reynolds usefully groups authors together for more lively and fruitful discussion and engages with current as well as historical theoretical debates on the area. The book includes essential biographical and historical information to situate and contextualize the literature, and incorporates major relevant criticism in each chapter. Recommended readings for further study, along with a list of works cited, conclude each chapter.
The Routledge Introduction to American War Literature (Routledge Introductions to American Literature)
by Jennifer HaytockWar and violence have arguably been some of the strongest influences on literature, but the relation is complex: more than just a subject for story-telling, war tends to reshape literature and culture. Modern war literature necessarily engages with national ideologies, and this volume looks at the specificity of how American literature deals with the emotional, intellectual, social, political, and economic contradictions that evolve into and out of war. Raising questions about how American ideals of independence and gender affect representations of war while also considering how specifically American experiences of race and class interweave with representations of combat, this book is a rich and coherent introduction to these texts and critical debates.
The Routledge Introduction to American Women Writers (Routledge Introductions to American Literature)
by Wendy Martin Sharone WilliamsThe Routledge Introduction to American Women Writers considers the important literary, historical, cultural, and intellectual contexts of American women authors from the seventeenth century to the present and provides readers with an analysis of current literary trends and debates in women’s literature. This accessible and engaging guide covers a variety of essential topics, such as: the transatlantic and transnational origins of American women's literary traditions the colonial period and the Puritans the early national period and the rhetoric of independence the nineteenth century and the Civil War the twentieth century, including modernism, the Harlem Renaissance, and the Civil Rights era trends in twenty-first century American women's writing feminism, gender and sexuality, regionalism, domesticity, ethnicity, and multiculturalism. The volume examines the ways in which women writers from diverse racial, social, and cultural backgrounds have shaped American literary traditions, giving particular attention to the ways writers worked inside, outside, and around the strictures of their cultural and historical moments to create space for women’s voices and experiences as a vital part of American life. Addressing key contemporary and theoretical debates, this comprehensive overview presents a highly readable narrative of the development of literature by American women and offers a crucial range of perspectives on American literary history.
The Routledge Introduction to Auto/biography in Canada (Routledge Introductions to Canadian Literature)
by Sonja Boon Laurie McNeill Julie Rak Candida RifkindThe Routledge Introduction to Auto/biography in Canada explores the exciting world of nonfiction writing about the self, designed to give teachers and students the tools they need to study both canonical and lesser-known works. The volume introduces important texts and contexts for interpreting life narratives, demonstrates the conceptual tools necessary to understand what life narratives are and how they work, and offers an historical overview of key moments in Canadian auto/biography. Not sure what life writing in Canada is, or how to study it? This critical introduction covers the tools and approaches you require in order to undertake your own interpretation of life writing texts. You will encounter nonfictional writing about individual lives and experiences—including biography, autobiography, letters, diaries, comics, poetry, plays, and memoirs. The volume includes case studies to provide examples of how to study and research life narratives and toolkits to help you apply what you learn. The Routledge Introduction to Auto/biography in Canada provides instructors and students with the contexts and the critical tools to discover the power of life writing, and the skills to study any kind of nonfiction, from Canada and around the world.
The Routledge Introduction to Canadian Crime Fiction
by Pamela BedoreWho are the most important Canadian crime and detective writers? How do they help represent Canada as a nation? How do they distinguish Canada’s approach to questions of crime, detection, and social justice from those of other countries? The Routledge Introduction to Canadian Crime Fiction provides a much-needed investigation into how crime and detection have been, are, and will be represented within Canada’s national literature, with an attention to contemporary popular and literary texts. The book draws together a representative set of established Canadian authors who would appear in most courses on Canadian crime and detective fiction, while also introducing a few authors less established in the field. Ultimately, the book argues that crime fiction is a space of enormously productive hybridity that offers fresh new approaches to considering questions of national identity, gender, race, sexuality, and even genre.
The Routledge Introduction to Canadian Fantastic Literature (Routledge Introductions to Canadian Literature)
by Allan WeissThis study introduces the history, themes, and critical responses to Canadian fantastic literature. Taking a chronological approach, this volume covers the main periods of Canadian science fiction and fantasy from the early nineteenth century to the first decades of the twenty-first century. The book examines both the texts and the contexts of Canadian writing in the fantastic, analyzing themes and techniques in novels and short stories, and looking at both national and international contexts of the literature’s history. This introduction will offer a coherent narrative of Canadian fantastic literature through analysis of the major texts and authors in the field and through relating the authors’ work to the world around them.
The Routledge Introduction to Gender and Sexuality in Literature in Canada (Routledge Introductions to Canadian Literature)
by Linda M. MorraThe Routledge Introduction to Gender and Sexuality in Literature in Canada charts the evolution of gender and sexuality, as they have been represented and performed in the literatures of Canada for more than three centuries. From early colonial texts by Frances Brooke, to settler texts by Susanna Moodie and Catherine Parr Traill, to more contemporary texts by Jane Rule, Alice Munro, Joshua Whitehead, Ivan Coyote, and others, this volume will introduce readers to how gender and sexuality have been variably conceived in Canada and the work they perform across multiple genres. Calling upon recent currents of gender theory and examining the composition, structure, and history of selected literary texts—that is, the “literary sediments” that have accumulated over centuries—readers of this book will explore how those representations shift over time. By examining literature in Canada in relation to crucial cultural, political, and historical contexts, readers will better apprehend why that literature has significantly transformed and broadened to address racialized and fluid identities that continue to challenge and disrupt any stable notion of gendered and sexualized identity today.
The Routledge Introduction to Native American Literature (Routledge Introductions to American Literature)
by Drew LopenzinaThis Introduction makes available for both student, instructor, and affcianado a refined set of tools for decolonizing our approaches prior to entering the unfamiliar landscape of Native American literatures. This book will introduce indigenous perspectives and traditions as articulated by indigenous authors whose voices have been a vital, if often overlooked, component of the American dialogue for more than 400 years. Paramount to this consideration of Native-centered reading is the understanding that literature was not something bestowed upon Native peoples by the settler culture, either through benevolent interventions or violent programs of forced assimilation. Native literature precedes colonization, and Native stories and traditions have their roots in both the precolonized and the decolonizing worlds. As this far-reaching survey of Native literary contributions will demostrate, almost without fail, when indigenous writers elected to enter into the world of western letters, they did so with the intention of maintaining indigenous culture and community. Writing was and always remains a strategy for survival.
The Routledge Introduction to Qur'anic Arabic
by Munther YounesThe Routledge Introduction to Qur’ānic Arabic is an innovative, text-based, language course designed for students interested in acquiring a foundation in Qur’ānic and Classical Arabic. Focused on enhancing comprehension and vocabulary acquisition, the book contains 40 lessons designed to be covered in about 40 hours of classroom instruction. Starting with the shorter sūras of the Qur’ān, such as al-Fatiha and those of the Juz’ ‘Amma, it utilizes their recurring vocabulary and grammatical structures to build a stable linguistic foundation for learners before moving on to more challenging and longer sūras such as Yāsīn, Maryam and Yūsuf. Although the book is primarily designed for classroom use, the vocabulary and structures of the short sūras, the accompanying audio recordings, and the activities found throughout the book will also be helpful for independent learners. The only prerequisite is knowledge of the Arabic writing system. The audio material, which is available on the Routledge website, helps learners improve their pronunciation of individual sounds and develop their skills to syllabify Arabic words and phrases correctly in order to approximate that of native speakers. Also available on the website are answer keys to exercises and transcriptions of the audio material. Written by an experienced teacher, The Routledge Introduction to Qur’ānic Arabic is an essential guide for instructors, students and anyone interested in developing their knowledge of Qur’ānic Arabic.