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Selected International Best Practices in Police Performance Measurement
by Robert C. DavisHistorically, police agencies have measured their performance against a restricted set of crime-focused indicators, but modern police officers must be prepared to take on a wide variety of roles. Performance measures should be multidimensional to capture this complexity. This report describes some key considerations in designing measures to evaluate law enforcement agencies and includes a detailed review of some international best practices.
Selected Proceedings of the 6th Space Resources Conference: KGK 2023 (Springer Aerospace Technology)
by Katarzyna Malinowska Agata Kołodziejczyk Joanna Pyrkosz-Pacyna Krzysztof Grabowski Olga SergijenkoThis book collects advances, innovations, and applications in the field of space resources and exploration, as presented by international researchers at the 6th Space Resources Conference (KGK), held in Kraków, Poland on May 15-16, 2023. The conference serves as a forum for discussion on the state-of-the-art technologies applicable to current challenges of space exploration, the use of space resources to improve the living conditions of humans and protect Earth’s natural environment, and the latest research results on space resource extraction, transportation, manufacturing in space, and how to develop settlements on the Moon and Mars. Topics include bioastronautics and life support systems, Earth observation and sensors issues, space law, subspace missions, space industry, society and space, space education, and space structures design and operations. The book, which was selected by means of a rigorous peer-review process, presents a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists.
Selected Sections: Federal Income Tax Code and Regulations, 2013-2014
by Steven A. Bank Kirk J. StarkThis best-selling statutory supplement provides selected federal income tax statutes, including edited sections and significant amendments, additions, and revisions. Designed to offer maximum flexibility and ease-of-use in dealing with individual federal income tax, this resource includes key provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, as well as Treasury regulations pertaining to the federal income tax. The closely-edited material is especially designed for law students studying for the basic federal income tax class.
Selected Works of Alexander Hamilton (Wordsworth Classics)
by Alexander HamiltonThe vital words of Alexander Hamilton, including essays, private correspondence, and public statementsAlexander Hamilton is best known as the United States’ first Secretary of the Treasury and the author of the majority of The Federalist Papers, a series of essays that outlined the basic concepts and premises of the U.S. Constitution. Since the founding of the nation, these essays have been used by the U.S. Supreme Court as an authoritative guide to the intentions of the Founding Fathers in cases involving constitutional interpretation. Included in this volume are five of the most important essays from The Federalist Papers, plus personal correspondence and public statements from across Hamilton’s career as a statesman.
Selected Works of Miguel de Unamuno, Volume 4: The Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Nations (Selected Works of Miguel de Unamuno #1)
by Miguel de UnamunoThe acknowledged masterpiece of Unamuno expresses the anguish of modern man as he is caught up in the struggle between the dictates of reason and the demands of his own heart.
Selection and Decision in Judicial Process around the World: Empirical Inquires
by Yun-Chien ChangThis book empirically explores whether and under what conditions the judicial process is efficient. Three specific issues are addressed: first, disputants self-select into litigation. Do they tend to bring cases with merit? Second, filed cases differ in their social import. Do courts select more important cases to devote more resource to? Third, courts establish precedents, affect resource allocation in the cases at hand, and influence future behaviours of transacting parties. Do courts, like Judge Posner asserts, tend to make decisions that enhance allocative efficiency and reduce transaction costs? Positive answers to the above questions attest to the efficiency of the judicial process. What drive efficient or inefficient outcomes are the selections and decisions by litigants, litigators, and judges. Their earlier selections and decisions affect later ones. Eleven chapters in this book, authored by leading empirical legal scholars in the world, deal with these issues in the US, Europe, and Asia.
Selections For Contracts
by Neil Cohen Richard Brooks Carol Sanger E. Farnsworth Larry GarvinThis supplement contains the major statutes, Restatements, and other domestic and international materials affecting contract law. It includes the Restatement (Second) of Contracts and Uniform Commercial Code Articles 1 and 2; excerpts from the Restatements of Restitution, Employment Law, and Suretyship and Guaranty, as well as the proposed Restatement of Consumer Contracts; the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act; the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act; the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts; and the actual contracts in several leading cases. New materials include excerpts from the draft ALI-ELI Principles for a Data Economy, and the recommendations of an ALI-ULC drafting committee adapting the Uniform Commercial Code to emerging technology with respect to the law governing “bundled transactions.”
Selections for Contracts
by E. Allan Farnsworth; Carol Sanger; Neil B. Cohen; Richard R.W. Brooks; Larry T. GarvinThis statutory supplement contains the major statutes, Restatements, and other domestic and international materials affecting contract law. It includes the Restatement (Second) of Contracts and Uniform Commercial Code Articles 1 and 2; excerpts from the Restatements of Restitution, Employment Law, and Suretyship and Guaranty, as well as the proposed Restatement of Consumer Contracts; the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act; the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act; the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts; and the actual contracts in several leading cases.
Selections for Contracts
by E. Allan Farnsworth; Carol Sanger; Neil B. Cohen; Richard R.W. Brooks; Larry T. GarvinThis statutory supplement contains the major statutes, forms, and other materials affecting contract law. It includes Uniform Commercial Code Articles 1 and 2; the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act; the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act; Restatement of the Law, Second, of Contracts; the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts; and the actual contracts in several leading cases.
Selections for Contracts (Selected Statutes)
by Carol Sanger E. Allan Farnsworth Neil B. Cohen Larry T. Garvin Richard R.W. BrooksThis statutory supplement contains the major statutes, Restatements, and other domestic and international materials affecting contract law. It includes the Restatement (Second) of Contracts and Uniform Commercial Code Articles 1 and 2; excerpts from the Restatements of Restitution, Employment Law, and Suretyship and Guaranty, as well as the proposed Restatement of Consumer Contracts; the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act; the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act; the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts; and the actual contracts in several leading cases.
Selective Licensing: The Basis for a Collaborative Approach to Addressing Health Inequalities (Routledge Focus on Environmental Health)
by Paul OattIn recent years, the private rented sector has overtaken social housing to become the main housing provider with some of the worse housing conditions that are linked to preventable health inequalities. This book seeks to expand upon previous research in the area with a focus on selective licensing and enforcement, using a case study to illustrate changes in working practices that have been bought about through new powers being made available to local authorities to issue civil financial penalties upon criminal landlords. The book examines the impact of this legislation on regulatory enforcement in the London Borough of Newham’s property licensing scheme, delivered in a multi-agency partnership across its private rented sector, and the outcomes of combining the use of licensing and traditional housing inspections with use of civil penalties in alternative to prosecution to address some of the worse effects of poor housing. The study also considers the limitations of employing informal actions to address such issues as well as identifying both the barriers to collaboration and the most effective strategies for service delivery where agencies – such as the police, border agency, council tax and local planning, irrespective of inter-agency competition – work together to achieve individual and shared objectives in evolving partnerships. The findings here will be of keen interest to environmental health professionals, academics, and indeed those operating in local authorities themselves.
Selective Persecution: The Legalization of American Fascism
by Simone GoldIn the early months of the COVID crisis, Dr. Simone Gold organized doctors and social media influencers to hold a White Coat Summit in Washington, DC, and she said something that nobody expected: the disease was treatable, and the panic was killing people. This press conference in front of the Supreme Court exceeded twenty million views within eight hours, becoming the most explosive viral video of its time. Instantaneously, Dr. Gold was transformed from an anonymous board-certified emergency physician and attorney to "public health" enemy number one. As a whistleblower who sacrificed her job to save a patient&’s life, she began to appear frequently on media and speak at events across the country, peeling back the deepening layers of medical propaganda. On January 6, 2021, she was an invited guest speaker alongside several congressmen at a Capitol grounds rally with a government-approved permit. That is where this story begins. Selective Persecution: The Legalization of American Fascism weaves a narrative from Dr. Gold&’s personal experience as a frontline doctor, and her forty-eight minutes inside the US Capitol Building on January 6. The author walks readers through an array of COVID lies and corruption, the course of January 6 itself, and the unfathomable progression of fascist government abuse that followed. She endured a violent FBI raid, extreme malice and misconduct by the Department of Justice, and was sentenced to federal prison amid shocking corruption in the judiciary. She was then further persecuted by the California Medical Board, the New York Bar, congressional committees, the TSA, and was widely defamed by the press and most of the world—all for the crime of daring to speak the truth. Selective Persecution is Dr. Gold&’s chilling story about how a weaponized government can be turned against any citizen.
Self Defense: A Philosophy of Violence
by Elsa DorlinA brilliant study of violent self-defense in the struggle for liberation by an award-winning philosopherIs violent self-defense ethical? In the history of colonialism, racism, sexism, capitalism, there has long been a dividing line between bodies "worthy of defending" and those who have been disarmed and rendered defenseless. In 1685, for example, France's infamous "Code Noir" forbade slaves from carrying weapons, under penalty of the whip. In nineteenth-century Algeria, the colonial state outlawed the use of arms by Algerians, but granted French settlers the right to bear arms. Today, some lives are seen to be worth so little that Black teenagers can be shot in the back for appearing "threatening" while their killers are understood, by the state, to be justified. That those subject to the most violence have been forcibly made defenseless raises, for any movement of liberation, the question of using violence in the interest of self-defense.Here, philosopher Elsa Dorlin looks across the global history of the left - from slave revolts to the knitting women of the French Revolution and British suffragists' training in ju-jitsu, from the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising to the Black Panther Party, from queer neighborhood patrols to Black Lives Matter, to trace the politics, philosophy, and ethics of self defense. In this history she finds a "martial ethics of the self": a practice in which violent self defense is the only means for the oppressed to ensure survival and to build a liveable future. In this sparkling and provocative book, drawing on theorists from Thomas Hobbes to Fred Hampton, Frantz Fanon to Judith Butler, Michel Foucault to June Jordan, Dorlin has reworked the very idea of modern governance and political subjectivity.Translated from the French by Kieran Aarons.
Self, God and Immortality: A Jamesian Investigation (American Philosophy #Vol. 12)
by Eugene FontinellCan we who have been touched by the scientific, intellectual, and experimental revolutions of modern and contemporary times still believe with and degree of coherence and consistency that we as individual persons are immortal. Indeed, is there even good cause to hope that we are? In examining the present relationship of reason to faith, can we find justifying reasons for faith? These are the central questions in Self, God, and Immortality, a compelling exercise in philosophical theology. Drawing upon the works of William James and the principles of American Pragmatism, Eugene Fontinell extrapolates carefully from "data given in experience" to a model of the cosmic process open to the idea that individual identity may survive bodily dissolution. Presupposing that the possibility of personal immortality has been established in the first part, the second part of the essay is concerned with desirability. Here, Fontinell shows that, far from diverting attention and energies from the crucial tasks confronting us here and now, such belief can be energizing and life enhancing. The wider importance of Self, God, and Immortality lies in its pressing both immortality-believers and terminality-believers to explore both the metaphysical presuppositions and the lived consequences of their beliefs. It is the author's expressed hope that such explorations, rather than impeding, will stimulate co-operative efforts to create a richer and more humane community.
Self, Motivation, and Virtue: Innovative Interdisciplinary Research (Routledge Studies in Ethics and Moral Theory)
by Darcia Narvaez Nancy E. SnowThis volume features new findings by nine interdisciplinary teams of researchers on the topics of self, motivation, and virtue. Nine chapters bringing together scholars from the fields of philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and sociology advance our substantive understanding of these important topics, and showcase a variety of research methods of interdisciplinary interest. Essays on Buddhism and the self in the context of romantic relationships, the development of personal projects and virtue, the notion of self-distancing and its moral impact, virtues as self-integrated traits, humility and the self in loving encounter, the importance of nation and faith in motivating virtue in western and non-western countries, roles for the self and virtue in eudaimonic growth, overcoming spiritual violence and sacramental shame in Christian communities, and an investigation into the moral self highlight the range and diversity of topics explored in this volume. The concept of deep integration also characterizes this work: each member of the interdisciplinary teams was fully and equally invested in their project from inception to completion. This approach invites teams to examine their disciplinary assumptions, rethink familiar concepts, and adjust methodologies in order to view their topics with fresh eyes. The result is not only new findings of substantive and methodological interest, but also an interesting glimpse into the thinking of the researchers as they sought interdisciplinary common ground in their research. Self, Motivation, and Virtue will be of interest to scholars in philosophy, moral psychology, neuroscience, and sociology who are working on these topics.
Self, Others and the State: Relations of Criminal Responsibility (Law in Context)
by Arlie LoughnanCriminal responsibility is now central to criminal law, but it is in need of re-examination. In the context of Australian criminal laws, Self, Others and the State reassesses the general assumptions made about the rise to prominence of criminal responsibility in the period since around the turn of the twentieth century. It reconsiders the role of criminal responsibility in criminal law, arguing that criminal responsibility is significant because it organises key sets of relations - between self, others and the state - as relations of responsibility. Detailed studies of decisive moments and developments since the turn of the twentieth century, and original explorations of relations of responsibility, expose the complexity and dynamism of criminal responsibility and reveal that it is the means by which matters of subjectivity, relationality and power make themselves felt in the criminal law.
Self, World, and Time: Volume 1: Ethics as Theology: An Induction
by Oliver O'DonovanSelf, World, and Time takes up the question of the form and matter of Christian ethics as an intellectual discipline. What is it about? How does Christian ethics relate to the humanities, especially philosophy, theology, and behavioral studies? How does its shape correspond to the shape of practical reason? In what way does it participate in the proclamation of the gospel of Jesus Christ?Oliver O'Donovan discusses ethics with self, world, and time as foundation poles of moral reasoning, and with faith, love, and hope as the virtues anchoring the moral life. Blending biblical, historico-theological, and contemporary ideas in its comprehensive survey, Self, World, and Time is an exploratory study that adds significantly to O'Donovan's previous theoretical reflections on Christian ethics.
Self-Blame and Moral Responsibility
by Andreas Brekke CarlssonSelf-blame is an integral part of our lives. We often blame ourselves for our failings and experience familiar unpleasant emotions such as guilt, shame, regret, or remorse. Self-blame is also what we often aim for when we blame others: we want the people we blame to recognize their wrongdoing and blame themselves for it. Moreover, self-blame is typically considered a necessary condition for forgiveness. However, until now, self-blame has not been an integral part of the theoretical debate on moral responsibility. This volume presents twelve new essays by leading moral philosophers, who set out bold new theories of the nature and ethics of self-blame, and the interconnection between self-blame and moral responsibility. The essays cast new light on traditional problems in the debate on moral responsibility and open new, exciting avenues for research in moral philosophy, moral psychology and the philosophy of punishment.
Self-Censorship
by Glenn C. LouryThere is no such thing as free, unconstrained speech. Laws and constitutions may protect us from the state when we speak our minds. But the state is just one possible constraint. Glenn Loury, one of America’s most outspoken and important intellectuals, provides a provocative and dazzling analysis of the powerful social forces that can prevent speakers from voicing unpopular views in public forums.Every society, Loury notes, has norms to enforce. That can be a good thing: There ought to be social sanctions for, say, compulsive liars. When, however, a society shows a low degree of tolerance for speech about matters of political importance, self-censorship proliferates and public discourse and policy suffer. The answer, Loury argues, is for as many of us as possible to be braver and more human – to take a risk and unapologetically “live within the truth”.Loury first presented these ideas in the 1990s in a celebrated and prophetic essay about “political correctness.” In Self-Censorship he expands and updates the account, deploying his analytical powers and psychological acuity to diagnose our current political climate. The result illuminates prevailing social dynamics with the same brilliant and startling effect that made the paper an instant classic thirty years ago.
Self-Censorship in Contexts of Conflict
by Daniel Bar-Tal Keren Sharvit Rafi Nets-ZehngutThis groundbreaking volume explores the concept of self-censorship as it relates to individuals and societies and functions as a barrier to peace. Defining self-censorship as the act of intentionally and voluntarily withholding information from others in the absence of formal obstacles, the volumes introduces self-censorship as one of the socio-psychological mechanisms that prevent the free flow of information and thus obstruct proper functioning of democratic societies. Moreover it analyzes this socio-psychological phenomenon specifically in the context of intractable conflict, providing much evidence from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Moving from the micro to the macro level, the collected chapters put the individual as the focal unit of psychological analysis while embedding the individual in multiple levels of context including families, organizations, and societies. Following a firm conceptual explanation of self-censorship, a selection of both emerging and prominent scholars describe the ways in which self-censorship factors into families, organizations, education, academia, and other settings. Further chapters discuss self-censorship in military contexts, narratives of political violence, and the media. Finally, the volume concludes by looking at the ways in which harmful self-censorship in societies can be overcome, and explores the future of self-censorship research. In doing so, this volume solidifies self-censorship as an important phenomenon of social behavior with major individual and collective consequences, while stimulating exciting and significant new research possibilities in the social and behavioral sciences. Conceptually carving out a new area in peace psychology, Self Censorship in Contexts of Peace and Conflict will appeal to psychologists, sociologists, peace researchers, political scientists, practitioners, and all those with a wish to understand the personal and societal functioning of individuals in the real world.
Self-Constitution of European Society: Beyond EU politics, law and governance (Applied Legal Philosophy)
by Jiří PřibáňRecent social and political developments in the EU have clearly shown the profound structural changes in European society and its politics. Reflecting on these developments and responding to the existing body of academic literature and scholarship, this book critically discusses the emerging notion of European constitutionalism, its varieties and different contextualization in theories of EU law, general jurisprudence, sociology of law, political theory and sociology. The contributors address different problems related to the relationship between the constitutional state and non-state constitutionalizations and critically analyze general theories of constitutional monism, dualism and pluralism and their juridical and political uses in the context of EU constitutionalism. Individual chapters emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary and socio-legal methods in the current research of EU constitutionalism and their potential to re-conceptualize and re-think traditional problems of constitutional subjects, limitation and separation of power, political symbolism and identity politics in Europe. This collection simultaneously describes the EU and its self-constitution as one polity, differentiated society and shared community and its contributors conceptualize the sense of common identity and solidarity in the context of the post-sovereign multitude of European society.
Self-Declaration in the Legal Recognition of Gender (Social Justice)
by Chris DietzSelf-Declaration in the Legal Recognition of Gender examines the impact of legislation premised upon the principle of ‘self-declaration’ of legal gender status. Existing doctrinal and comparative analyses have tended to come out strongly in favour of, or against, self-declaration. This book offers a socio-legal alternative which focuses on how self-declaration is experienced, on an embodied level, by trans and gender diverse people. It presents research conducted in Denmark, which became the first European state to adopt self-declaration in June 2014. By analysing Danish law through a Foucauldian framework which brings together socio-, feminist, and trans legal scholarship on embodiment and jurisdiction, the book offers the first empirically based and theoretically informed analysis of self-declaration. It draws upon legal consciousness, affect theory, vulnerability, and governmentality literatures to argue that the jurisdictional boundaries which existed between law and medicine were maintained throughout the reform process. This limited the impact of the legislation, enabling access to health care to be restricted in the same year in which amending legal gender status was liberalised. As the list of states that have adopted self-declaration increases, this intervention offers activists and policymakers insights which might shape how they respond to similar reform proposals in the future. A timely and important assessment, this book will appeal to researchers and practitioners working in trans, gender, feminist legal, and socio-legal studies.
Self-Defence against Non-State Actors: Volume 1 (Max Planck Trialogues #1)
by Mary Ellen O'Connell Christian J. Tams Dire TladiIn this book, self-defence against non-state actors is examined by three scholars whose geographical, professional, theoretical, and methodological backgrounds and outlooks differ greatly. Their trialogue is framed by an introduction and a conclusion by the series editors. The novel scholarly format accommodates the pluralism and value changes of the current era, a shifting world order and the rise in nationalism and populism. It brings to light the cultural, professional and political pluralism which characterises international legal scholarship and exploits this pluralism as a heuristic device. This multiperspectivism exposes how political factors and intellectual styles influence the scholarly approaches and legal answers and the trialogical structure encourages its participants to decentre their perspectives. By explicitly focussing on the authors' divergence and disagreement, a richer understanding of self-defence against non-state actors is achieved, and the legal challenges and possible ways ahead identified.
Self-Defence in International and Criminal Law: The Doctrine of Imminence
by Onder BakirciogluDrawing from scholarship across law, history, politics and philosophy, Self-Defence in International and Criminal Law provides a broad and interdisciplinary approach to the doctrine of self-defence in both domestic criminal and international law. It focuses on the requirement of imminence, which deals with the question of when individuals or States may legitimately resort to defensive force against a serious danger or harm. In both national and international law the imminence requirement, if strictly applied, renders any defensive measure taken in anticipation of a would-be attack illegal. Recently, however, attempts have been made to relax the temporal requirement of the self-defence doctrine (imminence) with a view to allowing individuals or States to employ deadly force to arrest an anticipated threat when they ‘believe’ that using ‘pre-emptive’ lethal force would be the only way to thwart an expected harm. In domestic criminal law, it has been argued that it is necessary to relax the rule of imminence in domestic violence cases where women employ lethal force against their abusive partners when there is no imminent threat to justify defensive force. At the international level, while there has long been controversy as to the justifiability of pre-emptive force in non-confrontational settings, following the September 11 attacks, the Bush Administration’s ‘war on terror’ policy radically shifted the focus from the notion of anticipation to that of prevention, making it clear that, if necessary, it would invoke unilateral force against emerging threats before they are fully formed. The book surveys the roots, role, rationale, and objectives of self-defence and questions whether the requirement of imminence should be removed from the traditional contours of the self-defence doctrine in national and international law.
Self-Defense, Necessity, and Punishment: A Philosophical Analysis (Routledge Research in Applied Ethics)
by Uwe SteinhoffThis book offers a philosophical analysis of the moral and legal justifications for the use of force. While the book focuses on the ethics self-defense, it also explores its relation to lesser evil justifications, public authority, the justification of punishment, and the ethics of war. Steinhoff’s account of the moral use of force covers a wide range of topics, including the nature of justification in general, the precise elements of different justifications, the logic of claim- and liberty-rights and of rights forfeiture, the value of human life and its limits, and the princples of reciprocity and precaution. While the author’s analysis is primarily philosophical, it is informed by a metaethical stance that also places heavy emphasis on existing law and legal scholarship. In doing so, the book appeals to widely shared moral intuitions, precepts, and concepts grounded in criminal law. Self-Defense, Necessity, and Punishment offers the most comprehensive and systematic account of the ethics of self-defense. It will be of interest to scholars and graduate students working in applied ethics and moral philosophy, philosophy of law, and political philosophy.