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Invented by Law: Alexander Graham Bell and the Patent That Changed America
by Christopher BeauchampChristopher Beauchamp debunks the myth of Alexander Graham Bell as the telephone's sole inventor, exposing that story's origins in the arguments advanced by Bell's lawyers during fiercely contested battles for patent monopoly. The courts anointed Bell father of the telephone--likely the most consequential intellectual property right ever granted.
Inventing American Exceptionalism: The Origins of American Adversarial Legal Culture, 1800-1877
by Amalia D. KesslerA highly engaging account of the developments--not only legal, but also socioeconomic, political, and cultural--that gave rise to Americans' distinctively lawyer-driven legal culture When Americans imagine their legal system, it is the adversarial trial--dominated by dueling larger-than-life lawyers undertaking grand public performances--that first comes to mind. But as award-winning author Amalia Kessler reveals in this engrossing history, it was only in the turbulent decades before the Civil War that adversarialism became a defining American practice and ideology, displacing alternative, more judge-driven approaches to procedure. By drawing on a broad range of methods and sources--and by recovering neglected influences (including from Europe)--the author shows how the emergence of the American adversarial legal culture was a product not only of developments internal to law, but also of wider socioeconomic, political, and cultural debates over whether and how to undertake market regulation and pursue racial equality. As a result, adversarialism came to play a key role in defining American legal institutions and practices, as well as national identity.
Inventing Equality: Reconstructing the Constitution in the Aftermath of the Civil War
by Michael BellesilesThe evolution of the battle for true equality in America seen through the men, ideas, and politics behind the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments passed at the end of the Civil War. On July 4, 1852, Frederick Douglass stood in front of a crowd in Rochester, New York, and asked, “What to the slave is the Fourth of July?” The audience had invited him to speak on the day celebrating freedom, and had expected him to offer a hopeful message about America; instead, he’d offered back to them their own hypocrisy. How could the Constitution defend both freedom and slavery? How could it celebrate liberty with one hand while withdrawing it with another? Theirs was a country which promoted and even celebrated inequality. From the very beginning, American history can be seen as a battle to reconcile the large gap between America’s stated ideals and the reality of its republic. Its struggle is not one of steady progress toward greater freedom and equality, but rather for every step forward there is a step taken in a different direction. In Inventing Equality, Michael Bellesiles traces the evolution of the battle for true equality—the stories of those fighting forward, to expand the working definition of what it means to be an American citizen—from the Revolution through the late nineteenth century. He identifies the systemic flaws in the Constitution, and explores through the role of the Supreme Court and three Constitutional amendments—the 13th, 14th, and 15th—the ways in which equality and inequality waxed and waned over the decades.
Inventing The Savage: The Social Construction of Native American Criminality
by Luana RossIn this pathfinding study, Ross draws upon the life histories of imprisoned Native American women to demonstrate how race/ethnicity, gender, and class contribute to the criminalizing of various behaviors and subsequent incarceration rates. Drawing on the Native women's own words, she reveals the violence in their lives prior to incarceration, their respective responses to it, and how those responses affect their eventual criminalization and imprisonment. Comparisons with the experiences of white women in the same prison underline the significant role of race in determining women's experiences within the criminal justice system.
The Invention of Free Labor
by Robert J. SteinfeldExamining the emergence of the modern conception of free labor--labor that could not be legally compelled, even though voluntarily agreed upon--Steinfeld explains how English law dominated the early American colonies, making violation of al labor agreements punishable by imprisonment. By the eighteenth century, traditional legal restrictions no longer applied to many kinds of colonial workers, but it was not until the nineteenth century that indentured servitude came to be regarded as similar to slavery.
The Invention of Free Press
by Edoardo TortaroloTracking the relationship between the theory of press control and the realities of practicing daily press censorship prior to publication, this volume on the suppression of dissent in early modern Europe tackles a topic with many elusive and under-researched characteristics. Pre-publication censorship was common in absolutist regimes in Catholic and Protestant countries alike, but how effective it was in practice remains open to debate. The Netherlands and England, where critical content segued into outright lampoonery, were unusual for hard-wired press freedoms that arose, respectively, from a highly competitive publishing industry and highly decentralized political institutions. These nations remained extraordinary exceptions to a rule that, for example in France, did not end until the revolution of 1789. Here, the author's European perspective provides a survey of the varying censorship regulations in European nations, as well as the shifting meanings of 'freedom of the press'. The analysis opens up fascinating insights, afforded by careful reading of primary archival sources, into the reactions of censors confronted with manuscripts by authors seeking permission to publish. Tortarolo sets the opinions on censorship of well-known writers, including Voltaire and Montesquieu, alongside the commentary of anonymous censors, allowing us to revisit some common views of eighteenth-century history. How far did these writers, their reasoning stiffened by Enlightenment values, promote dissident views of absolutist monarchies in Europe, and what insights did governments gain from censors' reports into the social tensions brewing under their rule? These questions will excite dedicated researchers, graduate students, and discerning lay readers alike.
The Invention of Journalism Ethics, Second Edition: The Path to Objectivity and Beyond (McGill-Queen's Studies in the History of Ideas #107)
by Stephen J.A. WardDoes objectivity exist in the news media? In The Invention of Journalism Ethics, Stephen Ward argues that given the current emphasis on interpretation, analysis, and perspective, journalists and the public need a new theory of objectivity. He explores the varied ethical assertions of journalists over the past few centuries, focusing on the changing relationship between journalist and audience. This historical analysis leads to an innovative theory of pragmatic objectivity that enables journalists and the public to recognize and avoid biased and unbalanced reporting. Ward convincingly demonstrates that journalistic objectivity is not a set of absolute standards but the same fallible but reasonable objectivity used for making decisions in other professions and public institutions. Considered a classic in the field since its first publication in 2004, this second edition includes new chapters that bring the book up to speed with journalism ethics in the twenty-first century by focusing on the growing dominance of online journalism and calling for a radical approach to journalism ethics reform. Ward also addresses important developments that have occurred in the last decade, including the emergence of digital journalism ethics and global journalism ethics.
The Invention of Party Politics
by Gerald LeonardThis ambitious work uncovers the constitutional foundations of that most essential institution of modern democracy, the political party. Taking on Richard Hofstadter's classic The Idea of a Party System, it rejects the standard view that Martin Van Buren and other Jacksonian politicians had the idea of a modern party system in mind when they built the original Democratic party.Grounded in an original retelling of Illinois politics of the 1820s and 1830s, the book also includes chapters that connect the state-level narrative to national history, from the birth of the Constitution to the Dred Scott case. In this reinterpretation, Jacksonian party-builders no longer anticipate twentieth-century political assumptions but draw on eighteenth-century constitutional theory to justify a party division between "the democracy" and "the aristocracy." Illinois is no longer a frontier latecomer to democratic party organization but a laboratory in which politicians use Van Buren's version of the Constitution, states' rights, and popular sovereignty to reeducate a people who had traditionally opposed party organization. The modern two-party system is no longer firmly in place by 1840. Instead, the system remains captive to the constitutional commitments on which the Democrats and Whigs founded themselves, even as the specter of sectional crisis haunts the parties' constitutional visions.
The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State (Cambridge Studies in Law and Society)
by John C. TorpeyThis book presents the first detailed history of the modern passport and why it became so important for controlling movement in the modern world. It explores the history of passport laws, the parliamentary debates about those laws, and the social responses to their implementation. The author argues that modern nation-states and the international state system have 'monopolized the 'legitimate means of movement',' rendering persons dependent on states' authority to move about - especially, though not exclusively, across international boundaries. This new edition reviews other scholarship, much of which was stimulated by the first edition, addressing the place of identification documents in contemporary life. It also updates the story of passport regulations from the publication of the first edition, which appeared just before the terrorist attacks of 9/11, to the present day.
The Inventor's Bible, 3rd Edition
by Ronald Louis DocieThe Definitive Guide for Inventors Features the PATENT AND NEW PRODUCT MARKETING WORKBOOK that takes you step-by-step through: * Protecting Your Idea (choosing the right steps)* Patenting (how, when, and why)* Selecting Manufacturers (that will do the best job)* Finding the Best Markets (and expanding opportunities)* Developing a Strategy and Market Plan (that fits perfectly into business plans)* Presenting Your Invention to Companies (without getting ripped off)* Negotiating the Best Deal (and how to hire the best advisors)From the Trade Paperback edition.
Inventor's Notebook, The
by Fred GrissomThe best way to protect your invention is to keep good records. Let The Inventor's Notebook track - and prompt you to take care of - every important step in the process. Use it to: document the development of your invention help you make refinements while building and testing assess the commercial potential of your invention calculate how much capital you are likely to need organize your search for funds to build, test, manufacture and distribute your invention create a record of contacts who know of your invention and have signed confidentiality agreements The Inventor's Notebook also includes new patent rules for application and prosecution, up-to-date agreements and new forms. The perfect companion to Nolo's bestselling Patent It Yourself, this book includes: - worksheets - forms - sample agreements - instructions - references to relevant areas of patent law - a bibliography of legal and non-legal aids
Invertebrate Justice: Extending The Boundaries of Non-Speciesist Green Criminology (Palgrave Studies in Green Criminology)
by Russil DurrantInvertebrates are the neglected majority of the animal world. Even though they make up over 95% of animal life, they rarely feature in discussions of speciesism, animal ethics or species justice. This book aims to extend the work of non-speciesist criminologists to argue for the idea of ‘invertebrate justice’. Utilizing green criminologist Rob White’s (2013) eco-justice perspective, the book demonstrates how our interactions with invertebrate species (insects, crustaceans, molluscs and so forth) cause a significant amount of harm to those animals themselves (species justice), the ecosystems in which they are embedded (ecological justice), and ultimately to humans (environmental justice). Across three sections, it provides an overview of the ways in which humans and invertebrates interact across a diverse range of contexts and reviews the literature on both invertebrate biodiversity and invertebrate sentience; builds a theoretical framework that can help us understand what invertebrate justice might mean; and tackles the difficult question of how best we can promote invertebrate justice in the future. It appeals to academics, environmental scientists, activists and policymakers.
Invest in ASEAN: Countries Analysis and Treaties
by Lorenzo Riccardi Giorgio RiccardiThis book highlights the main features of the economic, commercial, political, fiscal and financial systems of each of the ASEAN countries from a domestic and an international point of view. Moreover, it analyses the most relevant international treaties signed by ASEAN’s members. Published after the 50th anniversary of ASEAN to promote the association, the book is a valuable tool for practitioners who are interested in developing economic activities or investments in this area.
Investigating and Preventing Crime in the Digital Era: New Safeguards, New Rights (Legal Studies in International, European and Comparative Criminal Law #7)
by Lorena Bachmaier Winter Stefano RuggeriThe aim of this book is to delve into the impact of the Information and Communications Technologies in the criminal prevention and investigation, by addressing the state of the art of different measures and its implementation in different legal systems vis à vis the protection of human rights. Yet this research not only pursues a diagnostic goal but furthermore aims at providing a reconstruction of this problematic area in light of modern, human rights-oriented notion of criminal justice. This broadens the scope of this investigation, which encompasses both unprecedented safeguards to traditional, or anyway widely recognized individual rights and the emergence of new rights, such as the right to informational self-determination, and the right to information technology privacy.The book addresses the problems and potentials in the areas of criminal prevention and criminal investigation, taking into account that due to electronic surveillance and the progress in the use of big data for identifying risks, the borders between preventive and investigative e-measures is not clear-cut.
Investigating Being in Organizations and Leadership: A Phenomenological Alternative
by Kim Malmbak Møller Michael FastThis book discusses the ontological foundation for organizational analysis and organizational life from a phenomenological perspective. The objective of this book is to provide the reader with an understanding of organizations that adequately takes into account the current philosophical knowledge regarding human nature. A key result of this analysis is that organizations are existentially founded human experiences of emotions, ethics, culture and narrative. This understanding of organizations is furthermore complicated by the existence of concepts of power, relationship, interaction and identity, which all can be perceived as contradicting notions of objectivity, professionalism and rationalism. The question is not whether this is an easy description to navigate nor apply, but rather where we go from here. This book would be of interest to students and scholars working on the philosophy of business, and academics in critical organization studies and alternative philosophy of organization. The book would also be of interest to people in all organization trying to understand everyday of dilemmas and contradictions.
Investigating Computer-Related Crime
by Peter Stephenson Keith GilbertSince the last edition of this book was written more than a decade ago, cybercrime has evolved. Motives have not changed, but new means and opportunities have arisen with the advancement of the digital age. Investigating Computer-Related Crime: Second Edition incorporates the results of research and practice in a variety of venues, growth in the fi
Investigating Corporate Fraud
by Michael J. ComerIn 1998 Gower published the highly successful third edition of Corporate Fraud by Michael Comer. Sadly, the need for such books has not disappeared - if anything it has increased - with cases such as Enron, WorldCom and the Allied Irish Bank and so this volume concentrates on the practicalities of investigating and recovering from fraud. Fraud can be prevented by secure processes and by ensuring that people allowed access to them are honest. This is easier said than done; failures will occur and every company needs contingency plans as a safety net. Contrary to popular belief, corporate fraud happens to good companies and effective managers. What is crucial is your reaction when suspicions are first aroused - fraud changes from a problem to a disaster mainly because people's initial response is ineffective. This book is a comprehensive action plan for organizations that are victims of corporate fraud. The aim is to help make sure that you can react swiftly and effectively, recover your money, your costs with interest and punish the offenders so that a deterrent is established for others. Most importantly the book will help you return to normal working as quickly as possible. It is highly practical, featuring checklists and case examples throughout. Applying his extraordinary experience, keen insight and vast practical knowledge, Mike Comer is able to take a unique position in showing organizations what they can do and what their rights are. His writing style is entertaining and enlightening - this is no dry, laborious and incomprehensible legal reference. You will find Investigating Corporate Fraud a fascinating and invaluable source of practical expert guidance on a subject strewn with potential dangers.
Investigating Difference: Human and Cultural Relations in Criminal Justice
by Lynn C. Jones Criminal Justice Collective StaffInvestigating Difference examines the full range of individual differences across the entire criminal justice system. Moving beyond just race and gender, it tackles differences based on experience, age, socio-economic class, disabilities and more. Written by a variety of leaders in the field, it looks at how these variances impact all people within the system, including victims, offenders, and service providers. This edition continues to emphasize positive solutions and includes new "case-in-point" illustrations that discuss how difference matters. For anyone interested in the criminal justice system with regard to diversity and multicultural issues.
Investigating Difference: Human and Cultural Relations in Criminal Justice
by Justine Miller Sarah Prior Lynn JonesFor courses that investigate race, class, and gender issues in Criminal Justice. <p><p> A deep exploration of justice―its meaning and administration―through consideration of difference Investigating Difference examines the full range of individual differences across the entire criminal justice system. <p><p>With a focus on positive solutions, the Third Edition moves beyond a prioritization of race to emphasize the multitude of social identity categories that matter in the justice system. Written by esteemed faculty and leading scholars in the field, this edition includes new chapters on intersectionality, specialty courts, and whiteness; newly authored and conceptualized chapters on gender, sexual orientation and gender identity, victimization, African Americans, Asian Americans, immigration, disability, and religion; a look at globalization and its impact on victims, offenders, and practitioners; and updated statistics and policy information throughout.
Investigating Infant Deaths
by Bobbi Jo O'NealMany forensic pathologists and death investigators would agree that infant deaths have historically been poorly investigated. Investigating Infant Deaths provides an in-depth guide featuring 40 case examples that illustrates real-life scenarios in which techniques are put into action. It explains techniques for interviewing grieving parents, how to perform an initial post-mortem exam, what to look for at the incident scene, and the goals of state and local child fatality teams. It also presents suggestions for using doll re-enactments to interview surviving caregivers and witnesses as well as 44 pictures of scenes and unsafe environments.
Investigating Missing Children Cases: A Guide for First Responders and Investigators
by Donald F. SpragueTime is an abducted childs worst enemy. Seventy-four percent of abducted children who are murdered are killed within three hours of their abduction. It takes, on the average, two hours for a parent to report a child missing. This gives responders only one hour to get an investigation up and running in an attempt to locate and recover the child ali
Investigating Radicalization Trends: Case Studies in Europe and Asia (Security Informatics and Law Enforcement)
by Babak Akhgar Douglas Wells José María BlancoThis book provides a detailed insight into the complex dynamics of radicalization that are in play amongst contemporary society. The authors focus on understanding emerging trends and models that can be used to analyse and understand modern violent extremist and xenophobic discourse. The chapters cover multiple regions, providing a collective analysis of country-specific case studies for the formulation of best practices, recommendations and learning material. It is recommended that this book may serve as a compendium for practitioners, academics, teachers and students wishing to gain state-of-the art knowledge. Topics covered by the authors vary from hands-on practical information to tactical, operational, strategic and ethical guidance. This book provides a holistic, harmonized approach based upon European internal security strategies recognizing that internal security cannot be achieved in isolation from the rest of the world. Additionally, this material resonates with the EU’s commitment to fight extremism in a rational manner, alongside promoting human rights, democracy, peace and stability within the EU Member States.Presents a comprehensive understanding of the interconnectivities and trends behind emerging radicalisation patterns;Features newest conceptual and practical knowledge to monitor, analyse and respond to radicalization around the world;Provides a comprehensive view into the methodologies for analysis, through visualizations, case studies and applications.
Investigating Rape: A New Approach for Police (Routledge Revivals)
by Ian BlairFirst published in 1985, Investigating Rape examines practices related with rape in four United States police departments and suggests what lessons the British police service might draw from them. The author urges greater recognition of the emotional trauma suffered by rape victims and the effects of that trauma on the relationship between victims and investigators. He recommends changes in police procedure, including new approaches in interviewing style and changes in training and in liaison with agencies who provide help to victims. This book will be of interest to any police official as well as to students of law and criminology.
Investigating Religious Terrorism and Ritualistic Crimes
by Dawn PerlmutterThe legalities of particular religious practices depend on many factors, such as the type of occult or religious activity, the current laws, and the intention of the individual practitioner. Written by the director of the Institute for the Research of Organized and Ritual Violence, Investigating Religious Terrorism and Ritualistic Crimes is the fir
Investigating the Almost Perfect Murders: The Case of Russell Causley and Other Crimes
by Anthony NottA British detective superintendent recounts a remarkable ten-year investigation, and other compelling murder cases he worked in his long police career. Anthony Nott joined the Metropolitan Police in 1971, in a very different world from that of today. In this memoir he describes his early experiences in the Met, including the arrest of a man for murdering a prostitute in Kings Cross. He was present when a fellow police officer was almost stabbed to death, and witnessed an act of police brutality when he interrupted the beating of a petty criminal in a cell by the CID. In 1976, he transferred to the county force of Dorset where, not long after his promotion to detective sergeant, he engaged in what would be a ten-year long investigation into the disappearance of Monica Taylor, leading to the eventual conviction of her husband, Peter, for what was almost the perfect murder—Monica&’s remains were never found. He also recounts a series of other cases in which he was involved, from the murder and decapitation of a woman in Bournemouth and the random killing of another, to the extremely violent killing of a gay man in Boscombe Gardens, Bournemouth, in which it took two years to bring the perpetrators to justice. While he served as a DCI in Bournemouth in 1994, the chance visit of a detective sergeant from Guernsey, who was investigating a life insurance fraud, led to the reopening of a missing person enquiry from eight years earlier, and resulted in the conviction of Russell Causley for murder, despite his wife&’s body also never being recovered. This book provides an insight into the methodical and transparent way in which the police investigate complicated crimes—from riots to almost perfect murders.