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The Legislature in Nigeria’s Presidential Democracy of the Fourth Republic: Power, Process, and Development (Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development)
by Omololu Fagbadebo Mojeed Olujinmi A. AlabiThis book investigates whether legislative institutions, state and national, in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic have been able to harness constitutional powers to impact public policy. Presenting how the Nigerian state has not been able to showcase the expected dividends of presidential democracy since 1999, it analyzes the crisis of governance and its impact on political stability, social cohesion, and the livelihood of citizens. The book further discusses the depreciating infrastructure, corruption, and mismanagement of public resources, and shows how defiant attitudes of public political and bureaucratic officials define the new wave of corruption and profligacy in Nigeria, presenting this development as a result of a weakened legislature. The book displays the necessity of implementing a culture of accountability and discusses oversight mechanisms to make the executive accountable. These mechanisms are designed to ensure effective public service delivery. Finally, the book situates the legislative institutions in Nigeria within the context of the contributions of the National Assembly and the Assemblies of the State Houses to the development of this emerging democracy in Africa. The book will appeal to students and scholars of political science and public administration, as well as policy-makers and practitioners interested in a better understanding of democracy, separation of powers, governance, and Nigerian politics.
Legisprudence: Practical Reason in Legislation (Applied Legal Philosophy)
by Luc J. WintgensThis book establishes legisprudence, in contrast to jurisprudence, as a legal theory of rational law-making. It suggests that by rejecting the common wisdom about the nature of political law-making, legislation could be improved and streamlined. Using the methods, theoretical insights and tools of current legal theory and philosophy of law in a new way, the book suggests the creation of law by legislators rather than government. Raising new questions and problems of the validity of norms, the book opens a new perspective on legitimacy of norms, their meaning and the structure of the legal system. In distinguishing legitimacy and legitimation of law, the book ventures into the philosophical roots of legal theory and suggests the articulation of a new conception of sovereignty. In shifting the emphasis to the position of the legislator and legislation, this book opens a number of new insights into the relationship between legislative problems and legal theory. Its main claim is that legislation should be justified by the legislator.
Legitimacy: The Right to Govern in a Wanton World
by Arthur Isak ApplbaumWhat makes a government legitimate? Arthur Isak Applbaum rigorously argues that the greatest threat to democracies today is not loss of basic rights or despotism. It is the tyranny of unreason: domination of citizens by incoherent, inconstant, incontinent rulers. A government that cannot govern itself cannot legitimately govern others.
Legitimacy and International Courts (Studies on International Courts and Tribunals)
by Geir Ulfstein Andreas Follesdal Nienke Grossman Harlan Grant CohenOne of the most noted developments in international law over the past twenty years is the proliferation of international courts and tribunals. They decide who has the right to exploit natural resources, define the scope of human rights, delimit international boundaries and determine when the use of force is prohibited. As the number and influence of international courts grow, so too do challenges to their legitimacy. This volume provides new interdisciplinary insights into international courts' legitimacy: what drives and undermines the legitimacy of these bodies? How do drivers change depending on the court concerned? What is the link between legitimacy, democracy, effectiveness and justice? Top international experts analyse legitimacy for specific international courts, as well as the links between legitimacy and cross-cutting themes. Failure to understand and respond to legitimacy concerns can endanger both the courts and the law they interpret and apply.
Legitimacy and Legality in International Law
by Jutta Brunnée Stephen J. ToopeIt has never been more important to understand how international law enables and constrains international politics. By drawing together the legal theory of Lon Fuller and the insights of constructivist international relations scholars, this book articulates a pragmatic view of how international obligation is created and maintained. First, legal norms can only arise in the context of social norms based on shared understandings. Second, internal features of law, or 'criteria of legality', are crucial to law's ability to promote adherence, to inspire 'fidelity'. Third, legal norms are built, maintained or destroyed through a continuing practice of legality. Through case studies of the climate-change regime, the anti-torture norm, and the prohibition on the use of force, it is shown that these three elements produce a distinctive legal legitimacy and a sense of commitment among those to whom law is addressed.
Legitimacy and Trust in Criminal Law, Policy and Justice: Norms, Procedures, Outcomes
by Nina PeršakWhereas previous studies of legitimacy and trust have mostly dealt with procedural justice and the police, this book focuses on other crucial understudied aspects of legitimacy within criminal law, policy and criminal justice. The chapters expand and develop current criminological, legal and socio-legal research by addressing conceptions of legitimacy linked to criminal law norms, criminalisation and sanctioning; by examining EU legal and policy aspects of the phenomenon; and by exploring some specific court-related issues of legitimacy and trust, hitherto neglected. With contributions from across the EU, this interdisciplinary collection presents a valuable discussion on the importance of trust in legal institutions of modern democracies and suggests ideas for future research in this area to challenge ways of thinking about legitimacy.
Legitimacy, Justice and Public International Law
by Lukas H. MeyerDo states or individuals stand under duties of international justice to people who live elsewhere and to other states? How are we to assess the legitimacy of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations Security Council? Should we support reforms of international institutions and how should we go about assessing alternative proposals of such reforms? The book brings together leading scholars of public international law, jurisprudence and international relations, political philosophers and political theorists to explore the central notions of international legitimacy and global justice. The essays examine how these notions are related and how understanding the relationships will help us comparatively assess the validity of proposals for the reform of international institutions and public international law.
Legitimacy, Legal Development and Change: Law and Modernization Reconsidered
by David K. LinnanThis book addresses critical questions about how legal development works in practice. Can law be employed to shape behavior as a form of social engineering, or must social behavior change first, relegating legal change to follow as ratification or reinforcement? And what is legal development's source of legitimacy if not modernization? But by the same token, whose version of modernization will predominate absent a Western monopoly on change? There are now legal development alternatives, especially from Asia, so we need a better way to ask the right questions of different approaches primarily in (non-Western) Asia, Africa, the Islamic world, plus South America. Incoming waves of change like the 'Arab spring' lie on the horizon. Meanwhile, debates are sharpening about law's role in economic development versus democracy and governance under the rubric of the rule of law. More than a general survey of law and modernization theory and practice, this work is a timely reference for practitioners of institutional reform, and a thought-provoking interdisciplinary collection of essays in an area of renewed practical and scholarly interest. The contributors are a distinguished international group of scholars and practitioners of law, development, social sciences, and religion with extensive experience in the developing world.
The Legitimacy of International Human Rights Regimes
by Andreas Føllesdal Johan Karlsson Schaffer Geir Ulfstein Andreas Føllesdal Johan Karlsson SchafferThe past sixty years have seen an expansion of international human rights conventions and supervisory organs, not least in Europe. While these international legal instruments have enlarged their mandate, they have also faced opposition and criticism from political actors at the state level, even in well-functioning democracies. Against the backdrop of such contestations, this book brings together prominent scholars in law, political philosophy and international relations in order to address the legitimacy of international human rights regimes as a theoretically challenging and politically salient case of international authority. It provides a unique and thorough overview of the legitimacy problems involved in the global governance of human rights.
The Legitimacy of International Trade Courts and Tribunals (Studies on International Courts and Tribunals )
by Geir Ulfstein Robert Howse Ruiz-Fabri Hélène Michelle Q. ZangThe recent rise of international trade courts and tribunals deserves systemic study and in-depth analysis. This volume gathers contributions from experts specialized in different regional adjudicators of trade disputes and scrutinizes their operations in the light of the often-debated legitimacy issues. It not only looks into prominent adjudicators that have played a significant role for global and regional integration, but it also includes the newly established and/or less-known judicial actors. Critical topics covered range from procedures and legal techniques during the adjudication process to the pre- and postadjudication matters in relation to forum selection and decision implementation. The volume features cross-cutting interdisciplinary discussions among academics and practitioners, lawyers, philosophers, and political scientists. In addition to fulfilling the research vacuum, it aims to address the challenges and opportunities faced in international trade adjudication.
The Legitimacy of Investment Arbitration: Empirical Perspectives (Studies on International Courts and Tribunals)
by Daniel Behn Ole Kristian Fauchald Malcolm LangfordInternational investment arbitration remains one of the most controversial areas of globalisation and international law. This book provides a fresh contribution to the debate by adopting a thoroughly empirical approach. Based on new datasets and a range of quantitative, qualitative and computational methods, the contributors interrogate claims and counter-claims about the regime's legitimacy. The result is a nuanced picture about many of the critiques lodged against the regime, whether they be bias in arbitral decision-making, close relationships between law firms and arbitrators, absence of arbitral diversity, and excessive compensation. The book comes at a time when several national and international initiatives are under way to reform international investment arbitration. The authors discuss and analyse how the regime can be reformed and ow a process of legitimation might occur.
The Legitimacy of Medical Treatment: What Role for the Medical Exception? (Biomedical Law and Ethics Library)
by Sara Fovargue Alexandra MullockWhenever the legitimacy of a new or ethically contentious medical intervention is considered, a range of influences will determine whether the treatment becomes accepted as lawful medical treatment. The development and introduction of abortion, organ donation, gender reassignment, and non-therapeutic cosmetic surgery have, for example, all raised ethical, legal, and clinical issues. This book examines the various factors that legitimatise a medical procedure. Bringing together a range of internationally and nationally recognised academics from law, philosophy, medicine, health, economics, and sociology, the book explores the notion of a treatment, practice, or procedure being proper medical treatment, and considers the range of diverse factors which might influence the acceptance of a particular procedure as appropriate in the medical context. Contributors address such issues as clinical judgement and professional autonomy, the role of public interest, and the influence of resource allocation in decision-making. In doing so, the book explores how the law, the medical profession, and the public interact in determining whether a new or ethically contentious procedure should be regarded as legitimate. This book will be of interest and use to researchers and students of bioethics, medical law, criminal law, and the sociology of medicine. Chapter 6 of this book 'Family perspectives on proper medical treatment for people in prolonged vegetative and minimally conscious states' by Celia Kitzinger and Jenny Kitzinger is available under an open access CC BY NC ND license and can be viewed at: http://preview.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/prevqa/NBK199156/ .
The Legitimacy of The European Union through Legal Rationality: Free Movement of Third Country Nationals (Routledge Research in EU Law)
by Richard BallThird country nationals (TCNs) play an important part in the economy of the European Union, reflected in the rights granted to them under European Union Law. Political expediency is however shaped by world, regional and domestic influences that in turn determine policy towards third country nationals and their legal rights to freedom of movement. This book examines the concept of political legitimacy within the European Union through the principles of legal rationality, focusing in particular on the European Union’s policy towards third country nationals. Richard Ball argues that for legal doctrine to be rational it must display the requirements of formal, instrumental and substantive rationality, each mutually exclusive and essential. In taking this position of legal rationality, the book focuses on free movement rights of TCNs within EU treaties and implementing legislation, the Area of Freedom Security and Justice, and Association Agreements. Ball concludes that the stance of European Union Law towards third country nationals lacks legitimacy, and suggests possible new directions that EU policy should take in the future.
Legitimacy of Unseen Actors in International Adjudication (Studies on International Courts and Tribunals)
by Freya BaetensInternational courts and tribunals differ in their institutional composition and functions, but a shared characteristic is their reliance on the contribution of individuals other than the judicial decision-makers themselves. Such 'unseen actors' may take the form of registrars and legal officers, but also non-lawyers such as translators and scientific experts. Unseen actors are vital to the functioning of international adjudication, exerting varying levels of influence on judicial processes and outcomes. The opaqueness of their roles, combined with the significance of judicial decisions for the parties involved as well as a wider range of stakeholders, raises questions about unseen actors' impact on the legitimacy of international dispute settlement. This book aims to answer such legitimacy questions and identify 'best practices' through a multifaceted enquiry into common connections and patterns in the institutional composition and daily practice of international courts and tribunals.
The Legitimacy of Use of Force in Public and Islamic International Law
by Mohammad Z. SabujThis book investigates the legitimacy deficits of two potentially conflicting legal systems, namely Public and Islamic international law. It discusses the challenges that Public international law is being presented within the context of its relationship with Islamic international law. It explores how best to overcome these challenges through a comparative examination of state practices on the use of force. It highlights the legal-political legacies that evolved surrounding the claims of the legitimacy of use of force by armed non-state actors, states, and regional organizations. This book offers a critical analysis of these legacies in line with the Islamic Shari‘a law, United Nations Charter, state practices, and customs. It concludes that the legitimacy question has reached a vantage point where it cannot be answered either by Islamic or Public international law as a mutually exclusive legal system. Instead, Public international law must take a coherent approach within the existing legal framework.
Legitimate Targets?
by Janina DillBased on an innovative theory of international law, Janina Dill's book investigates the effectiveness of international humanitarian law (IHL) in regulating the conduct of warfare. Through a comprehensive examination of the IHL defining a legitimate target of attack, Dill reveals a controversy among legal and military professionals about the 'logic' according to which belligerents ought to balance humanitarian and military imperatives: the logics of sufficiency or efficiency. Law prescribes the former, but increased recourse to international law in US air warfare has led to targeting in accordance with the logic of efficiency. The logic of sufficiency is morally less problematic, yet neither logic satisfies contemporary expectations of effective IHL or legitimate warfare. Those expectations demand that hostilities follow a logic of liability, which proves impracticable. This book proposes changes to international law, but concludes that according to widely shared normative beliefs, on the twenty-first-century battlefield there are no truly legitimate targets.
Legitimating the Law: The Struggle for Judicial Competency in Early National New Hampshire
by Susan ReidJohn Phillip Reid is one of the most highly regarded historians of law as it was practiced on the state level in the nascent United States. He is not just the recipient of numerous honors for his scholarship but the type of historian after whom such accolades are named: the John Phillip Reid Award is given annually by the American Society for Legal History to the author of the best book by a mid-career or senior scholar. Legitimating the Law is the third installment in a trilogy of books by Reid that seek to extend our knowledge about the judicial history of the early republic by recounting the development of courts, laws, and legal theory in New Hampshire. Here Reid turns his eye toward the professionalization of law and the legitimization of legal practices in the Granite State—customs and codes of professional conduct that would form the basis of judiciaries in other states and that remain the cornerstone of our legal system to this day throughout the U.S. Legitimating the Law chronicles the struggle by which lawyers and torchbearers of strong, centralized government sought to bring standards of competence to New Hampshire through the professionalization of the bench and the bar—ambitions that were fought vigorously by both Jeffersonian legislators and anti-Federalists in the private sector alike, but ultimately to no avail.
Legitimizing Corporate Harm
by Jennifer L. SchallyThis book utilizes critical discourse analysis to illuminate the ways in which one of the largest agribusinesses in operation, Tyson Foods, disguises their actions whilst simultaneously presenting the image of a benign, good corporate citizen. Schally unveils how the discourses employed by Tyson gain legitimacy by drawing on and aligning with larger cultural discourses that are often taken for granted and not adequately scrutinised. This original research, situated at the intersection of green and cultural criminologies, contributes to these current perspectives as well as to the burgeoning social harm approach within criminology. A bold and engaging study, this book will be indispensable for students and scholars of green criminology, corporate crime, animals and society, and environmental sociology, as well as environmental and animal rights activists.
Legitimizing European Criminal Law: Justification and Restrictions (Comparative, European and International Criminal Justice #2)
by Merita KettunenThe book examines how and according to which principles the enactment of European criminal legislation is legitimate. The approach adopted here focuses on the constitutionalization of criminal law (i.e., the growing importance of constitutional elements of the EU legal order and the ECHR regime within criminal law). Further, it shows how and why criminal law has a unique nature, and why it should not be equated with other fields of EU law.The book explains the basic research questions and methodologies, before turning to the nature of criminal law at the level of national law, and addressing the different levels of justification for criminal law. Further, it examines the most prominent features of European criminal law and the difference between general EU law and EU criminal law, as well as the theoretical ideals for European constitutional structures and criminal law. Examples of how the law in practice might not always be in keeping with these normative ideals serve to round out the coverage.
Legomsky and Thronson's Immigration and Refugee Law and Policy
by Stephen H. Legomsky David B. ThronsonAdopted at 185 U.S. law schools since its inception, this casebook mixes theory, policy, and politics with legal doctrine, planning, and problem-solving. The book incorporates key current issues and events, and is rich in policy analysis, fact problems, and simulation exercises. The new edition incorporates the sweeping developments of the past five years. Highlights include: Prosecutorial discretion, “zero-tolerance” and immigration-related criminal charges, and sanctuary cities Updates on DACA and DAPA Detention and Jennings v. Rodriguez The Travel Ban and Trump v. Hawaii A rewritten section on children, the family separation policy, and SIJ status Attacks on the independence of the immigration courts Revamped section on asylum, with full coverage of A-B-, other gender-related and gang-related asylum cases, non-state actors, and new credible fear guidance Major restructuring of materials on the immigration consequences of crime, including the categorical and modified categorical approaches, incorporating major court decisions Terminations of temporary protected status Dramatic cuts to the overseas refugee program Pereira v. Sessions and immigration court jurisdiction Kerry v. Din and judicial review of consular visa denials Sessions v. Morales-Santana and gender distinctions in citizenship acquisition Expanded coverage of VAWA and T & U-visas Material support for terrorism and Matter of A-C-M- Proposed new rules on public charge
Lehrbuch der ökonomischen Analyse des Zivilrechts
by Hans-Bernd Schäfer Claus OttDie Grundlagen der ökonomischen Analyse des Zivilrechts werden in diesem Buch anschaulich erörtert. Die Autoren des einzigen deutschen Lehrbuchs zu diesem Thema berücksichtigen dabei das Delikts-, Vertrags- und Sachenrecht, das Immaterialgüterrecht sowie das Insolvenzrecht und Grundzüge des Unternehmensrechts. Ein neuer Schwerpunkt der umfassend aktualisierten 5. Auflage ist der Einfluss der verhaltensökonomischen Forschung auf diese Analyse. Zudem werden die Europäisierung des Rechts und die internationale Konkurrenz von Rechtsnormen einbezogen.
Lehrbuch der ökonomischen Analyse des Zivilrechts
by Hans-Bernd Schäfer Claus OttDieses Buch enthält die Grundlagen der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts und ihrer Anwendung auf das deutsche Zivilrecht. Es ist eine umfassende Darstellung dieser Forschungsrichtung, in der die Normen und Regelungsprobleme mit den Mitteln der ökonomischen Theorie analysiert und bewertet werden. Wichtige Argumentationsfiguren der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts werden in die zivilrechtliche Dogmatik eingebaut. Bei der Analyse rechtlicher Regeln des Gesetzesrechts und des Richterrechts wird gezeigt, inwieweit diesen ökonomische Kriterien zugrunde liegen und inwieweit derartige Kriterien für die Rechtsanwendung und Rechtsfortbildung fruchtbar gemacht werden können. Die 6. überarbeitete Auflage präsentiert in fast allen Kapiteln neue Ergebnisse der rechtsökonomischen Forschung. Die psychologische Verhaltensforschung hat mittlerweile Eingang in die Diskussion vieler Facetten des Zivilrechts gefunden. Einige vieldiskutierte empirische Forschungsergebnisse wie zu den Wirkungen des kontinentaleuropäischen Rechts im Verhältnis zum Common Law müssen heute - insbesondere im Gesellschaftsrecht - in neuem Licht gesehen werden. Solche Entwicklungen werden aufgegriffen und es wird untersucht, ob und inwieweit diese Forschungsergebnisse für die ökonomische Analyse des Zivilrechts von Bedeutung sind.
Leibniz: Logico-Philosophical Puzzles in the Law
by Giovanni Sartor Bernardo Pieri Alberto ArtosiThis volume presents two Leibnizian writings, the Specimen of Philosophical Questions Collected from the Law and the Dissertation on Perplexing Cases. These works, originally published in 1664 and 1666, constitute, respectively, Leibniz's thesis for the title of Master of Philosophy and his doctoral dissertation in law. Besides providing evidence of the earliest development of Leibniz's thought and amazing anticipations of his mature views, they present a genuine intellectual interest, for the freshness and originality of Leibniz's reflections on a striking variety of logico-philosophical puzzles drawn from the law. The Specimen addresses puzzling issues resulting from apparent conflicts between law and philosophy (the latter broadly understood as comprising also mathematics, as well as empirical sciences). The Dissertation addresses cases whose solution is puzzling because of the convoluted logical form of legal dispositions and contractual clauses, or because of conflicting priorities between concurring parties. In each case, Leibniz dissects the problems with the greatest ingenuity, disentangling their different aspects, and proposing solutions always reasonable and sometimes surprising. And he does not refrain from peppering his intellectual acrobatics with some humorous comments.
Leiden und Lebenskunst: Biographisch-philosophische Studien zu Krisen, Therapien und Wandlungen (Schriften zur Kritischen Lebenskunst)
by Günter Gödde Jörg Zirfas Eike BrockIndividuelle Überlegungen zur Lebenskunst bieten Orientierungen und Strategien im Umgang mit Krisenerfahrungen in prekären Zeiten. Wer Studien zu Krankheiten und Leidenserfahrungen, Therapien und Wandlungen betreibt, der verschränkt mithin die Lebenskunstmodelle mit den Biographien bedeutender Persönlichkeiten und verdeutlicht damit, wie wichtig der biographische Entstehungskontext für die Modelle ist. Den zentralen Gesichtspunkt bildet dabei die explizite oder implizite Innenperspektive auf die Lebenskunst, auf die mit ihr verbundenen Kategorien und Prozesse, Organisationsformen und Institutionalisierungen und damit auf die Wandlungen und Strukturen ihrer Theorien und Praktiken eines gelungenen Lebens, auf die Erzeugung von Sinn und Glück, den Aufbau von Identität und den Umgang mit den anderen und der Welt. Die hier präsentierte Auswahl an bedeutenden Autorinnen und Autoren der Moderne – von Michel de Montaigne bis Martha Nussbaum – belegt, dass der Ausgangspunkt für Überlegungen zur Lebenskunst in ihren körperlichen, psychischen, sozialen oder kulturellen Krisen bzw. „Krankheiten“ oder Leidenserfahrungen besteht, die wiederum spezifische Lebenskünste zur Folge haben.
Leihmutterschaft interdisziplinär: Aktuelle Perspektiven
by Asadeh Ansari-BodeweinDer vorliegende Band enthält eine Sammlung von Aufsätzen zum Thema Leihmutterschaft aus Blickrichtungen verschiedener Disziplinen, die allesamt jeweils an den aktuellen Forschungsstand anknüpfen. Das Buch wendet sich an Interessierte aller Fächer, die sich mit der kontrovers diskutierten Frage nach einer Liberalisierung von Leihmutterschaftsmodellen befassen und gibt dabei einen Einblick in die Grundlagen der Diskussion in den relevanten Fächern Philosophie, Psychologie, Soziologie, Rechtswissenschaft und Medizin.