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Teaching the Short Story
by Ailsa CoxThe short story is moving from relative neglect to a central position in the curriculum; as a teaching tool, it offers students a route into many complex areas, including critical theory, gender studies, postcolonialism and genre. This book offers a practical guide to the short story in the classroom, covering all these fields and more.
Teaching the Social Skills of Academic Interaction, Grades 4-12: Step-by-Step Lessons for Respect, Responsibility, and Results (Corwin Literacy)
by Smokey Daniels Nancy H. SteinekeNEWS FLASH: A major meta-analysis of 213 studies showed an average 11 percent gain in academic performance for kids receiving explicit social-academic learning instruction. Turns out this "soft stuff" about creating a culture of respect and rapport yields hard and fast gains, and that’s no surprise to collaboration "gurus" Harvey "Smokey" Daniels and Nancy Steineke. Now, these authors share a yearlong plan for helping you build powerful and binding peer-to-peer interactions. The added bonus: Your kids will meet speaking and listening standards, while you score better on classroom-engagement rubrics. Teaching the Social Skills of Academic Interaction taps the instructional power of slides, full-color illustrations, and super succinct directions to teach both the language and the behaviors of working effectively with others. These 35 lessons take your kids on a carefully paced upward spiral of collaboration, with explicit coaching on how to speak, listen, argue, persuade—and get along. Here’s the best part: You model and your students practice these social skills with the content of your curriculum, not in disconnected add-on exercises. For each lesson, there are six to 25 slides that focus on one vital academic-social skill; step-by-step teaching tips are in the lie-flat planning book. The sequence looks mostly like this: The first slides introduce the skill—like being a good partner or arguing both sides of a controversial topic—then explain its value. The next slides help model the skill in action, using whatever curricular topic you happen to be teaching. Now, kids’ active thinking is invited as you co-create strategies to enhance use of the target social-academic skill. Additional slides help kids practice the skill using your curricular content as you monitor and support. Lessons end with a debriefing to solidify new understandings. Any way you look at Teaching the Social Skills of Academic Interaction, it’s a win-win. Your students realize better engagement in curriculum topics, higher performance, and social skills to last a lifetime. That’s really college and career ready! And our schools become safer harbors, where students know one another, respect one another, and learn together. Longtime collaborators themselves, HARVEY "SMOKEY" DANIELS and NANCY STEINEKE have written six books together and are regular co-presenters at all the major literacy conferences. Both are former public school teachers who now work as national consultants, helping schools and districts to create friendly, supportive, and collaborative climates for young people. For an author-led walk-through of Teaching the Social Skills of Academic Interaction, visit https://www.brainshark.com/corwinpress/teachingsocialskills.
Teaching the Works of Eudora Welty: Twenty-First-Century Approaches
by Mae Miller Claxton and Julia EichelbergerContributions by Jacob Agner, Sharon Deykin Baris, Carolyn J. Brown, Lee Anne Bryan, Keith Cartwright, Stuart Christie, Mae Miller Claxton, Virginia Ottley Craighill, David A. Davis, Susan V. Donaldson, Julia Eichelberger, Kevin Eyster, Dolores Flores-Silva, Sarah Gilbreath Ford, Stephen M. Fuller, Dawn Gilchrist, Rebecca L. Harrison, Casey Kayser, Michael Kreyling, Ebony Lumumba, Suzanne Marrs, Pearl Amelia McHaney, David McWhirter, Laura Sloan Patterson, Harriet Pollack, Gary Richards, Christin Marie Taylor, Annette Trefzer, Alec Valentine, Adrienne Akins Warfield, Keri Watson, and Amy WeldonToo often Eudora Welty is known to the general public as Miss Welty, a "perfect lady" who wrote affectionate portraits of her home region. Yet recent scholarship has amply demonstrated a richer complexity. Welty was an innovative artist with cosmopolitan sensibilities and progressive politics, a woman who maintained close friendships with artists and intellectuals throughout the world, a writer as unafraid to experiment as she was to level her pen at the worst human foibles.The essays collected in Teaching the Works of Eudora Welty seek to move Welty beyond a discussion of region and reflect new scholarship that remaps her work onto a larger canvas. The book offers ways to help twenty-first-century readers navigate Welty's challenging and intricate narratives. It provides answers to questions many teachers will have: Why should I study a writer who documents white privilege? Why should I give this "regional" writer space on an already crowded syllabus? Why should I teach Welty if I do not study the South? How can I help my students make sense of her modernist narratives? How can Welty's texts help me teach my students about literary theory, about gender and disability, about cultures and societies with which my students are unfamiliar?
Teaching Theory
by Richard BradfordTeaching Theory offers a selection of essays on the pragmatics, benefits and shortcomings of Theory as a key aspect of literature teaching in universities. They range from reflective discussions of Theory as an intellectual challenge for undergraduates to accounts of the day-to-day problems of planning and teaching courses and implementing Theory.
Teaching through Peer Interaction
by Rebecca Adams Rhonda OliverTeaching through Peer Interaction prepares teachers to use peer communication in the classroom. It presents current research of peer interaction and language learning for teachers, including background on the role of peer interaction in classroom language learning, guidelines for adopting and adapting peer interaction opportunities in real classrooms, and perspectives on teachers’ frequently expressed concerns and questions about peer interaction. Practical and comprehensive, this text brings together information on peer communication across the different skill areas, for different learners, in different contexts, and includes discussion on assessment. The text is replete with sample activities, tasks, and instructional sequences to aid teachers' understanding of how to use peer interaction effectively in a range of classroom settings, making it the ideal textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in language education programs, as well as in-service teachers.
Teaching to Every Kid's Potential: Simple Neuroscience Lessons To Liberate Learners
by Layne Kalbfleisch MED, PhD“Teachers hold the potential to provide a student with frustration or opportunity every day—and those states are closer together than you might think.” When students repeatedly lose track of directions or take a long time to solve problems, it’s easy for teachers to see the distracted or off-task behavior, but not always to see the root of the problem. Quite often the same child who has an underdeveloped skill may have an opposing but hidden strength: a slow processor of information may also be a deep thinker. Teaching to Every Kid’s Potential is an invitation to teachers to improve the learning in their classrooms, one student at a time, using practical, evidence-based strategies. Focusing on four big concepts from neuroscience—flexibility, readiness, connection, and masking—the author shows how to apply them to build on the strengths of students. Each chapter unpacks the science; shows how talents can compensate for neural processing issues and suggests small but powerful adjustments to classroom practice that can allow kids’ gifts to emerge.
Teaching to Exceed in the English Language Arts: A Justice, Inquiry, and Action Approach for 6-12 Classrooms
by Richard Beach Ashley S. Boyd Allen Webb Amanda Haertling TheinTimely, thoughtful, and comprehensive, this text directly supports pre-service and in-service teachers in developing curriculum and instruction that both addresses and exceeds the requirements of English language arts standards. It demonstrates how the Common Core State Standards as well as other local and national standards’ highest and best intentions for student success can be implemented from a critical, culturally relevant perspective firmly grounded in current literacy learning theory and research. The third edition frames ELA instruction around adopting a justice, inquiry, and action approach that supports students in their schools and community contexts. Offering new ways to respond to current issues and events, the text provides specific examples of teachers employing the justice, inquiry, and action curriculum framework to promote critical engagement and learning. Chapters cover common problems and challenges, alternative models, and theories of language arts teaching. The framework, knowledge, and guidance in this book shows how ELA standards can not only be addressed but also surpassed through engaging instruction to foster truly diverse and inclusive classrooms. The third edition provides new material on: adopting a justice, inquiry, and action approach to enhance student engagement and critical thinking planning instruction to effectively implement standards in the classroom teaching literary and informational texts, with a focus on authors of color integrating drama activities into literature teaching informational, explanatory, argumentative, and narrative writing supporting bilingual/ELL students using digital tools and apps to respond to and create digital texts addressing how larger contextual and political factors shape instruction fostering preservice teacher development
Teaching to Exceed the English Language Arts Common Core State Standards: A Critical Inquiry Approach for 6-12 Classrooms
by Richard Beach Amanda Haertling Thein Allen WebbTimely, thoughtful, and comprehensive, this text directly supports pre-service and in-service teachers in developing curriculum and instruction that both addresses and exceeds the requirements of the Common Core State Standards. Adopting a critical inquiry approach, it demonstrates how the Standards' highest and best intentions for student success can be implemented from a critical, culturally relevant perspective firmly grounded in current literacy learning theory and research. It provides specific examples of teachers using the critical inquiry curriculum framework of identifying problems and issues, adopting alternative perspectives, and entertaining change in their classrooms to illustrate how the Standards can not only be addressed but also surpassed through engaging instruction. The Second Edition provides new material on adopting a critical inquiry approach to enhance student engagement and critical thinking planning instruction to effectively implement the CCSS in the classroom fostering critical response to literary and informational texts using YA literature and literature by authors of color integrating drama activities into literature and speaking/listening instruction teaching informational, explanatory, argumentative, and narrative writing working with ELL students to address the language Standards using digital tools and apps to respond to and create digital texts employing formative assessment to provide supportive feedback preparing students for the PARCC and Smarter Balanced assessments using the book's wiki site http://englishccss.pbworks.com for further resources
Teaching Translation: Programs, courses, pedagogies
by Lawrence VenutiOver the past half century, translation studies has emerged decisively as an academic field around the world, and in recent years the number of academic institutions offering instruction in translation has risen along with an increased demand for translators, interpreters and translator trainers. Teaching Translation is the most comprehensive and theoretically informed overview of current translation teaching. Contributions from leading figures in translation studies are preceded by a substantial introduction by Lawrence Venuti, in which he presents a view of translation as the ultimate humanistic task – an interpretive act that varies the form, meaning, and effect of the source text. 26 incisive chapters are divided into four parts, covering: certificate and degree programs teaching translation practices studying translation theory, history, and practice surveys of translation pedagogies and key textbooks The chapters describe long-standing programs and courses in the US, Canada, the UK, and Spain, and each one presents an exemplary model for teaching that can be replicated or adapted in other institutions. Each contributor responds to fundamental questions at the core of any translation course – for example, how is translation defined? What qualifies students for admission to the course? What impact does the institutional site have upon the course or pedagogy? Teaching Translation will be relevant for all those working and teaching in the areas of translation and translation studies. Additional resources for Translation and Interpreting Studies are available on the Routledge Translation Studies Portal.
Teaching U.S.-Educated Multilingual Writers: Pedagogical Practices from and for the Classroom
by Mark Roberge Margi Wald Kay M. LoseyThis volume was born to address the lack of classroom-oriented scholarship regarding U.S.-educated multilingual writers. Unlike prior volumes about U.S.-educated multilinguals, this book focuses solely on pedagogy-from classroom activities and writing assignments to course curricula and pedagogical support programs outside the immediate classroom. Unlike many pedagogical volumes that are written in the voice of an expert researcher-theorist, this volume is based on the notion of teachers sharing practices with teachers. All of the contributors are teachers who are writing about and reflecting on their own experiences and outcomes and interweaving those experiences and outcomes with current theory and research in the field. The volume thus portrays teachers as active, reflective participants engaged in critical inquiry. Contributors represent community college, college, and university contexts; academic ESL, developmental writing, and first-year composition classes; and face-to-face, hybrid, and online contexts. This book was developed primarily to meet the needs of practicing writing teachers in college-level ESL, basic writing, and college composition classrooms, but will also be useful to pre-service teachers in TESOL, Composition, and Education graduate programs.
Teaching Values: Critical Perspectives on Education, Politics, and Culture
by Ron ScappIn Teaching Values, Ron Scapp wrests the discussion of values and values-based education away from traditionalists who have long dominated educational debates. While challenging the Right's domination of the discussion of values education, Scapp examines some issues not typically raised by educators and critics on the Left, including the positive role of citizenship and national identity in U.S. education and culture.
Teaching Victorian Literature in the Twenty-First Century
by Jen Cadwallader Laurence W MazzenoThis edited collection offers undergraduate Literature instructors a guide to the pedagogy and teaching of Victorian literature in liberal arts classrooms. With numerous essays focused on thematic course design, this volume reflects the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of the literature classroom. A section on genre provides suggestions on approaching individual works and discussing their influence on production of texts. Sections on digital humanities and "out of the classroom" approaches to Victorian literature reflect current practices and developing trends. The concluding section offers three different versions of an "ideal" course, each of which shows how thematic, disciplinary, genre, and technological strands may be woven together in meaningful ways. Professors of introductory literature courses aimed at non-English majors to advanced seminars for majors will find accessible and innovative course ideas supplemented with a variety of versatile teaching materials, including syllabi, assignments, and in-class activities.
Teaching Vocabulary Is the Writing Teacher's Job: Why and How
by Keith S. FolseWhile most teachers acknowledge the importance of vocabulary in learning a new language, many assume a reading class or other teacher will cover vocabulary. Yet vocabulary plays an essential role in good writing, especially academic writing. Teaching Vocabulary Is the Writing Teacher’s Job explores the serious nature of ESL students’ lexical plight and looks at vocabulary in relation to reading, speaking, listening, and writing proficiency. It also examines the role of vocabulary in ESL writing assessment. In the conclusion, author Keith Folse discusses eight research-based suggestions for writing teachers, including encouraging students to become vocabulary detectives, teaching collocations, testing vocabulary, and teaching paraphrasing and summarizing.
Teaching Western American Literature (Postwestern Horizons)
by Brady Harrison Randi Lynn TanglenIn this volume experienced and new college- and university-level teachers will find practical, adaptable strategies for designing or updating courses in western American literature and western studies. Teaching Western American Literature features the latest developments in western literary research and cultural studies as well as pedagogical best practices in course development. Contributors provide practical models and suggestions for courses and assignments while presenting concrete strategies for teaching works both inside and outside the canon. In addition, Brady Harrison and Randi Lynn Tanglen have assembled insights from pioneering western studies instructors with workable strategies and practical advice for translating this often complex material for classrooms from freshman writing courses to graduate seminars.Teaching Western American Literature reflects the cutting edge of western American literary study, featuring diverse approaches allied with women&’s, gender, queer, environmental, disability, and Indigenous studies and providing instructors with entrée into classrooms of leading scholars in the field.
Teaching Will: What Shakespeare and 10 Kids Gave Me that Hollywood Couldn't
by Mel RyaneWhat happens when an idealist volunteers to introduce Shakespeare to a group of unruly kids? Bedlam. Tears. And hard lessons learned. Convinced that children can relate to Shakespeare's themes--power, revenge, love--Mel Ryane launches The Shakespeare Club at a public school. Teaching Will is a riotous cautionary tale of high hopes and goodwill crashing into the realities of classroom chaos. Every week Mel encounters unexpected comedy and drama as she and the children struggle toward staging a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream. Woven through this fish-out-of-water tale is Mel's own story of her childhood aspirations, her acting identity, and the heartbreaking end of her onstage career. In the schoolyard, Mel finds herself embroiled in jealousy and betrayal worthy of Shakespeare's plots. Fits of laughter alternate with wiping noses as she and the kids discover a surprising truth: they need each other if they want to face an audience and triumph. Teaching Will is an uplifting story of empowerment for dreamers and realists alike.
Teaching With Author Web Sites, K–8
by Mark L. Gura Rose C. ReissmanInviting students and teachers into a fascinating literary community, this innovative guide helps teachers use the Web sites of favorite children's book authors to deepen student engagement in learning.
Teaching with Children's Literature: Theory to Practice
by Margaret Vaughn Dixie D. MasseyPerhaps no factor has a greater influence on children&’s literacy learning than exposure to engaging, authentic, culturally relevant texts. This concise practitioner resource and course text helps K–8 teachers make informed choices about using children's literature in their classrooms, from selecting high-quality texts to planning instruction and promoting independent reading. The authors present relevant theories (such as reader response and culturally responsive pedagogy) and show how to apply them in practice. Key topics include teaching narrative and expository texts, tapping into students' individual interests, and conducting text-based writing activities and discussions. Every chapter features case examples, reflection questions, and learning activities for teachers; appendices list exemplary children&’s literature.
Teaching with Comics and Graphic Novels: Fun and Engaging Strategies to Improve Close Reading and Critical Thinking in Every Classroom
by Tim Smyth35th Annual Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards Nominee! This text will allow you to harness students’ love of comics and graphic novels while increasing critical thinking and engagement in the classroom. Author Tim Smyth offers a wide variety of lessons and ideas for using comics to teach close reading, working with textual evidence, literature adaptations, symbolism and culture, sequencing, essay writing, and more. He also models how to use comics to tackle tough topics and enhance social-emotional learning. Throughout the book, you’ll find a multitude of practical resources, including a variety of lesson plans—some quick and easy activities as well as more detailed ready-to-use unit plans. These thoughtful lessons meet the Common Core State Standards and are easy to adapt for any subject area or grade level to fit into your curriculum. Add this book to your professional library and you’ll have a new and exciting way of reaching and teaching your students!
Teaching with Digital Humanities: Tools and Methods for Nineteenth-Century American Literature (Topics in the Digital Humanities)
by Jennifer Travis Jessica DeSpainJennifer Travis and Jessica DeSpain present a long-overdue collection of theoretical perspectives and case studies aimed at teaching nineteenth-century American literature using digital humanities tools and methods. Scholars foundational to the development of digital humanities join educators who have made digital methods central to their practices. Together they discuss and illustrate how digital pedagogies deepen student learning. The collection's innovative approach allows the works to be read in any order. Dividing the essays into five sections, Travis and DeSpain curate conversations on the value of project-based, collaborative learning; examples of real-world assignments where students combine close, collaborative, and computational reading; how digital humanities aids in the consideration of marginal texts; the ways in which an ethics of care can help students organize artifacts; and how an activist approach affects debates central to the study of difference in the nineteenth century.
Teaching with Dystopian Text: Exploring Orwellian Spaces for Student Empowerment and Resilience (Routledge Research in Literacy Education)
by Michael Arthur SoaresTeaching with Dystopian Text propounds an exchange of spatial to pedagogical practices centered around “Orwellian Spaces,” signaling a new utility for teaching with dystopian texts in secondary education. The volume details the urgency of dystopian texts for secondary students, providing theoretical frameworks, classroom examples and practical research. The function of dystopian texts, such as George Orwell’s 1984, as social and political critique is demonstrated as central to their power. Teaching with Dystopian Text: Exploring Orwellian Spaces for Student Empowerment and Resilience makes a case that dystopian texts can be instrumental in the transfer of spatial practices to pedagogical practices. Pedagogical application creates links between the text and the student through defamiliarization, connecting the student to practices of resistance in the space of the classroom. The volume also addresses the challenges of teaching dystopian text in a dystopian educational climate including the COVID-19 lockdown. In addition to appealing to scholars and researchers of literacy education, language education and dystopian text, this book will also be a powerful yet accessible resource for secondary teachers as they address dystopian concerns with students in the complicated twenty-first century.
Teaching with Hip Hop in the 7-12 Grade Classroom: A Guide to Supporting Students’ Critical Development Through Popular Texts
by Lauren Leigh KellyThis book presents practical approaches for engaging with Hip Hop music and culture in the classroom. As the most popular form of music and youth culture today, Hip Hop is a powerful medium through which students can explore their identities and locate themselves in our social world. Designed for novice and veteran teachers, this book is filled with pedagogical tools, strategies, lesson plans, and real-world guidance on integrating Hip Hop into the curriculum. Through a wide range of approaches and insights, Lauren Leigh Kelly invites teachers to look to popular media culture to support students’ development and critical engagement with texts. Covering classroom practice, assessment strategies, and curricular and standards-based guidelines, the lessons in this book will bolster students’ linguistic and critical thinking skills and help students to better understand and act upon the societal forces around them. The varied activities, assignments, and handouts are designed to inspire teachers and easily facilitate modification of the assignments to suit their own contexts. The impact of Hip Hop on youth culture is undeniable, now more than ever; this is the perfect book for teachers who want to connect with their students, support meaning-making in the classroom, affirm the validity of youth culture, and foster an inclusive and engaging classroom environment.
Teaching with Literacy Programs: Equitable Instruction for All
by Patricia A. Edwards Kristen L. White Ann M. Castle Laura J. HopkinsA step-by-step guide to developing equitable literacy instruction by adapting curriculum to support diverse learners. In Teaching with Literacy Programs, Patricia A. Edwards, Kristen L. White, Laura J. Hopkins, and Ann M. Castle present a model that allows educators to address educational inequity through the critical and adaptive use of existing literacy curriculum materials. In this accessible work, they advise educators on ways to combine common classroom materials, such as basal readers and core reading programs, with instructional practices that provide high-quality, responsive instruction to all students. Edwards, White, Hopkins, and Castle credit literacy instruction as a core part of overall educational equity, and they recognize the crucial role that educators play in translating materials into instruction that benefits all learners. Here they offer teacher education in support of this essential role, deftly guiding educators through a four-part development process, CARE, an acronym for cultivating critical consciousness, analyzing materials, reconstructing curricula, and evaluating instruction reflectively to advance equity. Built upon culturally relevant, sustaining, and antiracist pedagogy, CARE enables teachers to provide literacy instruction that meets the range of needs and performance levels in classrooms, supporting students in attaining academic achievement, cultural competence, and critical consciousness. The approach outlined in this work, which can be put into immediate practice, helps educators to provide literacy instruction that builds on students' multiple literacies and reduces educational inequity.
Teaching Word Meanings (Literacy Teaching Series)
by Steven A. Stahl William E. NagyLearning new words is foundational to success in school and life. Researchers have known for years that how many word meanings a student knows is one of the strongest predictors of how well that student will understand text and be able to communicate through writing. This book is about how children learn the meanings of new words (and the concepts they convey) and how teachers can be strategic in deciding which words to teach, how to teach them, and which words not to teach at all.This book offers a comprehensive approach to vocabulary instruction. It offers not just practical classroom activities for teaching words (though plenty of those are included), but ways that teachers can make the entire curriculum more effective at promoting students' vocabulary growth. It covers the 'why to' and 'when to' as well as the 'how to' of teaching word meanings.Key features of this exciting new book include:*A variety of vocabulary activities. Activities for teaching different kinds of words such as high frequency words, high utility words, and new concepts, are explained and illustrated.*Guidelines for choosing words. A chart provides a simple framework built around seven basic categories of words that helps teachers decide which words to teach and how to teach them.*Word learning strategies. Strategies are offered that will help students use context, word parts, and dictionaries more effectively.*Developing Word Consciousness. Although specific vocabulary instruction is fully covered, the primary goal of this book is to develop students' independent interest in words and their motivation to learn them.*Integrated Vocabulary Instruction. Teachers are encouraged to improve the reading vocabularies of their students by looking for opportunities to integrate vocabulary learning into activities that are undertaken for other purposes.
Teaching Word Recognition, Second Edition: Effective Strategies for Students with Learning Difficulties (What Works for Special-Needs Learners)
by Rollanda E. O'ConnorThis highly regarded teacher resource synthesizes the research base on word recognition and translates it into step-by-step instructional strategies, with special attention to students who are struggling. Chapters follow the stages through which students progress as they work toward skilled reading of words. Presented are practical, evidence-based techniques and activities that target letter- sound pairings, decoding and blending, sight words, multisyllabic words, and fluency. Ideal for use in primary-grade classrooms, the book also offers specific guidance for working with older children who are having difficulties. Reproducible assessment tools and word lists can be downloaded and printed in a convenient 8 1/2" x 11" size. New to This Edition *Incorporates the latest research on word recognition and its connections to vocabulary, reading fluency, and comprehension. *Chapter on morphological (meaning-based) instruction. *Chapter on English language learners. *Instructive "Try This" activities at the end of each chapter for teacher study groups and professional development.
Teaching World Epics (Options for Teaching)
by Jo Ann CavalloCultures across the globe have embraced epics: stories of memorable deeds by heroic characters whose actions have significant consequences for their lives and their communities. Incorporating narrative elements also found in sacred history, chronicle, saga, legend, romance, myth, folklore, and the novel, epics throughout history have both animated the imagination and encouraged reflection on what it means to be human. Teaching World Epics addresses ancient and more recent epic works from Africa, Europe, Mesoamerica, and East, Central, and South Asia that are available in English translations.Useful to instructors of literature, peace and conflict studies, transnational studies, women's studies, and religious studies, the essays in this volume focus on epics in sociopolitical and cultural contexts, on the adaptation and reception of epic works, and on themes that are especially relevant today, such as gender dynamics and politics, national identity, colonialism and imperialism, violence, and war.This volume includes discussion of Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, Giulia Bigolina's Urania, The Book of Dede Korkut, Luís Vaz de Camões's Os Lusíadas, David of Sassoun, The Epic of Askia Mohammed, The Epic of Gilgamesh, the epic of Sun-Jata, Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga's La Araucana, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Kalevala, Kebra Nagast, Kudrun, The Legend of Poṉṉivaḷa Nadu, the Mahabharata, Manas, John Milton's Paradise Lost, Mwindo, the Nibelungenlied, Poema de mio Cid, Popol Wuj, the Ramayana, the Shahnameh, Sirat Bani Hilal, Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, Statius's Thebaid, The Tale of the Heike, Three Kingdoms, Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá's Historia de la Nueva México, and Virgil's Aeneid.