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Coaching for Multilingual Excellence: Strategies for Vocabulary, Reading, and Writing Across Disciplines
by Margarita Espino CalderonBe the instructional coach multilingual students and their teachers need. As the population of multilingual learners (MLs) in K–12 schools continues to grow, instructional coaches must support content teachers to recognize these students’ assets and address their linguistic, cultural, academic, and social-emotional needs. Leveraging her decades of facilitating and coaching experience in the fields of language, literacy, and professional learning, Margarita Calderón meets this urgent need with practical, evidence-based strategies to leverage the power of coaching in support of ML excellence. Through the individual chapters dedicated to academic language, reading, and writing instruction and strategies to promote student discourse and social-emotional learning embedded throughout, this book will give coaches what they need to guide all teachers toward ML excellence. Additional features include A step-by-step framework designed to help coaches promote teacher efficacy with MLs regardless of program setting or instructional approach Clear guidance for how to structure coaching sessions with teachers, driven by research-based approaches and observation and feedback protocols for accelerating student comprehension Myth-busting facts about the do’s and don′ts of effective coaching for ML success Spotlights on the experiences of veteran coaches focusing on successes, challenges, and tips to remain resilient Individual and group reflection questions and tools at the close of each chapter Offering solutions to the challenges faced by MLs that content area teachers must be prepared to address, this book is a powerful tool coaches can use to move multilingual instruction beyond compliance to excellence.
Coaching Parents of Young Children with Autism: Promoting Connection, Communication, and Learning
by Geraldine Dawson Sally J. Rogers Laurie A. VismaraA growing body of evidence supports the benefits of high-quality parent interventions for building social and communication skills in 0- to 5-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). How can clinicians coach parents to effectively incorporate learning opportunities into daily routines at home? From preeminent experts, this practical book explores the role of the coach and reviews the "whats," "whys," and "how-tos" of successful collaboration with parents. Topics include structuring coaching sessions, identifying children's needs, facilitating playful engagement, and deepening parents' understanding of how they can boost skills development during everyday activities. Seventeen reproducible handouts and forms include the multipage P-ESDM Infant–Toddler Curriculum Checklist, ideal for use in telehealth assessments. Purchasers get access to a webpage where they can download and print the reproducible materials in a convenient 8 1/2" x 11" size.
Coaching Writing in Content Areas: Write-for-Insight Strategies, Grades 6-12
by William StrongCoaching Writing in Content Areas: Write-for-Insight Strategies, Grades 6―12, Second Edition, is packed with practical, motivating strategies for making writing a tool for learning, and for integrating it into content area instruction. <p><p> Designed to help new and veteran teachers work smarter, not harder, the book is written by William Strong, one of America’s most respected writing instructors. The clear, personal voice of the book and its illustrative examples drawn from the work of expert teachers made the first edition a “thumbs-up” favorite with National Writing Project sites across the nation. <p><p> This new edition expands these features, covers new strategies, and includes new samples of assignments, rubrics, and student writing throughout.
Coal in Our Veins
by Erin Ann ThomasIn Coal in Our Veins, Erin Thomas employs historical research, autobiography, and journalism to intertwine the history of coal, her ancestors' lives mining coal, and the societal and environmental impacts of the United States' dependency on coal as an energy source. In the first part of her book, she visits Wales, native ground of British coal mining and of her emigrant ancestors. The Thomases' move to the coal region of Utah--where they witnessed the Winter Quarters and Castle Gate mine explosions, two of the worst mining disasters in American history--and the history of coal development in Utah form the second part.Then Thomas investigates coal mining and communities in West Virginia, near her East Coast home, looking at the Sago Mine collapse and more widespread impacts of mining, including population displacement, mountain top removal, coal dust dispersal, and stream pollution, flooding, and decimation. The book's final part moves from Washington D.C.--and an examination of coal, CO2, and national energy policy--back to Utah, for a tour of a coal mine, and a consideration of the Crandall Canyon mine cave-in, back to Wales and the closing of the oldest operating deep mine in the world and then to a look at energy alternatives, especially wind power, in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.
Coalescent Argumentation
by Michael A. GilbertCoalescent Argumentation is based on the concept that arguments can function from agreement, rather than disagreement. To prove this idea, Gilbert first discusses how several components--emotional, visceral (physical) and kisceral (intuitive) are utilized in an argumentative setting by people everyday. These components, also characterized as "modes," are vital to argumentative communication because they affect both the argument and the resulting outcome. In addition to the components/modes, this book also stresses the goals in argumentation as a means for understanding one's own and one's opposer's positions. Gilbert argues that by viewing positions as complex human events involving a variety of communicative modes, we are better able to find commonalities across positions, and, therefore, move from conflict to resolution. By focusing on agreement and shared goals in all modes, arguers can coalesce diverse positions and more easily distinguish between minor or unrelated differences and core disagreements. This permits much greater latitude for locating shared beliefs, values, and attitudes that will lead to conflict resolution.
Coalition Literature: Aesthetics on the Move in Midcentury US Multiethnic Writing (Post*45)
by Francisco E. RoblesIn a series of incisive readings, Francisco E. Robles provides a literary history of midcentury US multiethnic literature, tracing the shift from coalitional aesthetics to multiculturalism by focusing on how migrancy and labor politics shape literary innovation. Along the way, Robles shows how writers kept the Popular Front's legacy of coalitional aesthetics alive through literary practices of what he calls speaking with, whereby authors undo their authority as scribes, audiences become participatory interpreters, and texts emerge as places of communal and collaborative work. Beginning with significant, unexpected connections between Zora Neale Hurston and Muriel Rukeyser, and delving deeply into the work of Sanora Babb, Woody Guthrie, Gwendolyn Brooks, poets of the Memphis Sanitation Strike, Carlos Bulosan, Tomás Rivera, and authors included in This Bridge Called My Back, Robles examines texts whose range of experimental strategies deliberately engage figurations of movement, migration, and coalition. The experimentation these works display emerges from the particular methods of speaking with that they contain, whether it's overcoming exclusion by finding new ways of representing migrants through word and sound, or in the astonishing ways these authors conceive of migrancy as neither static nor statistical but as a modality that necessitates writerly innovation. The result is a genealogy of coalitional aesthetics as a significantly important branch of American midcentury multiethnic writing that sustained and indeed extended the Popular Front and its legacies.
Coarticulation in Phonology (Elements in Phonology)
by Georgia ZellouThere is debate about how coarticulation is represented in speakers' mental grammar, as well as the role that coarticulation plays in explaining synchronic and diachronic sound patterns across languages. This Element takes an individual-differences approach in examining nasal coarticulation in production and perception in order to understand how coarticulation is used phonologically in American English. Experiment 1 examines coarticulatory variation across 60 speakers. The relationship between speaking rate and coarticulation is used to classify three types of coarticulation. Experiment 2 is a perception study relating the differences in realization of coarticulation across speakers to listeners' identification of lexical items. The author demonstrates that differences in speaker-specific patterns of coarticulation reflect differences in the phonologization of vowel nasalization. Results support predictions made by models that propose an active role by both speakers and listeners in using coarticulatory variation to express lexical contrasts and view coarticulation as represented in an individual's grammar.
A Coat of Many Colors: Osip Mandelstam and His Mythologies of Self-Presentation
by Gregory FreidinFor the major poets of Osip Mandelstam's generation, poetry represented a calling in the most tangible sense. To respond to it meant to fashion from the available cultural and personal material a mythic self, one that could serve both as the organizing subject for poetry and as an object of worshipful adoration. A successful poet like Mandelstam thus became the focal point of a complex cultural phenomenon-perhaps a charismatic cult-that shaped his writings, gesture, and reception.Gregory Freidin examines Mandelstam's legacy in this broader context and lays the groundwork for approaching modernist Russian poetry as a charismatic institution. He traces the interplay of poetic tradition, personal background, historical events, religious culture, and political developments as they entered the symbolic order of Mandelstam's art and helped determine its outlines in the reader's imagination. Many important aspects of the Mandelstam phenomenon, including the Jewish theme, the meaning of the poet's Christianity, his political stand, and, in particular, his conflict with Stalin and Stalinism, receive here a new interpretation.A case study in the emergence of a literary cult, A Coat of Many Colors reveals how Russian poetry of the early twentieth century functioned as a charismatic institution of a distinctly modern kind. Those who belonged to it combined knowledge of the recent studies in myth, magic, and religion with the cultivation of verbal magic, mythic consciousness, and unorthodox religious beliefs. Following Mandelstam's career over its entire span (1908-1938), Freidin shows how the poet benefited from literary scholarship, comparative mythology, the history and sociology of religion at the same time he was emulating in his poetry the very subject of these academic disciplines. To account for this duality in interpreting Mandelstam's writings, Freidin draws on explanatory paradigms of contemporary human sciences, from Saussure and the Formalists to Weber, Durkheim, Freud, and Marcel Mauss.
A Coat of Many Colours: Occasional Essays (Routledge Revivals: Herbert Read and Selected Works)
by Herbert ReadThis book, first published in 1947, is collection of critical essays by Herbert Read that had not been previously published in book form. The essays cover several different subject areas, including literature, art, architecture, and film, from a span of twenty years. This title will be of interest to a variety of readers.
Cock Lane and Common Sense
by Andrew LangAndrew Lang (1844-1912) was a prolific Scots man of letters, a poet, novelist, literary critic and contributor to anthropology. He now is best known as the collector of folk and fairy tales. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, St Andrews University and at Balliol College, Oxford. As a journalist, poet, critic and historian, he soon made a reputation as one of the ablest and most versatile writers of the day. Lang was one of the founders of the study of "Psychical Research," and his other writings on anthropology include The Book of Dreams and Ghosts (1897), Magic and Religion (1901) and The Secret of the Totem (1905). He was a Homeric scholar of conservative views. Other works include Homer and the Epic (1893); a prose translation of The Homeric Hymns (1899), with literary and mythological essays in which he draws parallels between Greek myths and other mythologies; and Homer and his Age (1906). He also wrote Ballades in Blue China (1880) and Rhymes la Mode (1884).
Cockney Past and Present: A Short History of the Dialect of London (Routledge Library Editions: The English Language #17)
by William MatthewsAlthough Cockney can be considered to be one of the most important non-standard forms of English, there had been little to no scholarly attention on the dialect prior to William Matthews’s 1938 volume Cockney Past and Present. Matthews traced the course of the speech of London from the sixteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century by gathering information from many sources including plays, novels, music-hall songs, the comments of critics and the speech and recollections of living Cockneys. This book will be of interest to students of language and linguistics.
Code Black: Winter of Storm Surfing
by Tom AndersonThe true story of the daredevils who took on the force of nature ... and won Winter 2013-14: six of the most enormous storms ever to show up in the North Atlantic slammed in to the UK. As buildings fell and valleys flooded, one group of maverick Welsh surfers tackled the sea head-on. Code Black tells the story of how the Welsh surf scene made history during two months in which conditions made their country rival Hawaii - apart from the cold.
The Code Book: How to Make it, Break it, Hack it, Crack it
by Simon SinghIt's known as the science of secrecy. Cryptography: the encoding and de coding of private information. And it is history's most fascinating story of intrigue and cunning. The battle between codemakers and codebreakers has been going on for centuries: from Julius Caesar and his Caesar cipher to the codebreaking achievements of the tenth-century Arabs; from the code used by Mary Queen of Scots in an attempt to dethrone Elizabeth I to Sir Francis Walsingham's decipherment of that code, which led to Mary's execution for treason; from the Germans' use of the Enigma machine for automatic encryption in the Second World War to Alan Turing's efforts to infiltrate Enigma, which contributed to the Allied victory. And the battle rages on. How private are your e-mail communications? How secure is sending your credit card information over the Internet? And how much secrecy will the government tolerate? Simon Singh follows the evolution of secret writing with a clarity that lets the reader enjoy the captivating story while easily absorbing the details of cryptography. Woven throughout are clear and concise illustrations of the processes of enciphering and deciphering. Accessible, compelling and timely, this international bestseller, now adapted for young people, is sure to make readers see the past- and the future-in a whole new way.
Code Breaking in the Pacific
by Peter Donovan John MackThis book reveals the historical context and the evolution of the technically complex Allied Signals Intelligence (Sigint) activity against Japan from 1920 to 1945. It traces the all-important genesis and development of the cryptanalytic techniques used to break the main Japanese Navy code (JN-25) and the Japanese Army's Water Transport Code during WWII. This is the first book to describe, explain and analyze the code breaking techniques developed and used to provide this intelligence, thus closing the sole remaining gap in the published accounts of the Pacific War. The authors also explore the organization of cryptographic teams and issues of security, censorship, and leaks. Correcting gaps in previous research, this book illustrates how Sigint remained crucial to Allied planning throughout the war. It helped direct the advance to the Philippines from New Guinea, the sea battles and the submarine onslaught on merchant shipping. Written by well-known authorities on the history of cryptography and mathematics, Code Breaking in the Pacific is designed for cryptologists, mathematicians and researchers working in communications security. Advanced-level students interested in cryptology, the history of the Pacific War, mathematics or the history of computing will also find this book a valuable resource.
Code Cracking for Kids: Secret Communications Throughout History, with 21 Codes and Ciphers (For Kids series #75)
by Jean DaigneauPeople throughout history have written messages in code and ciphers to guard and pass along closely held secret information. Today, countries around the world enlist cryptanalysts to intercept and crack messages to keep our world safe. Code Cracking for Kids explores many aspects of cryptology, including famous people who used and invented codes and ciphers, such as Julius Caesar and Thomas Jefferson; codes used during wars, including the Enigma machine, whose cracking helped the Allies gather critical information on German intelligence in World War II; and work currently being done by the government, such as in the National Security Agency. Readers also will learn about unsolved codes and ciphers throughout history, codes used throughout the world today, though not often recognized, and devices used over the years by governments and their spies to conceal information. Code Cracking for Kids includes hands-on activities that allow kids to replicate early code devices, learn several different codes and ciphers to encode and decode messages and hide a secret message inside a hollow egg.
Code in Context (Primary Socialization, Language and Education)
by Diana S. AdlamIn the 1970s, Basil Bernstein’s work on children’s sociolinguistic codes and his formulation of the contexts in which they are transmitted were the most influential in the field. However, as Diana Adlam points out, neither code nor context as Bernstein saw them can be properly grasped until they are understood in interaction. Originally published in 1977, this collection of papers contains both theoretical and empirical investigations of Bernstein’s ideas, and seeks to make that necessary connection.The study as a whole is concerned primarily with Basil Bernstein’s ideas on the relationship of different familial transmission systems to the way in which children learn to use language. The theoretical chapter stresses Bernstein’s present emphasis on the semantic orientations which different children may be acquiring, and discusses these ideas in relation to work being done elsewhere at the time by other sociolinguistics, particularly in the United States. The empirical chapters provide analyses of how children of different social backgrounds differ in their approach to language use and also show the structural relationship of talk across a variety of specific contexts. Today it can be read against its historical backdrop.
Code-meshing as World English: Pedagogy, Policy, Performance
by Vershawn Ashanti Young Aja Y. MartinezAlthough linguists have traditionally viewed code-switching as the simultaneous use of two language varieties in a single context, scholars and teachers of English have appropriated the term to argue for teaching minority students to monitor their languages and dialects according to context. For advocates of code-switching, teaching students to distinguish between home language and school language offers a solution to the tug-of-war between standard and nonstandard Englishes. <P><P> This volume arises from concerns that this kind of code-switching may actually facilitate the illiteracy and academic failure that educators seek to eliminate and can promote resistance to Standard English rather than encouraging its use. The original essays in this collection offer various perspectives on why code-meshing--blending minoritized dialects and world Englishes with Standard English--is a better pedagogical alternative than code-switching in the teaching of reading, writing, listening, speaking, and visually representing to diverse learners. <P><P> This collection argues that code-meshing rather than code-switching leads to lucid, often dynamic prose by people whose first language is something other than English, as well as by native English speakers who speak and write with accents and those whose home language or neighborhood dialects are deemed nonstandard. <P><P> While acknowledging the difficulties in implementing a code-meshing pedagogy, editors Vershawn Ashanti Young and Aja Y. Martinez, along with a range of scholars from international and national literacy studies, English education, writing studies, sociolinguistics, and critical pedagogy, argue that all writers and speakers benefit when we demystify academic language and encourage students to explore the plurality of the English language in both unofficial and official spaces. <P><P> Contributors: Julie Anne Naviaux; Rosina Lippi Green; Frankie Condon; Gerald Graff; Theresa Malphrus Welford; David A. Jolliffe, Donnelley Hayde, and Jeannie Waller; Katherine Kelleher Sohn; Asao B. Inoue; Min-Zhan Lu and Bruce Horner; Nichole E. Stanford; Vivette Milson-Whyte; Richard Westbury Nettell; Meredith A. Love; Jeremy B. Jones; Kevin Roozen; Elaine Richardson; Santiago Vaquera-Vásquez; Suresh Canagarajah
Code-Switching
by Penelope Gardner-ChlorosIt is quite commonplace for bilingual speakers to use two or more languages, dialects or varieties in the same conversation, without any apparent effort. The phenomenon, known as code-switching, has become a major focus of attention in linguistics. This concise and original study explores how, when and where code-switching occurs. Drawing on a diverse range of examples from medieval manuscripts to rap music, novels to advertisements, emails to political speeches, and above all everyday conversation, it argues that code-switching can only be properly understood if we study it from a variety of perspectives. It shows how sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, grammatical and developmental aspects of code-switching are all interdependent, and findings in each area are crucial to others. Breaking down barriers across the discipline of linguistics, this pioneering book confronts fundamental questions about what a 'native language' is, and whether languages can be meaningfully studied outside of the individuals who use them.
Code-Switching: Unifying Contemporary and Historical Perspectives (New Approaches to English Historical Linguistics)
by Mareike L. KellerThis book systematically discusses the link between bilingual language production and its manifestation in historical documents, drawing together two branches of linguistics which have much in common but are traditionally dealt with separately. By combining the study of historical mixed texts with the principles of modern code-switching and bilingualism research, the author argues that the cognitive processes underpinning the human capacity to produce mixed utterances have remained unchanged throughout history, even as the languages themselves are constantly changing. This book will be of interest to scholars of historical linguistics, syntactic theory (particularly generative grammar), language variation and change.
Code-Switching as a Pedagogical Tool in Bilingual Classrooms: Insights from a Secondary STEM Classroom in Zimbabwe (Routledge Research in Language Education)
by Miriam ChitigaPresenting a mixed methods study conducted in a bilingual mathematics classroom in Zimbabwe, this text reveals the semantic pedagogical functions and linguistic forms of code-switching during STEM instruction. Code-Switching as a Pedagogical Tool in Bilingual Classrooms offers a detailed analysis of code-switching in the context of educational linguistics, and reveals ten major pedagogical techniques which illustrate how teachers use code-switches to engage students and provide guidance, clarification, discipline, and recaps during individual and whole-class interactions. Chapters highlight that code-switching can be used in a targeted manner to harness the cognitive potential of bilingual speakers and enhance instruction. Ultimately, the text identifies implications for teacher education, language policy, and educational leadership more broadly, and demonstrates intersections with key areas including functional, critical, and cultural literacy. This text will benefit researchers, academics, and educators with an interest in bilingualism, applied linguistics, and secondary education more broadly. Those specifically interested in multicultural education, sociolinguistics and educational policy will also benefit from this book.
Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity
by Peter AuerCode Switching, the alternating use of two or more languages ation, has become an increasingly topical and important field of research.Now available in paperback, Code-Switching in Conversation brings together contributions from a wide variety of sociolinguistics settings in which the phenomenon is observed. It addresses not only the structure and the function, but also the ideological values of such bilingual behaviour. The contributors question many views of code switching on the empirical basis of many European and non European contexts. By bringing together linguistics, anthropological and socio-psychological research, they move towards a more realistic conception of bilingual conversation action.
Codebreaking: A Practical Guide
by Elonka Dunin Klaus SchmehIf you liked Dan Brown&’s Da Vinci Code—or want to solve similarly baffling cyphers yourself—this is the book for you! A thrilling exploration of history&’s most vexing codes and ciphers that uses hands-on exercises to teach you the most popular historical encryption schemes and techniques for breaking them.Solve history&’s most hidden secrets alongside expert codebreakers Elonka Dunin and Klaus Schmeh, as they guide you through the world of encrypted texts. With a focus on cracking real-world document encryptions—including some crime-based coded mysteries that remain unsolved—you&’ll be introduced to the free computer software that professional cryptographers use, helping you build your skills with state-of-the art tools. You&’ll also be inspired by thrilling success stories, like how the first three parts of Kryptos were broken. Each chapter introduces you to a specific cryptanalysis technique, and presents factual examples of text encrypted using that scheme—from modern postcards to 19-century newspaper ads, war-time telegrams, notes smuggled into prisons, and even entire books written in code. Along the way, you&’ll work on NSA-developed challenges, detect and break a Caesar cipher, crack an encrypted journal from the movie The Prestige, and much more.You&’ll learn: How to crack simple substitution, polyalphabetic, and transposition ciphers How to use free online cryptanalysis software, like CrypTool 2, to aid your analysisHow to identify clues and patterns to figure out what encryption scheme is being usedHow to encrypt your own emails and secret messagesCodebreaking is the most up-to-date resource on cryptanalysis published since World War II—essential for modern forensic codebreakers, and designed to help amateurs unlock some of history&’s greatest mysteries.
Codes: How to Make Them and Break Them! (Murderous Maths Ser.)
by Kjartan Poskitt Ian BakerDid you ever want to send a message that only your friend can read? Or did you want to try and uncover a secret communication from someone else? If so, then here's everything you need to know about creating and cracking codes-from the simplest substitution messages to the secrets of the well-known World War II coding contraption, the amazing Enigma Machine!The book includes information about:Substitution codesScrambling codesCodes containing unrecognizable symbolsOther message systems such as Morse code and flagsAnd how to make your own Enigma machine!You’ll be thrilled as this amusing book takes you on a codebreaking adventure, learning ways to decode both simple and difficult puzzles, as well as provides you with a history on the cryptology. Filled with tips and enjoyable illustrations by Ian Baker, Codes will have you sending secret messages in no time.
Codes and Evolution: The Origin of Absolute Novelties (Biosemiotics #29)
by Marcello BarbieriThis text builds upon the over 1500 papers published in peer-reviewed journals revealing that there are more than 200 biological codes in living systems. The author claims this experimental fact is bound to change biology forever. This book shows how this very discovery reveals that coding is a new mechanism of life, just as the discovery of electromagnetism revealed the existence of a new physical force in the universe. The existence of many biological codes, furthermore, Barbieri argues, is one of those experimental facts that have extraordinary theoretical consequences. It implies that coding is not only a mechanism that constantly operates in all living systems, but also a mechanism of evolution, more precisely a mechanism that gave origin to the absolute novelties of the history of life. This amounts to saying that evolution took place by two distinct mechanisms, by natural selection and by natural conventions, two mechanisms that are fundamentally different because natural selection is the result of copying and deals with information whereas natural conventions are the result of coding and deal with meaning. This volume appeals to students and researchers working in the fields of semiotics, philosophy, biology and mathematics.