- Table View
- List View
Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement: Stories from the Frontline
by Steven K. KappThis open access book marks the first historical overview of the autism rights branch of the neurodiversity movement, describing the activities and rationales of key leaders in their own words since it organized into a unique community in 1992. Sandwiched by editorial chapters that include critical analysis, the book contains 19 chapters by 21 authors about the forming of the autistic community and neurodiversity movement, progress in their influence on the broader autism community and field, and their possible threshold of the advocacy establishment. The actions covered are legendary in the autistic community, including manifestos such as “Don’t Mourn for Us”, mailing lists, websites or webpages, conferences, issue campaigns, academic project and journal, a book, and advisory roles. These actions have shifted the landscape toward viewing autism in social terms of human rights and identity to accept, rather than as a medical collection of deficits and symptoms to cure.
Auto-ethnography in Public Policy Advocacy: Theory, Policy and Practice
by Louise Sinden-CarrollThis book explores how public policy advocacy can be used to approach policy issue identification, resolution or, at the least, support the management of wicked policy issues. By describing how this type of advocacy draws on participatory action research, including ethnographic and auto-ethnographic models, this book offers a tool for public policy consumer advocates on how to apply the Human Capabilities Approach to address presenting public policy issues worldwide. By applying these models to the situation of prisoners with hearing loss in New Zealand’s prisons, it identifies multiple causal factors for quality-of-life-limiting marginalization, e.g. social barriers (e.g. disability discrimination); environmental limitations (e.g. geographical and those introduced by incarceration); and individual responses in line with negative attitudes – both social and political, including the State’s denial of prisoners’ right to democratic participation by revoking their right to vote in general elections after sentencing. In addition, two other areas, namely blood safety and broadcast media captioning, are highlighted, showing that the skill of auto-ethnography is transferrable and can be applied to ensure effective consumer advocacy for a diverse range of issues that affect marginalized sectors.
Autobiography of a Brown Buffalo (Vintage International)
by Oscar Zeta AcostaBefore his mysterious disappearance and probable death in 1971, Oscar Zeta Acosta was famous as a Robin Hood Chicano layer and notorious as the real-life model for Hunter S. Thompson's "Dr. Gonzo," a fat, pugnacious attorney with a gargantuan appetite for food, drugs, and life on the edge. Written with uninhibited candor and manic energy, this book is Acosta's own account of coming of age as a Chicano in the psychedelic sixties, of taking on impossible cases while breaking all the rules of courtroom conduct, and of scrambling headlong in search of a personal and cultural identity.
Autobiography of a Disease (Writing Lives: Ethnographic and Autoethnographic Narratives)
by Patrick AndersonAutobiography of a Disease documents, in experimental form, the experience of extended life-threatening illness in contemporary US hospitals and clinics. The narrative is based primarily on the author’s sudden and catastrophic collapse into a coma and long hospitalization thirteen years ago; but it has also been crafted from twelve years of research on the history of microbiology, literary representations of illness and medical treatment, cultural analysis of MRSA in the popular press, and extended autoethnographic work on medicalization. An experiment in form, the book blends the genres of storytelling, historiography, ethnography, and memoir. Unlike most medical memoirs, told from the perspective of the human patient, Autobiography of a Disease is told from the perspective of a bacterial cluster. This orientation is intended to represent the distribution of perspectives on illness, disability, and pain across subjective centers—from patient to monitoring machine, from body to cell, from caregiver to cared-for—and thus makes sense of illness only in a social context.
Autoerotic Deaths: Practical Forensic and Investigative Perspectives (ISSN)
by Anny Sauvageau Vernon J. GeberthA collaboration between two internationally known experts, this volume presents a scientific, modern view of autoerotic death, complete with a variety of case histories and investigator tips. Enhanced with more than 100 color photos, the book begins by exploring the evolution of the concept of sexual asphyxia and autoerotic death. It then examines death scene characteristics and the importance of recognizing clues to the autoerotic nature of a death. Using a case history format to describe methods as well as typical and atypical victims, the book is an unparalleled resource for all those involved in the investigation of these peculiar incidents.
Automated Agencies: The Transformation of Government Guidance
by Joshua D. Blank Leigh OsofskyAutomated Agencies is the definitive account of how automation is transforming government explanations of the law to the public. Joshua D. Blank and Leigh Osofsky draw on extensive research regarding the federal government's turn to automated legal guidance through chatbots, virtual assistants, and other online tools. Blank and Osofsky argue that automated tools offer administrative benefits for both the government and the public in terms of efficiency and ease of use, yet these automated tools may also mislead members of the public. Government agencies often exacerbate this problem by making guidance seem more personalized than it is, not recognizing how users may rely on the guidance, and not disclosing that the guidance cannot be relied upon as a legal matter. After analyzing the potential costs and benefits of the use of automated legal guidance by government agencies, Automated Agencies charts a path forward for policymakers by offering detailed policy recommendations.
Automatism as a Defence
by John RumboldAutomatism is a notoriously difficult subject for law students, lawyers and judges. This book explores the science and medicine of sleep disorders and examines how the criminal process deals with such disorders when presented as a defence. It systematically examines the legal doctrines involved, and their implications for the use of the evidence key to establishing automatism, while also exploring the medical conditions that can cause automatism (particularly epilepsy, sleepwalking and diabetes). This book is a valuable resource for law students, lawyers, judges and expert witnesses.
Automotive Recycling, Plastics, and Sustainability
by David SchönmayrThis book provides transdisciplinary analyses of the automotive plastics production and recycling system, including prognoses, scenarios and solutions for corporate sustainability management.A book on plastics, not written by a plastics guy. But a sustainability guy. Plastics schizophrenia and the automotive abyss: The industry is facing a severe challenge. It is the inevitable and promising change towards a sustainable economy. However, the automotive industry is primarily concerned with the CO2 emissions from cars when driving, while the rise of lightweight plastics, electric drive and heavy batteries make the production and end-of-life phase ever more important. Therefore, the currently increasing use of non-sustainable virgin plastics in cars has to be tackled.The plastics and the automotive industry now have a chance, and this chance is the Recycling Renaissance.This book offers:• Holistic and transdisciplinary overview on sustainability and automotive plastics from all angles including economy, ecology, technology, and politics with a focus on Europe• Concise analyses, prognoses, tools and a roadmap with solutions for companies, developed together with international experts from industry and academia • Strong scientific basis and independent research including a Europe-wide survey, expert interviews, and workshops• More than 80 illustrations and 15 tables including a SCOT analysis • Executive summaries after each chapter for fast reading“The uniqueness of this book lies within the different point of view on this topic from a critical, outstanding scientist.” - Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.mont. Pomberger, Montanuni Leoben
Autonomie und Familie: Behandlungsentscheidungen bei geschäfts- und einwilligungsunfähigen Volljährigen (MedR Schriftenreihe Medizinrecht)
by Daniel BrauerBeiträge zur Patientenautonomie gibt es viele. Was bisher aber kaum Beachtung gefunden hat, ist das Verhältnis zwischen Patientenautonomie und der Familie als personellem Nahraum. Das vorliegende Buch schließt diese Lücke, indem es die Bedeutung von Familienangehörigen bei medizinischen Entscheidungssituationen geschäfts- und einwilligungsunfähiger Patienten untersucht. Der Autor bereitet die Thematik systematisch auf, indem er, ausgehend von einer Darstellung eines Autonomiekonzepts und den Grundlagen der medizinischen Behandlung, der Kernfrage nachgeht, wie die Familie in den Entscheidungsfindungsprozess einbezogen wird und warum. Aufbauend auf diesen Erkenntnissen untersucht der Autor, ob aus der Einbeziehung der Familie eine Gefährdung für die Autonomie des Einzelnen folgt. Abschließend wendet sich der Autor der Beteiligung von Familienmitgliedern in den Rechtsordnungen der USA und den sich aus einem Rechtsvergleich ergebenden Handlungsimpulsen für das deutsche Recht zu.
Autonomisierung des Öffentlichkeitsbegriffs in § 22 S. 1 Alt. 2 KUG: Eine rechtsdogmatische Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von § 15 Abs. 3 UrhG und Art. 3 Abs. 1 InfoSoc-RL (Juridicum – Schriften zum Medien-, Informations- und Datenrecht)
by Isabel PlumDie Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem bildnisrechtlichen Öffentlichkeitsbegriff des § 22 S. 1 Alt. 2 KUG, den der Gesetzgeber trotz des massiven technischen Wandels und der herausragenden Bedeutung von Bildnissen im digitalen Zeitalter seit über 100 Jahren nicht novelliert hat. Vielmehr greift die überwiegende Meinung in der Rechtsprechung und der Literatur im Rahmen des § 22 S. 1 Alt. 2 KUG seit jeher auf das Verständnis des urheberrechtlichen Öffentlichkeitsbegriffs gemäß § 15 Abs. 3 UrhG zurück, der infolge der umfassenden Rechtsprechung des EuGH zu Art. 3 Abs. 1 InfoSoc-RL erhebliche Modifikationen erfahren hat. Die Arbeit widmet sich insoweit der Frage, ob für den bildnisrechtlichen Öffentlichkeitsbegriff tatsächlich der urheberrechtliche Öffentlichkeitsbegriff, die Vorgaben des Art. 3 Abs. 1 InfoSoc-RL sowie die hierzu ergangene Rechtsprechung des EuGH herangezogen werden können. Dabei werden erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen dem bildnisrechtlichen und dem urheberrechtlichen Öffentlichkeitsbegriff konstatiert, die eine Autonomisierung des bildnisrechtlichen Öffentlichkeitsbegriffs gebieten. Die Autorin entwickelt daher einen von § 15 Abs. 3 UrhG und Art. 3 Abs. 1 InfoSoc-RL losgelösten Öffentlichkeitsbegriff, der den bildnisrechtlichen Spezifika Rechnung trägt.
Autonomous Motherhood?
by Susan B. Boyd Fiona Kelly Dorothy E. Chunn Wanda WiegersSince the end of the Second World War, increasing numbers of women have decided to become mothers without intending the biological father or a partner to participate in parenting. Many conceive via donor insemination or adopt; others become pregnant after a brief sexual relationship and decide to parent alone.Using a feminist socio-legal framework, Autonomous Motherhood? probes fundamental assumptions within the law about the nature of family and parenting. Drawing on a range of empirical evidence, including legislative history, case studies, and interviews with single mothers, the authors conclude that while women may now have the economic and social freedom to parent alone, they must still negotiate a socio-legal framework that suggests their choice goes against the interests of society, fatherhood, and children.
Autonomous Organizations
by Shawn BayernUnder current business law, it is already possible to give legal personhood, or a very close surrogate of it, to software systems of any kind (from a simple automated escrow agent to a more hypothetical, truly smart artificial intelligence). This means that, for example, robots could enter into contracts, serve as legal agents, or own property. Ultimately, entire companies could actually be run by non-human agents. This study argues that this is not as scary as it might sound at first. Legal theorist and noted software developer Shawn Bayern argues that autonomous or zero-person organizations offer an opportunity for useful new types of interactions between software and the law. This creative contribution to the theory and practice of law and technology explores the social and political aspects of these new organizational structures and their implications for legal theory.
Autonomous Ships and the Law (IMLI Studies in International Maritime Law)
by Henrik Ringbom Erik Røsæg Trond SolvangInterest in autonomous ships has grown exponentially over the past few years. Whereas a few years ago, the prospect of unmanned and autonomous vessels sailing on the seas was considered unrealistic, the debate now centers on when and in what format and pace the development will take place. Law has a key role to play in this development and legal obstacles are often singled out as principal barriers to the rapid introduction of new technologies in shipping. Within a few years, autonomous ships have turned from a non-issue to one of the main regulatory topics being addressed by the International Maritime Organization. However, the regulatory discussion is still in its infancy, and while many new questions have been raised, few answers have been provided to them to date. Increased automation of tasks that have traditionally been undertaken by ships' crews raises interesting legal questions across the whole spectrum of maritime law. The first of its kind, this book explores the issue of autonomous ships from a wide range of legal perspectives, including both private law and public law at international and national level, making available cutting-edge research which will be of significant interest to researchers in maritime law.
Autonomous Ships and the Law (ISSN)
by Henrik Ringbom Erik Røsæg Trond SolvangInterest in autonomous ships has grown exponentially over the past few years. Whereas a few years ago, the prospect of unmanned and autonomous vessels sailing on the seas was considered unrealistic, the debate now centers on when and in what format and pace the development will take place.Law has a key role to play in this development and legal obstacles are often singled out as principal barriers to the rapid introduction of new technologies in shipping. Within a few years, autonomous ships have turned from a non-issue to one of the main regulatory topics being addressed by the International Maritime Organization. However, the regulatory discussion is still in its infancy, and while many new questions have been raised, few answers have been provided to them to date.Increased automation of tasks that have traditionally been undertaken by ships' crews raises interesting legal questions across the whole spectrum of maritime law. The first of its kind, this book explores the issue of autonomous ships from a wide range of legal perspectives, including both private law and public law at international and national level, making available cutting-edge research which will be of significant interest to researchers in maritime law.Chapter 3 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 license.
Autonomous Vehicles: Business, Technology and Law (Perspectives in Law, Business and Innovation)
by Steven Van Uytsel Danilo Vasconcellos VargasThis edited book aims to address challenges facing the deployment of autonomous vehicles. Autonomous vehicles were predicted to hit the road by 2017. Even though a high degree of automation may have been achieved, vehicles that can drive autonomously under all circumstances are not yet commercially available, and the predictions have been adjusted. Now, experts even say that we are still decades away from fully autonomous vehicles. In this volume, the authors form a multidisciplinary team of experts to discuss some of the reasons behind this delay. The focus is on three areas: business, technology, and law. The authors discuss how the traditional car manufacturers have to devote numerous resources to the development of a new business model, in which the sole manufacturing of vehicles may no longer be sufficient. In addition, the book seeks to introduce how technological challenges are creating a shift toward connected autonomous vehicles. Further, it provides insight into how regulators are responding to the insufficiently tested technology and how lawyers try to answer the liability question for accidents with these autonomous vehicles.
Autonomous Vehicles and Civil Liability in a Global Perspective: Liability Law Study across the World in relation to SAE J3016 Standard for Driving Automation (Data Science, Machine Intelligence, and Law #3)
by Hans Steege Ilaria Amelia Caggiano Maria Cristina Gaeta Benjamin Von BodungenIn the automotive sector, digitalisation, connectivity and automation are rapidly expanding. In tomorrow’s vehicles, human beings will merely be passengers – which raises a host of complex legal issues regarding accidents involving self-driving vehicles. This book is the first to offer a comprehensive, global overview of civil liability regimes for all levels of vehicle automation in jurisdictions that represent some of the most important markets for the automotive industry. After a technical introduction to how self-driving cars work, the individual chapters analyse the liability for driving automation at SAE J3016 levels 0 through 5 from a country-specific perspective. All chapters were written by experts in the field and follow a uniform legal structure. Hence, the book offers an essential comparative analysis of similarities and differences in the jurisdictions examined, while also providing suggestions for future legislative changes at the national and international level. The book is not only relevant for legal scholars and practitioners but will also be of particular interest to anyone involved in the design, manufacture, distribution and operation of self-driving vehicles.
Autonomous Vehicles and the Law: How Each Field is Shaping the Other (Synthesis Lectures on Advances in Automotive Technology)
by A. Buke HizirogluDisciplines can no longer be isolated. Technology has rapidly evolved to the point that driverless vehicles have truly become a reality and are not something out of a futuristic exhibition from the 1950s. However, engineers and researchers working on the development of autonomous vehicles cannot ignore the policy implications and policymakers as well as attorneys cannot ignore the technology. We are at a point where cross-disciplinary collaboration is vital in order to produce a technology that will immensely benefit society. This is the goal of this book: to educate autonomous vehicle developers on legal theory at the most basic level. Both policymakers and lawyers may also find the book helpful in gaining a basic understanding of the technology the developers are working on. The 2nd edition will dive further into cyber security as well as provide legal hypotheticals to give a perspective to engineers or others working in the field. Additionally, it will focus more on liability,which has had some changes recently.
Autonomous Vessels in Maritime Affairs: Law and Governance Implications (Studies in National Governance and Emerging Technologies)
by Tafsir Matin Johansson Jonatan Echebarria Fernández Dimitrios Dalaklis Aspasia Pastra Jon A. SkinnerThis first-of-its-kind incisive and interdisciplinary volume spears through law and governance implications in relation to maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). The book focuses on a wide array of timely, topical and thorny issues under eight distinct parts: setting the scene; naval warfare and security; safety, seaworthiness and techno-regulatory assessments; global environmental change; autonomous passenger transportation; liability and insurance; selected national and regional developments; and tying the threads. Thus, the main themes will stress on topics including evolution, environment, safety and security, society, insurance, liability, human element, design solutions and procedures, and selected national case studies. At the outset, the book commences with an insight into the role of innovation-diplomacy as the driving force that could expedite the transition from autonomation to autonomy, and a commentary from the Chair of IMO’s MASS. After navigating through the complex law and governance landscape, the book concludes with a chapter that captures the essence of the paradigm shift and ties all critical findings for further consideration.Chapter 11 and Chapter 18 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Law of Armed Conflict: Compatibility with International Humanitarian Law
by Tim McFarlandFor policymakers, this book explains the ramifications under international humanitarian law of a major new field of weapon development with a focus on questions currently being debated by governments, the United Nations and other bodies. Based on a clear explanation of the principles of autonomous systems and a survey of technologies under active development as well as some that are in use today, it provides a thorough legal analysis grounded on a clear understanding of the technological realities of autonomous weapon systems. For legal practitioners and scholars, it describes the legal constraints that will apply to use of autonomous systems in armed conflict and the measures that will be needed to ensure that the efficacy of the law is maintained. More generally, it serves as a case study in identifying the legal consequences of use of autonomous systems in partnership with, or in place of, human beings.
Autonomous Weapons Systems
by Nehal Bhuta Susanne Beck Robin Geiß Liu Hin-Yan Claus KreßThe intense and polemical debate over the legality and morality of weapons systems to which human cognitive functions are delegated (up to and including the capacity to select targets and release weapons without further human intervention) addresses a phenomena which does not yet exist but which is widely claimed to be emergent. This groundbreaking collection combines contributions from roboticists, legal scholars, philosophers and sociologists of science in order to recast the debate in a manner that clarifies key areas and articulates questions for future research. The contributors develop insights with direct policy relevance, including who bears responsibility for autonomous weapons systems, whether they would violate fundamental ethical and legal norms, and how to regulate their development. It is essential reading for those concerned about this emerging phenomenon and its consequences for the future of humanity.
Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norms
by Ingvild Bode Hendrik HuelssAutonomous weapons systems seem to be on the path to becoming accepted technologies of warfare. The weaponization of artificial intelligence raises questions about whether human beings will maintain control of the use of force. The notion of meaningful human control has become a focus of international debate on lethal autonomous weapons systems among members of the United Nations: many states have diverging ideas about various complex forms of human-machine interaction and the point at which human control stops being meaningful.In Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norms Ingvild Bode and Hendrik Huelss present an innovative study of how testing, developing, and using weapons systems with autonomous features shapes ethical and legal norms, and how standards manifest and change in practice. Autonomous weapons systems are not a matter for the distant future – some autonomous features, such as in air defence systems, have been in use for decades. They have already incrementally changed use-of-force norms by setting emerging standards for what counts as meaningful human control. As UN discussions drag on with minimal progress, the trend towards autonomizing weapons systems continues.A thought-provoking and urgent book, Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norms provides an in-depth analysis of the normative repercussions of weaponizing artificial intelligence.
Autonomous Weapons Systems and the Responsibility of States: Challenges and Possibilities
by Lutiana Valadares Fernandes BarbosaThis book reviews whether the existing framework in place can effectively address breaches in the context of Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS). The work endeavors to map out the main gaps and some possible approaches to address them. Part I sets the ground. First, it provides a concept of AWS. Next, it discusses the accountability gap AWS generate and shows how the international community has put far more emphasis on individual responsibility rather than state responsibility. Part II analyzes the challenges AWS pose to the regime governing state responsibility under international law, as codified in the Draft Articles on State Responsibility (ARSIWA). In this regard, it discusses attribution, breach of an international obligation, tempus comissi delicti, multiple states involved in a breach, force majeure, assurance of non-repetition, issues related to damage, the human-machine interaction and its impacts on state´s responsibility, responsibility for not using AWS, weapons review and the duty of due diligence. Part III summarizes the challenges discussed in part II in thirteen issues of concern and presents possible paths de lege ferenda to address each of those issues, mainly a paradigm shift in attribution and strict liability, among seven other more specific proposals. The conclusion reached is that the current regime on the international responsibility of states is insufficient to deal with the new challenges AWS pose. De lege ferenda, the book argues for following the paths suggested in part III. It also reflects on parts II and III's findings and how many of AWS's challenges to state´s responsibility apply to other autonomous devices. Therefore, through the case study of AWS, this work also opens the broader discussion of the gaps in the international responsibility of states regarding autonomous device misdoings.
Autonomy After Auschwitz: Adorno, German Idealism, and Modernity
by Martin ShusterEver since Kant and Hegel, the notion of autonomy—the idea that we are beholden to no law except one we impose upon ourselves—has been considered the truest philosophical expression of human freedom. But could our commitment to autonomy, as Theodor Adorno asked, be related to the extreme evils that we have witnessed in modernity? In Autonomy after Auschwitz, Martin Shuster explores this difficult question with astonishing theoretical acumen, examining the precise ways autonomy can lead us down a path of evil and how it might be prevented from doing so. Shuster uncovers dangers in the notion of autonomy as it was originally conceived by Kant. Putting Adorno into dialogue with a range of European philosophers, notably Kant, Hegel, Horkheimer, and Habermas—as well as with a variety of contemporary Anglo-American thinkers such as Richard Rorty, Stanley Cavell, John McDowell, and Robert Pippin—he illuminates Adorno’s important revisions to this fraught concept and how his different understanding of autonomous agency, fully articulated, might open up new and positive social and political possibilities. Altogether, Autonomy after Auschwitz is a meditation on modern evil and human agency, one that demonstrates the tremendous ethical stakes at the heart of philosophy.
Autonomy and Pregnancy: A Comparative Analysis of Compelled Obstetric Intervention (Biomedical Law and Ethics Library)
by Sam HallidayTechnology has come to dominate the modern experience of pregnancy and childbirth, but instead of empowering pregnant women, technology has been used to identify the foetus as a second patient characterised as a distinct entity with its own needs and interests. Often, foetal and the woman’s interests will be aligned, though in legal and medical discourses the two ‘patients’ are frequently framed as antagonists with conflicting interests. This book focuses upon the permissibility of encroachment on the pregnant woman’s autonomy in the interests of the foetus. Drawing on the law in England & Wales, the United States of America and Germany, Samantha Halliday focuses on the tension between a pregnant woman’s autonomy and medical actions taken to protect the foetus, addressing circumstances in which courts have declared medical treatment lawful in the face of the pregnant woman’s refusal of consent. As a work which calls into question the understanding of autonomy in prenatal medical care, this book will be of great use and interest to students, researchers and practitioners in medical law, comparative law, bioethics, and human rights.
Autonomy and the Self (Philosophical Studies Series #118)
by Nadja Jelinek Michael KühlerThis volume addresses the complex interplay between the conditions of an agent's personal autonomy and the constitution of her self in light of two influential background assumptions: a libertarian thesis according to which it is essential for personal autonomy to be able to choose freely how one's self is shaped, on the one hand, and a line of thought following especially the seminal work of Harry Frankfurt according to which personal autonomy necessarily rests on an already sufficiently shaped self, on the other hand. Given this conceptual framework, a number of influential aspects within current debate can be addressed in a new and illuminating light: accordingly, the volume's contributions range from 1) discussing fundamental conceptual interconnections between personal autonomy and freedom of the will, 2) addressing the exact role and understanding of different personal traits, e.g. Frankfurt's notion of volitional necessities, commitments to norms and ideals, emotions, the phenomenon of weakness of will, and psychocorporeal aspects, 3) and finally taking into account social influences, which are discussed in terms of their ability to buttress, to weaken, or even to serve as necessary preconditions of personal autonomy and the forming of one's self. The volume thus provides readers with an extensive and most up-to-date discussion of various influential strands of current philosophical debate on the topic. It is of equal interest to all those already engaged in the debate as well as to readers trying to get an up-to-date overview or looking for a textbook to use in courses.