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Spreading Activation, Lexical Priming and the Semantic Web: Early Psycholinguistic Theories, Corpus Linguistics and AI Applications
by Michael Pace-SiggeThis book explores the interconnections between linguistics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) research, their mutually influential theories and developments, and the areas where these two groups can still learn from each other. It begins with a brief history of artificial intelligence theories focusing on figures including Alan Turing and M. Ross Quillian and the key concepts of priming, spread-activation and the semantic web. The author details the origins of the theory of lexical priming in early AI research and how it can be used to explain structures of language that corpus linguists have uncovered. He explores how the idea of mirroring the mind’s language processing has been adopted to create machines that can be taught to listen and understand human speech in a way that goes beyond a fixed set of commands. In doing so, he reveals how the latest research into the semantic web and Natural Language Processing has developed from its early roots. The book moves on to describe how the technology has evolved with the adoption of inference concepts, probabilistic grammar models, and deep neural networks in order to fine-tune the latest language-processing and translation tools. This engaging book offers thought-provoking insights to corpus linguists, computational linguists and those working in AI and NLP.
Spreading the Word: Language and Dialect in America
by John McWhorterThe idea that there is one "best" English is so intuitively plausible and so relentlessly inculcated in us that it is only natural to attempt to uphold this "Standard" among our students. Our error is in thinking that anything that deviates from this Standard is wrong. In Spreading the Word, linguist John McWhorter proves that these nonstandard dialects are not bastardizations of Standard English, but alternate variations upon the basic plan of English, of which the Standard is but one. <P><P> With a general focus on classroom applications, McWhorter makes accessible to teachers, teacher educators, and administrators basic language principles that are commonly accepted by linguists, but rarely disseminated to a general audience. Using data from several different languages, McWhorter shows that the speech differences we hear in America are qualitatively equivalent to those heard in other parts of the world where the same differences are not considered "bad language." He links his thesis not only to "prescriptive grammar," but to more immediate issues facing classroom teachers, such as Black English and code switching between Spanish and English. A complete chapter is dedicated to showing how mixture between languages is a worldwide and natural phenomenon, rather than a language-ravaging "accident."
Spreading the Word: Poetry and the Survival of Community in America
by Ross TalaricoIn 1985 poet Ross Talarico began a grassroots program in creative expression in Rochester, New York. As the program came together, so did the community--young and old, poor and privileged, even those who could not read or write but wanted to tell their stories. This book is a testimony to the poetry that experience produced. An exhilarating account of a successful experiment in promoting community self-expression, Spreading the Word interweaves the participants' stories with Talarico's own life, his struggle as a poet, and the drama of his workshops. The book will be both a resource and an inspiration for teachers of writing, writers, and those who simply wish to learn to write.Drawing on his workshops in Rochester, Talarico describes a unique approach for eliciting poetry from people of many ages and backgrounds--particularly underpriviledged urban kids and the elderly. The process--from dialogue to self-expression to publication to public event--illuminates the urgency and meaning of releasing the spirit captured in each man and woman and child's experience. "Some people say that Ross Talarico has done the impossible," the Today Show remarked of his success in Rochester; and with this book Talarico offers the same opportunity to others. Teachers, community leaders, parents, and children will be able to follow his practical, hands-on approach to encouraging self-expression in diverse, even unlikely, settings. They will see here how poetry is indeed relevant, ever more crucial to our identity as the culture evolves--how it is, finally, the place where the inarticulate can come to speak for themselves.
Sprechen über literarische Texte: Eine rekonstruktive Fallstudie zu Kleingruppengesprächen in der Sekundarstufe I
by Jutta HannerDem Sprechen über Literatur kommt im Deutschunterricht eine zentrale Bedeutung zu, wenn es um die Anbahnung von literarästhetischen Erfahrungen sowie um die verstehens- und sinnorientierte Auseinandersetzung mit literarischen Texten und damit um das gemeinsame Nachdenken über die Welt geht. Das gemeinsame Sprechen über Literatur dient darüber hinaus auch dem Erlernen literarischer und sprachlich-kommunikativer Fähigkeiten, die den Schüler*innen wiederum beim Lesen, Schreiben und Sprechen zur Verfügung stehen. Es ist daher eine Aufgabe des Deutschunterrichts, das Sprechen der Schüler*innen in Gesprächen über Literatur zu fördern. In der vorliegenden Studie wird das Sprechen über einen literarischen Text gegen Ende der Sekundarstufe I gesprächsanalytisch untersucht. Im Fokus steht dabei die Frage, welche Gesprächspraktiken die Schüler*innen beim Sprechen über Literatur in der Kleingruppe für die Sinnkonstruktion verwenden. Es werden dreizehn Praktiken rekonstruiert, anhand derer gezeigt wird, mit welchen sprachlich-kommunikativen Formen die Jugendlichen die Praktiken konkret vollziehen, wozu sie dies tun und welche Wirkung die Praktiken auf ihr Sprechen haben. Die Erforschung ist von Bedeutung, um Folgerungen für die Förderung im Deutschunterricht abzuleiten.
Sprechen und Gespräch in historischer Perspektive: Sprach- und literaturwissenschaftliche Zugänge (LiLi: Studien zu Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik #7)
by Wolfgang Imo Jörg WescheInfolge der pragmatischen Wende in der Germanistik werden die Arbeitsweisen der linguistischen Dialog- und Interaktionsforschung zunehmend mit sprachhistorischen Fragestellungen verknüpft – empirische Erkenntnisse zur heutigen gesprochenen Sprache sollen helfen, Strukturen gesprochener Sprache früherer Epochen zu rekonstruieren. Die Beiträge des Bandes loten die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen interaktionaler, dialogischer bzw. nähesprachlicher Analysen historischer Texte aus. Die linguistischen Beiträge fokussieren Analysemethoden zur Erforschung von Nähesprachlichkeit, die literaturwissenschaftlichen Arbeiten rhetorische Techniken und die ästhetische Inszenierung von Mündlichkeit.
Spring
by Steven SchnurIn this companion book to "Autumn: An Alphabet Acrostic," the pleasures of spring, from April to Zenith, are captured in twenty-six short poems. New grass and daffodils, hopscotch and kite flying, kittens under the porch and baby birds under the eaves are the subjects of Steven Schnur's evocative verses and Leslie Evans's luminous linoleum-cut illustrations. When read vertically, each poem reveals a playful acrostic, making every handsomely designed page a double treat for the eye as well as a joyous tribute to the season.
Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue: An Annotated Translation of Wu Yue Chunqiu
by Jianjun HeSpring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue is the first complete English translation of Wu Yue Chunqiu, a chronicle of two neighboring states during China's Spring and Autumn period. This collection of political history, philosophy, and fictional accounts depicts the rise and fall of Wu and Yue and the rivalry between them, the inspiration for centuries of poetry, vernacular fiction, and drama.Wu Yue Chunqiu makes use of rich sources from the past, carefully adapting and developing them into complex stories. Historical figures are transformed into distinctive characters; simple records of events are fleshed out and made tangible. The result is a nuanced record that is both a compelling narrative and a valuable historical text. As one of the earliest examples of a regional history, Wu Yue Chunqiu is also an important source for the history of what is now Zhejiang and Jiangsu.In Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, Jianjun He's engaging translation and extensive annotations make this significant historical and literary work accessible to an English-speaking audience for the first time.
Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue: A Literary Translation of the First Chinese Novel, Wu Yue chunqiu (SUNY series, Translating China)
by Olivia Anna MilburnA Tale of Two Kingdoms offers a highly readable translation of the earliest surviving novel written in the Chinese language, Wu Yue chunqiu (The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Kingdoms of Wu and Yue). Composed nearly two millennia ago and featuring some of the most famous characters in Chinese literature, this powerful saga of humiliation, violence, and revenge recounts the battles between the states of Wu and Yue during the Spring and Autumn period (770–481 BCE). In her detailed introduction and annotations, translator Olivia Milburn places the work in its historical and cultural context and explains its ongoing significance in the history of fiction writing in East Asia, making the case that this was, in fact, China's first novel. This approachable translation by one of the leading scholars in the field makes this key text available to specialist and nonspecialist readers alike.
Spring and Autumn Historiography: Form and Hierarchy in Ancient Chinese Annals (Tang Center Series in Early China)
by Newell Ann Van AukenThe Spring and Autumn is an annals text composed of brief records covering the period 722–479 BCE and written from the perspective of the ancient Chinese state of Lu. A long neglected part of the Chinese canon, it is traditionally ascribed to Confucius, who is said to have embedded his evaluations of events within the text. However, the formulaic and impersonal records do not resemble the repository of moral judgments that they are alleged to be.Driven by her discovery that the Spring and Autumn is governed by a system of rules, Newell Ann Van Auken argues that Lu record-keepers—not a later editor—produced the formally regular core of the text. She demonstrates that the Spring and Autumn employs formulaic phrasing and selective omission to encode the priorities of Lu and to communicate the relative importance of individuals, states, and events, and that many of its records are derived from diplomatic announcements received in Lu from regional states and the Zhou court. The Spring and Autumn is fundamentally a document designed to enhance the prestige of Lu, and its records reveal a profound concern with relative rank, displaying an idealized hierarchy that positions the state of Lu and its rulers at the apex. By establishing the Spring and Autumn as a genuine Bronze Age record, this book transforms our understanding of its significance and purpose, and also offers new approaches to the study of ancient annals in early China and elsewhere.
SpringBoard English Language Arts 7th Grade
by Pat Bishop Susie Challancin Bryant Crisp Paul DeMaret [et al.]7th grade language arts textbook
SpringBoard® English Language Arts, English III
by Lori O'DeaNIMAC-sourced textbook. Designed to meet the needs of the Common Core State standards for English Language Arts. It helps students develop the knowledge and skills needed for advanced placement as well as for success in college and beyond without remediation.
SpringBoard, English Language Arts, Grade 7
by Pat Bishop Susie Challancin Bryant CrispNIMAC-sourced textbook
SpringBoard English Language Arts, Grade 7
by Pat Bishop Bryant Crisp Michelle Lewis Lori O'DeaNIMAC-sourced textbook
SpringBoard English Language Arts grade 7
by English PanelSpringBoard English Language Arts, Grade 7, Consumable Student Edition
SpringBoard® English Language Arts, Grade 8
by Lori O'DeaNIMAC-sourced textbook. Designed to meet the needs of the Common Core State standards for English Language Arts. It helps students develop the knowledge and skills needed for advanced placement as well as for success in college and beyond without remediation.